UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MPRB412
PROGRESS REPORT 1
ENERGY STORAGE : TO DEVELOP CHARGING POINT USING SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEM IN RURAL AREA

Name : Muhammad Asyraf Bin Mohd Azhar

Student ID : ME0102857
Supervisor : Puan Nur Mazlini Binti Razali
Submission date : 11 November 2019
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................. 4
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The sun provides an abundant source of renewable energy that can be integrated with the
electrical grid. However, solar energy storage becomes critical when unsteady sources of energy provide
a large portion of the total electricity produced. Different solar energy storage technologies were
reviewed in this report and were classified into categories acording to capacity and discharge time. Life
cycle assessments were compiled and reviewed for a variety of storage technologies. Life cycle
assessment is an important tool for evaluating the energy consumption and enviromeental impacts of a
renewable energy process. It is important to note that storage method based on a nonrenewable materials
may undermine the effort toweard a sustainable energy future when using renewable energy souce such
a solar power. [1]

With the global exponential increase of the solar PV deployment, the need to eliminate its main
drawback is an urgent concern. Furthermore, the electricity generated from Large-Scale Solar farms has
a peak in the middle of the day, mostly at the off-peak demand. It is beneficial to try to shift a part of the
energy generated during the day, to be consumed at the peak demand. By doing this, the demand from
the utility will be more stable, and the use of solar energy more efficient. Multiple storage technologies
can be used in large scale applications. This study aims to identify the most suitable storage solution
according to the Malaysian scenario, to examine the feasibility of a power system that includes this
storage solution in different locations in Malaysia, and to determine the impacts of using this power
system.

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 1.2 Problem Statement

Rural communities are generally characterized by small loads and low income earners. With many
energy utility companies primarily focusing on the return on investment, rural areas have been left on
the sidelines based on the fact that they cannot afford to pay for this service. Most rural communities can
successfully be able to meet this challenge through access to information regarding the cost of grid
extension projects. Having this knowledge will propel them to work around a technique of footing the
energy bills on a timely basis. Considering the set back of expenses, a better way to power rural
communities is via hybrid systems. Renewable resources such as solar are used to generate electricity
and have been recommended widely based on their high efficiency. The rural communities can then
come up with procedures on how to manage the hybrid systems.

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1.3 Objective

The objectives of this project are:

1. To provide charging facilities.
2. To provide low cost source of electricity energy.
3. To identify a rural area that has no electricity.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ENERGY

Energy is the ability to do work. It is measured in joules(J) or watt-hours(Wh) Over the centuries,
various sources of energy have been used by man in order to meet his basic life-essentials such as food,
water and shelter.
Fossil fuels provide the bulk of the world’s primary energy (i.e.: 77% fossil fuels, 18% renewable and
5% nuclear power), thus the world, is seeking new energy alternatives to fossil fuels. To that effect,
experts believe that crude oil, providing at present more than one-third of the world energy needs will
gradually lose its supremacy and recourse to other energy will become necessary as it becomes scarcer.

2.2 TYPES OF ENERGY SORUCES

There are broadly two types of energy sources namely; Renewable energy sources and Non-
renewable energy sources.

2.2.1 Renewable energy sources

Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides
and can be generated again and again as and when required. They are available in plenty and
by far most the cleanest sources of energy available on this planet. For example, energy that
we receive from the sun can be used to generate electricity. Similarly, energy from wind,
geothermal, biomass from plants, tides can be used. These are also known as non-
conventional or sustainable energy resources. Examples of renewable energy sources include;
solar, biomass, hydro (water), tidal, wind and geothermal. Renewable energy systems use
these resources to generate electricity.

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The pros and cons of renewable energy are summarized below;

Pros

 The sun, wind, geothermal, ocean energy are available in the abundant quantity and free to use.
 The non-renewable sources of energy that we are using are limited and are bound to expire one
day.
 Renewable sources have low carbon emissions, therefore they are considered as green and
environment friendly.
 Renewable helps in stimulating the economy and creating job opportunities. The money that is
used to build these plants can provide jobs to thousands of people.
 Renewable sources can cost less than consuming the local electrical supply. In the long run, the
prices of electricity are expected to soar since they are based on the prices of crude oil, so
renewable sources can cut your electricity bills.

Cons

 Solar energy can be used during the day time and not during night or rainy season.
 Geothermal energy which can be used to generate electricity has side effects too. It can bring
toxic chemicals beneath the earth surface onto the top and can create environmental changes.
 To use wind energy, you have to rely on strong winds therefore you have to choose suitable site
to operate them. Also, they can affect bird population as they are quite high.

2.2.2 NON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Non-Renewable energy is energy which is taken from the sources that are available on the earth in
limited quantity and will vanish fifty-sixty years from now. Non-renewable sources are not
environmental friendly and can have serious affect on our health. They are called non-renewable
because they cannot be re-generated within a short span of time. Non-renewable sources exist in the
form of fossil fuels, natural gas, oil and coal.

Here are some of the pros and cons of using non-renewable sources of energy:-

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Pros

 Non-renewable sources are cheap and easy to use. You can easily fill up your car tank and power
your motor vehicle.
 You can use small amount of nuclear energy to produce large amount of power.
 They are considered as cheap when converting from one type of energy to another.

Cons

 Non-renewable sources will expire some day and we have to us our endangered resources to
create more nonrenewable sources of energy.
 The speed at which such resources are being utilized can have serious environmental changes
 Non-renewable sources release toxic gases in the air when burnt which are the major cause for
global warming.

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 Figure 1 Summary of the different categories of energy

2.3 SOLAR ENERGY

The sun is made up of about 80% hydrogen, 20% helium and only 0.1% other elements. Its radiant
energy comes from nuclear fusion processes during which the sun loses 4.3 million tones of mass each
second. This mass is converted into radiant energy.

Each square meter of the sun’s surface emits a radiant power of 63.1 MW, which means that just a fifth
of the square kilometer of the sun’s surface emits an amount of energy equal to the global primary energy
demand on earth.

Fortunately, only a small part of this energy reaches the earth’s surface. Solar irradiance decreases with
the square of the distance to the sun. Since the distance of the earth to the sun changes during the year,
solar irradiance outside the earth’s atmosphere also varies from 1325W/m2 and 1420 W/m2 . The annual
mean solar irradiance is known as the solar constant and is 1367±2 W/m2 .

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2.11

Figure 2:solar radiation in Malaysia

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REFERENCES
Rehman, S., Al-Hadhrami, L. and Alam, M. “Pumped hydro energy storage system: a technological
review”, 2015. [online] Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. rser.2014.12.040 [Accessed 12 Feb.
2018].

Asian Development Bank. Power Sector Development in Myanmar, ADB Economics working paper
series. Manila: Asian Development Bank; 2015https://www.
econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/128582/1/ewp-460.pdf.