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Bone Cancer
Paige Mitchell-Spears
David Schmidt
History
• Strontium was
discovered in 1798 and
metallic strontium was
first isolated by Sir
Humphry Davy in 1808
using electrolysis.
• The radioactive 90Sr can
lead to various bone
disorders and diseases,
including bone cancer.
Osteosarcoma
• most common type
• develops in new tissue in growing bones
• originates in the Osteoid tissue commonly
located in the knees, upper legs, and upper
arms
• common between the ages of 10 and 25
• about 50% more common in males than in
females
• about 900 new cases diagnosed in the United
States each year
• about 400 of these cases occur in children and
adolescents younger than 20 years old
• most occur between the ages of 10 and 30
• teenagers are the most commonly affected age
group, but it can occur at any age
• about 10% occur in people over the age of 60
Chondrosarcoma
Katie Asman
Chris Johnson
Timeline of Cancer
• The earliest indications of cancer were described in seven papyri
discovered in the 19th century. The cancer descriptions were written
around 1600 BC and are believed to date back to sources as early as
2500 B. C.
• Ancient Egyptians were able to determine whether or not tumors were
benign or malignant.
• Hippocrates named “cancer” “karkinioma” because he saw that
malignant tumors looked like a crab which is also why it is known as
cancer today
• Back in the 17th century Gaspare Aselli found the vessels of the
lymphatic system and believed that cancer was caused by
abnormalities in the lymph.
• Oncology was established as a science with the research in cell
Skin Cancer
Jackie Ardalan / Brian Ramsey
General Information
• Most serious type of skin cancer
• Begins in skin cells called melanocytes
• Melanocytes are the cells that make
melanin, which gives the skin its color
• With too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
the melanocytes may begin to grow
abnormally and become cancerous
What causes it
• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is
the most recognized cause of all types of
skin cancer
• Tanning lamps are another source of UV
radiation
• The invisible effects of UV radiation
accumulate over a lifetime
Who it affects
• Both sexes are affected
• In America, it is the sixth most common cancer in men and
the seventh most common in women
• Race plays a large role
• White Americans are 20 times more likely to develop
melanoma than African Americans
• Worldwide, white populations have the highest risk of
developing melanoma, and Asian populations the lowest
risk
• General rule: fair skin is more susceptible
How it is spotted
• Doctors often spot melanoma during a skin
inspection or annual physical
• Among men, melanoma most often shows up on
the upper body and on the head and neck
• In women, melanoma often develops on the
fingernails, on the palms of hands, and on the
soles of the feet
• However, it can appear anywhere on the skin
What to look for (the ABCD’s)
• A = Asymmetry: Melanoma lesions are typically irregular in
shape (asymmetrical) / benign (non-cancerous) moles are
typically round (symmetrical)
• B = Border: Melanoma lesions often have irregular borders
(ragged or notched edges) / benign moles have smooth, even
borders.
• C = Colors: Melanoma lesions often contain many shades of
brown or black / benign moles are usually a single shade of
brown.
• D = Diameter: Melanoma lesions are often more than one
fourth an inch or six millimeters in diameter (about the size
of a pencil eraser) / benign moles are usually less than that
Treatment
• The treatment for melanoma depends on the
person’s age, health, and stage of the disease
• Surgery is the first treatment for all stages of
melanoma
• Later stages of melanoma (thick melanoma or
those that have spread to the nearby lymph nodes),
call for other treatments, such as immunotherapy,
chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
Statistics
• The average five-year survival rate for melanoma
patients is about 89 percent
• Once the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, the
survival rate drops to a range of 13 to 70 percent,
depending on how many lymph nodes are affected
• An estimated 62,000 Americans are diagnosed
with melanoma each year
• Nearly 8,000 people die from the disease annually
Pancreatic Cancer
By:
Justin Cho
Raj Bhatt
Who does it affect?
-Testicular cancer affects over 8000 people a year in
the US.
-Caucasian males ages 15-40 are the most affected
while it would be extremely rare to see a African
American male with TC.
How is it diagnosed?
-Many methods of diagnosing, but self-diagnosis is
primary method before people consult professional help.
-First symptoms of TC:
-pain/tenderness in testicles
-build-up of fluid in scrotum
-hard lump gradually growing in size
What are the chances of
survival?
-TC is one of the most curable cancers (90% cure rate)
-If it is caught in Stage 1, the cure rate is virtually 100% if
it is treated properly.
-After patients are treated there is a less than 5% chance
of the cancer coming back.
How is TC treated?
-3 methods
-surgery
-chemotherapy
-radiation therapy
Surgery
-In surgery, one or both testicle are surgically
removed in order to stop the spread of the cancer.
-most popular treatment choice
-success rate; very high
-early stage of cancer
- < 5% of chance of chance spreading again.
Chemotherapy
-2nd most popular treatment choice
-compatible with all stages of TC
-high success rate
Radiation Therapy
-rarely used because high doses are dangerous for
sensitive testicular area.
-when used, used for stage 2/3 patients.
-50% average survival rate
wrap up
-TC is responsible for about 300 deaths a year( US only)
-every male should self-examine themselves at least once a
year
Cervical Cancer
Autumn Thomson
Derek McConnell
What is Cervical Cancer?
• Malignancy of the Cervix connects the uterus to the
vagina
cervix
• The cancer begins at
the lining of the cervix
• The cancer is not
suddenly formed, but
progresses in
transitional stages
History/Facts
Naked HPV • 2nd leading cause of
cancer death in women
• HPV is responsible for
90% of Cervical
Cancer
• HPV - 16, 18, 31, 33,
42, 52 and 58 are the 7
most common strands
Symptoms
• Symptoms may be completely
asymptomatic
• Vaginal bleeding, contact bleeding, or
vaginal masses may indicate malignancy
• In advanced cases, metastases may spread
to the lungs or abdomen
Picture of Cervical Cancer
Treatment
• Hysterectomy (IA) Hysterectomy Stages
• Trachelectomy (early
stages)
• Cone Biopsy
Future
• On June 6, 2006 the
FDA approved
Gardasil
• GlaxoSmithKline and
Cervarix
LUNG CANCER
A Presentation by
Megan Hanson
and
Cameron Hostetter
Healthy Lung Lung Cancer
Smoking is cool!!!
Historical Origins of Lung
Cancer
• Not Common Before
WWI
• Tobacco companies
gave away free
cigarettes to millions
of soldiers
• After the war that it
became popular in
America
Historical Origins of Lung
Cancer
• Influx of lung cancer cases in the 1930s
• Soon the correlation between smoking and
lung cancer was discovered
Historical Origins of Lung
Cancer
• By the 1970s, lung
cancer had gone from
one of the rarest forms
of cancers to the
number one killer
cancer in the Western
World
Historical Origins of Lung
Cancer
• By the 1970s, lung
cancer had gone from
one of the rarest forms
of cancers to the
number one killer
cancer in the Western
World
Historical Origins of Lung
Cancer
• Although initially many believed that lung
cancer had only to do with smoking,
• Recent studies are revealing even more
regarding the causes of the disease
Demographics
• African-American men who smoke
more at risk than among Caucasian
men
• Lung cancer is rapidly becoming a
female’s disease.
Demographics
• Lung cancer is rapidly
becoming a female’s
disease
• Women now account
for nearly half of all
new lung cancer cases
• Women are more
likely to develop lung
cancer than men
Dana Reeves
Demographics
• Those who quit
smoking reduce risk of
lung cancer
• Also, exposure to
other carcinogens such
as asbestos and radon
gas increases risk
How Is It Diagnosed?
• Perform a chest X- • Symptoms:
ray if a patient – swollen lymph
reports symptoms nodes
of lung cancer – a chronic cough
– shortness of
breath
– chest pain
How Is It Diagnosed?
• X-ray may reveal:
– an obvious mass
– a widening of the mediastinum,
– infection and excess fluid
• CT scan can be used if the X-ray in unable
to reveal anything
Types of Lung Cancer
• Commonly divided into two types:
– Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
which is the most common and the cause
of 80% of all lung cancer case
– Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) the
cause of 20% of all cases.
Types of Lung Cancer
• Small Cell Lung
Cancer is almost
always a result of
smoking and its
tumors can spread
from the lungs to
the entire body.
Treatments
• Three main forms of treatment for lung
cancer:
– Surgery
– Chemotherapy
– Radiation
Mortality Rate
• Only 14% of patients
with lung cancer
survive for more than
five years after
diagnosis.
• Only about 10% of
patients can expect to
be 'cured'
Peter Jennings
Mortality Rate
• Lung cancer is the number one cancer killer
in America, claiming more lives than breast,
prostate, and colorectal cancers combined.
Thank You
Breast Cancer
Hershel Mehta
Jessica Roan
Kacey Kim
Breast Cancer
• Breast cancer is a serious issue in society
today.
• However, the cancer of the breast tissue is
not only a recent problem;
• Cases of breast cancer have dated back to
ancient Egypt in 1600 BC.
• The first surgery done to remove the tumor over the breast
was done in the early 1700s by Jean Louis Petit. His
successful work was carried on by William Stewart
Halsted who started performing mastectomies in 1882. He
became known for his Halsted radical mastectomy, a
surgical procedure that remained popular up to the 1970s.
• Now breast cancer has become a major epidemic amongst
women, there are many charity walks and events to help
find a cure.
• Breast cancer can affect both men and
women, but is much more common with
women. It affects one out of every nine to
thirteen women. Breast cancer only affects
1% of the male population.
• It is the second most common in mortality
rate after lung cancer. The chances of
obtaining breast cancer increase with age.
Detecting Breast Cancer
• There are many ways to detect breast cancer at
an early stage. For instance, there are self breast
exams or a mammograms which are extremely
useful in early discovery which is essential for
surviving breast cancer.
• Also one can get an MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging), but this is sometimes expensive and
can give a false positive because of its acute
sensitivity. Ultrasound is sometimes, but rarely
used.
Causes
• There are many theories as to what exactly causes breast
cancer.
• Some believe that two genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are
responsible for the formation of the cancerous tumor.
• Another theory is that excessive alcohol consumption
leads to an increase in the risk of getting breast cancer.
• Hormones is another theory flying around estrogen,
androgen, and testosterone levels may also be a reason
for someone acquiring breast cancer.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
By:
Jack Ferguson
Brittany Morphew
When, Who and Where
• Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is named after the
British physician Thomas Hodgkin, who
first described the disease in 1832 and noted
several characteristics that distinguish it
from other lymphomas.
Who does it affect?
• Hodgkin’s disease most commonly affects people between
the ages of 15 and 40 and people older than age 55. It’s
one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic
system.
• It is most common in white people but affects every race.
• Males are “slightly” more likely to develop Hodgkin’s.
• People who have had illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr
virus, such as mononucleosis may be four times more
likely to develop Hodgkin’s.
How is it diagnosed?
• There are many ways to detect Hodgkin’s
lymphoma.
• Often a lymph node swells, especially in the
upper body area. Other times on feels they
have a lack of energy.
• More serious symptoms can include weight
loss, fever, and drenching night sweats.
• Many, many more!
Medical Diagnosis
• A biopsy of the area is taken and is
searched for the presence of Reed-Sternberg
cells.
• Other exams include: chest x-rays,
collecting medical history, CT scans, PET
scans, and gallium scans.
Suspected Causes
• Abnormal B Cells
• Genetics
• Medical History
Affected Body Parts
• Hodgkin’s disease commonly begins in the
lymph nodes. Some lymph nodes are in
areas readily noticed, such as in your neck,
above your collarbone, under your arms,
groin area, and in the chest cavity.
• Lymphomas may spread outside the lymph
nodes to virtually any part of your body.
Pics
Stages
I) Involves one lymph node region.
II) Involves two or more lymph node
regions on the same side of the
diaphragm.
III) Involves lymph nodes on both sides of
the diaphragm.
IV) Involves other organs besides the lymph
system.
Treatment and Survival Rates
• Radiation, Chemotherapy, Bone Marrow
Transplant.
• More than 80% of people with stage 1 or
stage 2 Hodgkin’s disease for 10 years or
more with proper treatment.
• The five-year survival rate for those with
widespread Hodgkin’s disease is about
60%.
Survival Rates
• Stage I- 90% to 95%
• Stage II- 90% to 95%
• Stage III 85% to 90%
• Stage IV 80% to 85%
Mortality Rates
• Each year, about 1,300 Americans die of
Hodgkin’s disease.
References
• http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hodgkins-dise
• http://www.lymphomainfo.net/hodgkins/diagnosi
• http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/995.html
• http://www.lymphomainfo.net/tests/gallium
scan.html
Leukemia
Corinne Watson
Elieka Ghafari
Period: 4
History
• Cancer of the blood that develops in the bone
marrow (soft tissue that fills the inside of bones and
produces new blood cells)
• Chemotherapy
Cause: unknown
Suspected causes:
-viral/bacterial infections
-pesticides, solvents, arsenate,
lead, hair dyes, radiation, paint thinners
NOT CONTAGIOUS.
Some information
• Can occur in both children and adults
• Most common in early adulthood (15-40) and
late adulthood (after 55).
• High survival rate
• Effects more men than women.
• Especially high among Jewish populations
and low among Asian pop.
• Approx. 25,000 die from this cancer
worldwide
Hodgkin’s disease
• malignant (cancerous) growth of cells in
the lymph system
• Has Reed-Stemberg cells in the cancerous
area (while Non-Hodgkin’s doesn’t)
• better known form of lymphoma
• High survival rate
• number of cases:
– 7880 cases in US this year
• 4330 men
• 3550 women
Hodgkin’s Diagnosis
• Lymph nodes can swell, upper body
area
• Feeling of lack of energy
• Weight loss, fever, drenching night
sweats, itching, lower back pain
• Usually a shock and surprise
• Take tissue sample (biopsy) and
search for Reed-Stemberg cells
• X-rays or PET scans or CT scans
Hodgkin’s Treatment
• Chemotherapy
• Bone marrow and peripheral blood
transplants
• Immunotherapy
– Trys to help body fight cancer
• Radiation therapy
– High energy x-rays kill cancer cells and
shrink tumors
– SURVIVAL STATISTICS UNKNOWN
Non-Hodgkin’s Disease
• Is also malignant
• Growth of B or T cells in lymph
system
• Cases outweigh those of Hodgkin’s
disease
• 29 types of lymphoma are non-
Hodgkin’s
Non-Hodgkin’s Diagnosis
• Some symptoms: lymph node swelling,
unexplained itching, fever, weight loss,
lack of energy
• Will be tested and doctor will determine
which type of lymphoma
• Take biopsy (surgical preferred over
needle biopsy)
Non-Hodgkin’s Treatment
• Several types of treatment
– Chemotherapy is most common
– Radiation therapy
– Immunotherapy
– Bone marrow transplants
– Watch and wait
Basic History
Who can get affected?
Case Study
Prostate Cancer
Stephanie Granillo
Jeremy Lazarus
Group Affected
• Early detection
recommended since
there may be no
symptoms
• Fecal occult blood
tests
• Endoscopy
• Colonoscopy
Causes
• Mushroom like
growths (adenomatous
polyps) in colon
• Hereditary
onpolyposis colorectal
cancer (HNPCC)
syndromes (heredity)
Affected Areas
• Colon
Treatments
• Surgically remove all
or part of colon
• Chemotherapy after
surgery prolongs
survival
Survival and Mortality Rates
________________
M Myth: In order for sunlight to cause
skin cancer, you must get a sunburn.
______________________
Y
Truth: People who sunburn Myth: You can prevent skin cancer,
are more likely to get skin by putting on one application of
cancer than those who do sunscreen at the start of each day
the skin whether a sunburn
________________