In the meat industry, nanofiltration (NF) was used for treating cooling water from sausage

products to produce drinking quality water for water reuse (Mavrov, Fahnrich and Chmiel,1997,
Fahnrich, Mavrov and Chmiel,1998, and Mavrov, Chmiel and Belieres,2001). Ultrafiltration (UF) and NF
were able to treat poultry slaughterhouse chiller tank effluent for reconditioned water recycling (Zhang,
Kutowy, and Malcolm,1997). In the fish industry, microfiltration and UF were used for water recycling
from commercial surimi process water (Lin, Park and Morrisey,1995); NF of wastewater from the
fishmeal industry permits recycling of the treated water (Afonso and Borquez.,2001). In the beverage
industry, water from bottle washing water processed by NF and low-pressure reverse osmosis (RO) is
similar to water of drinking quality (Mavrov and Belieres,2000); and a hybrid process using a membrane
bioreactor and two-stage NF was developed to treat spent process water from a fruit juice company for
purified water reuse (Noronha, Britz, Mavrov, Janke and Chmiel,2002). In the vegetable industry,
soybean soaking water was recovered using a combined NF-RO for water recovery (Guu, Chiu, Young,
and Agric,1997).

According Vourch, Balannec and Dorange (2005), after a single RO or NF+RO operations, the
water could be reused in replacement for cleaning, heating or cooling purposes and for boiler feed
water. With a RO+RO treatment, highly purified water complying with TOC drinking water regulation
was obtained and could be reused, with specific and special permission, for applications where
unexpected contact with products may occur (risk of leakage) in order to prevent possible
contamination.

The primary concept of RO was started by Loeb and Sourirajan in the 1960s through the
introduction of asymmetric cellulose acetate membrane (Sidney and Srinivasa, 1964), and the great
progress in this field was obtained with the development of thin film composite (TFC) membrane
(Cadotte and Rozelle, 1972, and Cadotte, 1985) . Thin film composite reverse osmosis (TFC-RO)
membranes are composed of an outer ultra-thin polyamide layer, a porous middle polysulfone (PSf)
support, and a non-woven polyester fabric base (Xu, Wang and Li, 2013). In the composite membranes,
compared with single-material asymmetric membranes, the top barrier layer is made in-situ and
therefore, the structure and performance of the top active layer and the bottom porous substrate can
be independently modified to optimize the membrane performance (Liu, Zhen, Yu, Wu and Gao, 2011).
Commonly, the polyamide layer of TFC-RO membrane is formed by interfacial polymerization of an
aromatic polyamine monomer such as m-phenylenediamine (MPD) with one or more aromatic polyacyl
halides such as trimesoyl chloride(TMC) (Petersen, 1993).

In order to use RO membrane commercially to perform desalination in large scales, the level of
salt rejection should be high and permeation flux properties should be good for passing a large quantity
of water under relatively low pressure. Therefore, the development of TFC-RO membrane for further
increasing the level of salt rejection and the permeation flux properties is required. On the other hand, a
major obstacle to wide application of TFC polyamide membranes is fouling, which leads to a decline in
the membrane performance and high operating costs. Among various types of fouling, biofouling has
been considered as the most dominant and serious problem (Mansouri, Harisson and Chen, 2010).
 As the most common strategy to control the biofouling of RO membranes, the pretreatment of
feed solution with free chlorine is widely used to control the growth of the microorganisms (Matin,
Khan, Zaidi and Boyce, 2011, and Colquhoun et. al., 2011). Although the dechlorination of pretreated
feed solution is performed before entrance the RO system, there is a specified value of free chlorine left
to prevent growth of the microorganisms. The polyamide membranes are very sensitive to free chlorine
and the chemical interactions of aromatic polyamide with residual chlorine oxidant can degrade the
polyamide layer and subsequently, fail the membrane (Xu, Zhang, Yu, Wang, J. and Wang S., 2013).

Among different nanomaterials used to the modification of membrane, TiO2 is well-known due
to its unique properties such as high chemical stability, low toxicity, defouling and photocatalytic
properties and availability (Khataee, Safapour, Zarei and Aber,2012, and Khataee and Mansoori, 2011).
So,TiO2 modified membranes are widely used in different industries such as water and wastewater
desalination (Wang, Liu and Meng,2008, and Choi, Sofranko and Dionysiou, 2006). Besides different
advantages of the TiO2 incorporating in to membrane matrix, the negative effect of nanoparticles may
be observed on the morphology and performance of the resulted membranes due to the aggregation
and agglomeration of TiO2 nanoparticles (Ganesh, Isloor and Ismail,2013, and Wang et. al., 2012).
Therefore, there should be an efficient strategy for proper dispersion of inorganic particles in the
polymer matrix. Carbon based nanomaterials are another interesting option for the modification of
polymeric membranes. Among carbon nanomaterials, graphene and grapheme oxide(GO)have attracted
great attention in the last years possessing advantages such as high surface area, compatibility,
prominent electron transport, great mechanical properties and superior hydrophilicity (Wang et.
al.,2012, Novoselov et. al., 2004, and Xu, C., Cui, Xu, Y. and Fu, 2013). GO has high hydrophilicity due to
the presence of several oxygen-containing functional groups(e.g., hydroxyl, epoxide, carbonyl and
carboxyl)on its surface. Also, the high surface area of the GO nanosheets can be a suitable location for
decoration and dispersion of other inorganic nanoparticles such as TiO2 (Safarpour, Khataee and
Vatanpour, 2014).

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