Step 3 - to understand the waves behavior in open and enclosure mediums

Individual work

Oscar Álvarez Diaz

Group 06

80859340

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2019 16-04
 Introduction

With the work of the current academic unit and the individual contribution that will be
presented to the tutor and the study of the concepts and theories necessary for the
development of the silver exercises for step 3 of the related task, the concepts of wave
propagation will be studied in limited open media, characterize electromagnetic waves
in open and closed media and the behavior of electromagnetic waves when they collide
on a surface will be analyzed. Topics that will be of great relevance, providing new basic
knowledge of electromagnetic theory that are necessary for the development of our
career.

With the review of the bibliographic material that the course has and its virtual campus
to begin with the study and conceptualization of the topics required for the good
development of the unit, such as the concepts of propagation of waves in limited open
media, characterize the electromagnetic waves in open and closed media and the
behavior of electromagnetic waves when they collide on a surface will be analyzed.
 Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves have different modes of propagation and each of the forms
depends on the different variables that influence each of them such as frequency, the
energy of the signal that is propagated and each of the electromagnetic properties of
different environments.
This is how we have the following wave propagation modes:
- Direct Propagation: As the name implies, this mode of propagation exists when
there is a direct line between the sender and the receiver.
- Propagation by terrestrial reflection: As its name indicates, the propagation is
carried out by reflection on the ground plane and is widely used by radio frequency
communications.
- Propagation by atmospheric reflection: As its name indicates the propagation is
carried out by atmospheric reflection which facilitates that the waves reach great
distances, its disadvantage is that it depends on the atmospheric conditions which can
generate communication failures.
- Propagation by retransmission via satellite: As its name indicates, the
propagation is carried out by means of a satellite and does not depend on atmospheric
conditions.
- Propagation through microwave links: As the name implies, the propagation is
done through the installation of multiple repeater systems in line of sight.

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

An electromagnetic wave is basically polarized when it forms a geometric figure
characterized by the end of the vector that can characterize the electric field as a
function of time. In other words, the different variables of the electric field and the
relationship between them are manifested. Likewise "the polarization mode of a wave
is characterized by the difference between the phase and the amplitude between the
transverse electromagnetic field components that generate the electromagnetic wave"
(Paz, 2013, p 252).
So we have the following classes of electromagnetic wave polarization;
- Linear Polarization
- Circular Polarization
- Elliptic Poalization

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

This phenomenon is known as total reflection when an electromagnetic wave crosses a
means of refractive index smaller than in the refractive index found. This reflection is
given in such a way that it is not able to cross the surface of both parts fully reflecting.
In other words, to clarify this concept, Paz (2013) affirms. “When a wave strikes
perpendicular to the boundary between a lossless dielectric and a perfect conductor, a
particular condition of wave reflection called total reflection occurs”(p. 264).
 4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?
This phenomenon does not appear from a specific angle as in the case of total reflection
this phenomenon occurs when it is composed of a specific angle since if the angle of
incidence presents or has any small change this phenomenon no longer occurs.

The Brewster angle is known as the angle that occurs in the phenomenon of total
refraction and is obtained using the following expression.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of

waves?
The main purpose of Snell's Law in the study of wave propagation is to find the angle
of refraction by crossing the separation surface between two propagation fields of any
electromagnetic wave with a different refractive index.
Also the angles such as the incidence, reflection and refraction “coincide with those
formed by the Poynting vector with the normal vector on each side of the border, and
the relationship between them is determined by the so-called Snell's Law” (Paz, 2013,
p 284).
 Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the group
number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.
Thus,
GG = 06
CCC = 808

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

To find the reflection coefficient we have,

𝑛2 = 808 𝛺
𝑛1 = 120𝜋 𝛺
𝑛2 − 𝑛1 808 − 120 𝜋 431.00
Γ= = = = 0.36
𝑛2 + 𝑛1 808 + 120 𝜋 1184.99

The reflectance is of:

R = |Γ|2 = 0.362 = 12.96%
The transmittance:
T = 1 − 𝑅 = 87.04 %

The reflected power:

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃−1 | = 12.96% 𝑥 200 2
= 1296 2
𝑚 𝑚

The transmitted power:

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃+ 2 | = 87.04% 𝑥 200 2
= 8704 2
𝑚 𝑚

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from a

wave generator located 30𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝛺 and 10𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative
material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power that is transmitted to the receiver.

Solutuion

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.

As the wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material:

𝜇0 𝑛0
𝑛= √ = ⇒ ∈𝑟 = ( )
∈0 ∈𝑟 𝑛

120 𝜋 2 376.99 2
∈𝑟 = ( ) = ( ) = (0.46)2 = 0.21
808 808

Now you can calculate the phase constant of the wall.

𝜔
𝛽 = 𝜔√𝜇0 ∈0 ∈𝑟 = √∈𝑟
𝑐0

2𝜋 𝑥 06 𝑥 106
𝛽= √0.21
3 𝑥 108

376991118,4
𝛽= √0.21
3000000000

𝛽 = 0.125 √0.21 = 0.057 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚

The input impedance seen from the first frontier in a mixture of the air impedances on the
other side of the wall and the impedance of the same wall:

𝑛2 + 𝑗𝑛1 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝑥
𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 𝑛1
𝑛1 + 𝑗𝑛2 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝛽𝑥

120𝜋 + 𝑗808𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 0.057𝑥 0.20 )

𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 808𝜋
808 + 𝑗120𝜋𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 0.057𝑥 0.20 )

Where,

𝑥 = 0.20 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 20 𝑐𝑚 = 0.20𝑚

𝑛𝑖𝑛 = ( 1454.4 − 𝐽93.71 )𝜋

The reflection coefficient,

𝑛𝑖𝑛 − 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
Γ=
𝑛𝑖𝑛 + 𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒

( 1454.4 − 𝐽93.71 )𝜋 − 808

Γ=
( 1454.4 − 𝐽93.71 )𝜋 + 808

Γ = −0.6 − 𝑗1.00 = 0.69

Transmission coefficient,

𝜏1 = 1 + Γ1 = 0.6 − 𝑗1.00
Percentage of power transmitted to the wall:

T = 1 − |Γ1 | 2 = 1 − 0.692 = 0.52

This indicates that of the power emitted by the emitter, only 52% is transmitted to the wall,
but not that this is the power received by the receiver.

The reflectance on the first face of the wall is:

𝑅1 = 1 − T1 = 0.48

That is to say that 48% of the power is returned to the emitter.

To obtain the power received by the receiver, a second reflection that occurs on the face
of the wall facing the receiver must be taken into account.

The reflection coefficient on the second face of the wall is calculated as:

𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 − 𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
Γ2 =
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 + 𝑛𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑

0.69 − 0.48
Γ2 =
0.69 + 0.48

0.21
Γ2 = = 0.17
1.17
Which results in a transmittance equivalent to,

T2 = 1 − |Γ2 | 2 = 1 − 0.172 = 0.97

The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as a product of
the two transmittances:

T𝑡 = 0.97 𝑥 0.52 = 0.50

That is to say that of the power emitted by the transmitter, only 50% reaches the receiver,
48% of the power is returned, therefore, 2% of the power that remains in the wall is missing.

The transmitted power:

𝑚𝑊 𝑚𝑊
|𝑃+1 | = 0.52% 𝑥 200 2
= 5210 2
𝑚 𝑚

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown

in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B, forming
an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44,9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the
wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is 𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑚𝑚 thick and that at
point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is
in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

Thus,
GG = 06
CCC = 808 mm
First case,

Refractive index

𝑛1 = 1,3330
𝑛2 = 1,0002926

Ley of Snell
𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃2 )

To find angle of refraction,

𝑛1
𝜃2 = sin−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃1 ))
𝑛2

1,3330
𝜃2 = sin−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (44,9 𝜃))
1,0002926
 𝜃2 = sin−1 ( 1.3326 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (44,9 𝜃))

𝜃2 = sin−1 ( 0.1138)

𝜃2 = sin−1 ( 0.1138)

𝜃2 = 6.53 𝜃

Second Case,
𝑛1 = 1,0002926
𝑛2 =?

Ley of Snell
𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃2 )

Total Refraction
𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 90 °
𝜃1 + 6.53° = 90 °
𝜃1 = 90 ° − 6.53°
𝜃1 = 83.47

To find,
𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃1 )
𝑛2 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃2 )

1.0002926 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (83.47 𝜃)

𝑛2 =
𝑠𝑒𝑛 (6.53 𝜃)

1.0002926 𝑥 0.9935
𝑛2 =
0.1137
 0.9938
𝑛2 =
0.1137

𝑛2 = 8,74

Third Case,
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 808 𝑚𝑚

Ley of Snel
𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (𝜃2 )

Total Refraction
𝑑
𝑇𝑎𝑛 (𝜃2 ) =
808 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 808 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 6.53°)
𝑑 = 23138 𝑚𝑚
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1: In conclusion, it can be argued that the topics explored with the support
of educational resources provided by the learning environment and video conferences
were very essential to perform the exercises proposed in the activity corresponding to
the work unit and study the methods of propagation of waves in open media and each
of its characteristics seen in the basic concepts and application of our daily life.

Conclusion 2: The basic concept and its different characteristics were studied on the
behavior of an electromagnetic wave when hitting the different surfaces and each of
the different situations in which they can act and where their values vary according to
the different characteristics of the materials.
 Bibliography

Bibliography 1:
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp.
519-524). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Bibliography 2:
Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 31-51). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Bibliography 3:
Paz, A. (2013). Ondas de medios abiertos acotados, capitulo 7. Electromagnetismo para
ingeniería electrónica. Campos y ondas (pp 181-247). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.
Facultad de Ingenieria. Cali, Colombia. Selle editorial Javeriano.