MICROPROCESSOR

Computer is capable of performing complex task. These tasks are processed

by the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
The Microprocessor is a chip that accepts the input from user in the form of
data and instructions. It process the data using instruction and sends result to the output
device.
One of the key element of the Microprocessor is speed. It depends on the various factors
The number of instructions
The Bandwidth
It specifies the number of binary digits that the Microprocessor can run
process in a single instruction.
Clock speed
It specifies the speed at which Microprocessor process instruction
The speed of the Microprocessor also depends up on processor Cache memory. Cache
memory is the temporary memory area used to store instruction that are often used .
Microprocessors Timeline
FSB/BSB

• FSB interfaces between the L2 cache on processor

to the north bridge of motherboard
• Also known as system bus or memory bus
• Speed at which CPU communicates with RAM
• BSB interfaces between L1 cache on processor with
L2 cache
• BSB is faster than FSB
 Intel Pentium
The Intel Pentium Microprocessors are designed to work with every day applications such as
word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia and games. It have different editions

Pentium I Processor
Released in the year 1993 is the first chip that forms fifth generations of
Microprocessors.
 Pentium II Processor-1997
It provides high speed, performance than Pentium I. P II is available on a card called
daughter card , and must fix to the motherboard using slot 2.
Pentium III Processor-1999
It has more instructions to process graphics and 10 stage pipe-line execution.
 Pentium IV Processor-2000
Enables us to work with applications such as digital photography, games that
requires lot of processing. P4 has 20 stage pipeline execution. P4 comes in 2 sizes
Large in size with 423 pins. Only supported with RDRAM
Decreased size with 478 ,provides SDRAM support
P4 is also available in HT and HT extreme editions.
Hyper threading is technology in which task can be divided into small parts called
threads. Multiple threads are simultaneously executed by processor.
Extreme edition is similar to HT and it has 2MB of L3 cache extra built into the
Microprocessor.
 Pentium M
Laptops and notebook computers use the Intel Pentium M processors. These
MPs are small in size compared to desktop processors. It consumes less energy and
increase the battery life for the laptop computers.
 Intel Celeron
The Celeron is useful for running applications that do not require a lot of
processing. It is based on Pentium architecture. The Celeron microprocessors are
cheaper and economical because of the small cache size. It appears as card and normal
processors.
 Intel Xeon
Intel Xeon microprocessors are heavy- duty microprocessors. These
microprocessors powers servers and workstations on a network. The Xeon support two
microprocessors on the same system.
 Intel Itanium
Intel Itanium microprocessors powers network servers and workstations. It is a
powerful microprocessor and can execute 3 instructions at a time.
 Dual Core
• Each of the cores has their own cache, can process independently and
provide better performance
Working of the Microprocessor

• Accepts data
• Processes data
• Stores data
• Sends output data
 AMD (Advanced Micro Devices)
The AMD has 2 different processors, they are
1. AMD Athlon
2. AMD Duron
Athlon is the heavy- duty microprocessors available fom AMD and is similar to
Pentium processors. Duron is similar to Intel Celeron. AMD uses slot A to connect
microprocessor to the motherboard
 Microprocessor Designs
The microprocessor is installed on the motherboard using interface given in
motherboard. There are two interface.
Socket
Slot
Microprocessor Sockets
The sockets on the motherboard connect the microprocessor to the
motherboard. The microprocessor has pins that enter the Motherboard. There
are two types of sockets.

1. ZIF (Zero Insertion Force)

ZIF uses a liver to install or remove the microprocessor. Microprocessor can be

installed and removed without using any force.

2. LIF (Low Insertion Force)

You must use force to push the microprocessor in the LIF socket. you must use
a special device such as screwdriver or a chip puller to remove the
microprocessor from the LIF socket.
 Socket 478
Socket 478 supports microprocessors that have 478 pins. It have L2 cache
built into the microprocessor. This socket support the Intel Pentium 4 processors .
Cache Memory:

Cache (pronounced cash) memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a
computer’s central processing unit (CPU), or located next to it on a separate chip.
The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to
run programs, improving overall system speed. The advantage of cache memory
is that the CPU does not have to use the motherboard’s system bus for data
transfer. Whenever data must be passed through the system bus, the data transfer
speed slows to the motherboard’s capability.

L1 Cache is the fastest Cache, each core has its own L1 cache its the smallest but
its the fastest and the first one to accesses by the Core.

L2 Cache is slower than L1, L2 cache is the 2nd cache that the core search's for its
data, and bigger than L1.

L3 Cache is shard between all of the cores, in the core i7 for example, is shared
between all 4 cores, and bigger than both L1 and L2.
difference between Dual core and core 2 duo processor technology

The basic difference is the "cache memory".

Dual core have dedicated cache on the other hand the

core2duo have the shared .

so it helps to increase the performance in core2duo i.e.

speed and if one core is sleeping and the other is working
then also the cache is available to perform .

dual core- 2 core have dedicated cache .

core2duo - have one cache and is shared.
 Difference between Core I3,I5 and I7 Processors

Turbo Boost
Turbo Boost is essentially a temporary overclock that increases the CPU's
frequency when additional processing power is needed. This can only
happen as long as it the CPU is below a certain power, current and
temperature threshold so it is not a full-time performance boost. The amount
of frequency increase will vary depending on the number of cores that are in
use. Maximum turbo boost frequency that a processor supports when a
single core is active
Hyper threading

Hyper threading is how Intel increases multitasking efficiency on many of their

processors. Essentially what it does is makes your computer think that there are
twice as many cores on the CPU than there actually are. So if your CPU supports
hyper threading and has 4 cores, it appears to the computer like there are actually 8
cores.

Thermal Output
Thermal output is the maximum amount of power the cooling system in the
computer needs to dissipate. The higher the thermal output, the hotter the
processor will run.
Troubleshooting the Microprocessor

General problems are:

Overheating
Slow Processing or Hanging
Issues
No display
Socket Processor
LGA 775 Dual core ,Core 2 Duo
LGA 1155 Core I3,I5 & I7
LGA 1366 Core i7