Analog and Digital Circuits

AN INTENTIONALLY BLANK PAGE
EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 1|Page

VIT
UNIVERSITY
(Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Electrical Machines Lab - TT035
Name of the Student :
Register No. :
Name of Laboratory : Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion
Lab Code : EEE1002
Year / Semester : II EEE / III

Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor
(+) R Min R Max

FUSE
R Min
F1 A1
DC VS1-1
Breaker
VA
And R Max M
220 V DC SUPPLY
VS1-2
Isolator
F2 A2
CS1-1
IF
CS1-2
FUSE
(-)
FUSE RATING CALCULATION: NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Motor
No Load: 50 % of Rated Current Rated Voltage :
Full Load: 125 % of Rated Current
Rated Current :
Rated Power :
Rated Speed :

Exp. No. 1(a) Date:
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

OBJECTIVES
To perform the speed control of a d.c. shunt motor by
(i) Below the normal range by armature resistance control and to plot the Speed Vs
armature voltage (N / Va) characteristics.
(ii) Above the normal range by field control and to plot Speed Vs field current
(N / If) characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE No.Qty
1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
THEORY
The speed of a dc motor is given by the relation, N = KEb /  Where, Eb = V-IaRa
Therefore N = K (V-Ia Ra) / 
Where Ra is the armature resistance
Ia is the armature current
 is the flux and
Eb is the back emf.
V is the supply voltag
From the above equations it is clear that the speed of dc motors can be controlled by
the following methods.
1. By varying the flux per pole (  ). This is known as flux or field control method.
2. By varying the armature drops i.e. by varying the resistance of the armature circuit.
This is known as armature control method.
3. By varying the applied voltage. This is known as voltage control method.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Armature control Field Control

If1 = If2 = Va1 = Va2 =
Sl. No
Armature Speed Armature Speed Field Speed Field Speed
Voltage (Rpm) Voltage (Rpm) Current (Rpm) Current (Rpm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Field Control Method
The flux produced by the shunt winding depends on the current through it [i.e.   Ish
and Ish = V / Rsh]. When a variable resistance R is connected in series with the shunt field
winding as shown in the Fig - 2, the shunt field current [ Ish = V / ( Rsh + R ) ]is reduced and
hence the flux is also reduced. So the motor runs at a speed higher than normal speed (since
N  1 / ). The amount of increase in speed depends upon the value of the variable resistance
R. This is valid only in the linear portion of If Vs flux  curve and not in the saturation region.
IL
If
Ia
A1 R
Voltage
M F1 DC SUPPLY
A2 Rsh
F2
Fig -2
This method is most commercial as very little power is wasted in the shunt field variable
resistance due to small field current. The main disadvantage is that only speeds above the
normal speed can be obtained.
Armature Control Method
In this method speed control is done for constant field currents. This method is used
when speed below the no load speed are required. As the supply voltage is normally constant,
the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a variable rheostat or resistance in series
with the armature circuit. As the variable resistance is increased, potential drop across the
armature is decreased thereby decreasing the armature speed. The maximum speed that can
be obtained for a given field current occurs when there is no series resistance in the armature
circuit, thus giving the armature the maximum voltage without any series drop. Lower speeds
may be obtained by introducing armature resistance in series.
IL
Ia If
F1
R
Fig -3 Voltage
Rsh DC
. A1 SUPPLY
M F2
A2


PRECAUTIONS
Before starting the experiment

1. The DC power supply, DC breaker and DC isolator should be in off position while
making connections.
2. The field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position and armature rheostat
should be kept at maximum resistance position.
3. There should not be any load on the motor throughout the experiment.
PROCEDURE
Armature Control
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. After observing the precautions, the motor is started by switching on the DC power
supply, DC breaker and DC isolator. The motor will start running at a low speed.
3. The field current is kept constant to the any specified value (within the minimum to
maximum value of field current). Vary the voltage applied to the armature by varying
the external resistance in the armature circuit. Record the applied voltage and speed up
to the rated voltage.
4. Repeat step 4 for various values of given field current. Till the rated voltage of the
motor.
Field control Method
5. Keep the applied voltage to the armature constant at its rated value (within the minimum
to maximum value of armature voltage).
6. Vary the speed of the motor by inserting external resistance in the field circuit. Record
the field current and the corresponding speed of the motor.
7. Repeat step 6 for various values of field current, till the speed of the motor is about 1.2
times the rated speed of the motor.
8. Switch off the DC power supply, DC breaker and DC isolator to stop the motor.
RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM – SWINBURNE’S TEST
4-POINT
STARTER
DC SHUNT
()
FUSE A L1 L2 F A MOTOR
F1
D
P A1
220 V
S V
D.C. T M
SUPPLY S
A2
F2
FUSE
( )
NAME PLATE DETAILS FUSE RATING CALCULATION

Exp. No. 1(b) Date:
SWINBURNE’S TEST
OBJECTIVE
(i) To perform Swinburne’s test on the dc machine, running as shunt motor at
no load.
(ii) To measure the resistance of the armature winding
(iii) Determine the efficiency of the machine used as motor at 1/4th, 1/2th, 3/4th,
full load and 1.25 times the full load and plot the efficiency Vs load curve.
(iv) Determine the efficiency of the machine used as generator at the above
loads and plot the efficiency curve on the same graph.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE NO.QTY
1. Starter
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. Rheostat
5. Tachometer
THEORY
Swinburne’s test is an indirect method (without loading) for finding out the efficiency of dc
machine. Various losses occurring in a dc machine can be classified as (i) constant losses and
(ii) variable losses. Variable losses are directly proportional to the square of armature current
or approximately the load current, whereas constant losses are independent of load conditions.
In this method, constant losses are determined experimentally by operating the dc machine as
motor running at no load. Variable losses occurring on load are calculated from the known
specifications of the machine.
EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 10 | P a g e

TABULAR COLUMN
S.No. VL( Volts) IL ( Amps ) If ( Amps )
MODEL GRAPH
% η Generator
% EFFICIENCY
% η Motor
LOAD CURRENT / OUTPUT POWER

FORMULA
Let the voltage applied to the shunt motor are V volts and the current flowing in the armature
and shunt field circuit under no load running be Ia0 and Ish respectively. Then,
Input power to the armature circuit = V * Ia0 Watts
Input power to the shunt field circuit = V * If Watt
Total input power to the motor at no load, W0 = V * (Ia0 + If)
Armature copper losses at no load = (Ia02 Ra)
Thus, the constant losses of the machine, Wc = W0 - Ia02 Ra Watts
Hence, the constant losses of dc machine can be determined experimentally by recording I a0,
If, V and measuring the armature resistance Ra.
The Swinburne’s test should be performed at rated voltage and at rated speed.
Total Losses = Constant Losses + Armature Cu loss
Constant Loss at no load: Iron losses in core; Friction losses; Windage loss
Wc = W0 - Ia02 Ra
Armature cu loss at no load = Ia02 Ra
Output = Input – Total Losses = VLIL – Ia02 Ra
PRECAUTIONS
Before starting and after completion of the experiment
1. The DC power supply, DC breaker and DC isolator should be in off position.

2. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position & motor armature
rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
3. There should not be any load on the machines.( In motor or In generator )
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. After observing the precautions switch on the DC power supply, DC breaker and DC
isolator switch.
3. Now the motor-generator set will start to rotate in minimum speed.
4. By adjust the speed of the motor to its rated value by varying the motor field rheostat and
motor armature rheostat.
5. Note down the voltmeter and ammeter readings (If and IL) in the tabular column and switch
off the motor.

TABULAR COLUMN
When running as a motor
S.No VL ( Volts ) IL ( Amps ) Armature Copper loss Constant loss Input power Output power % Efficiency
Current Ia2Ra Wc = W0 - Ia02 Ra (Wi) = VLIL (O/P) = Wi – %η = (O/P)
Ia = IL - If (Ia2Ra + Wc) (Wi)
1
2

When running as a generator
% Efficiency
Sl. No VL ( Volts ) IL ( Amps ) I a = I L + If Copper loss Constant loss Input power Output power %η = (O/P)
Ia2Ra (I/P)


RESULT:

Circuit Diagram: Speed Control of DC Series Motor
MECHANICAL LOAD SET UP BY
2-POINT STATER EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER
(+) L A
FUSE Ia
S1
600 900
300 1200
DC 0 r.p.m 1500
Breaker Torque (Kg-m)

S2
220 V DC SUPPLY & V A1
A
Isolator
M NULL SETTING
ON/OFF
A2 SWITCH
FUSE
TORQUE SETTING
(-)
No Load: 50 % of Rated Current DC Motor

Rated Voltage :
Full Load: 125 % of Rated Current
Rated Current :
Rated Power :
Rated Speed :

Exp. No. 2 Date:
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR
OBJECTIVE
To perform the load test on the given D.C. series motor and draw the following
performance characteristics.
1. Output Vs % Efficiency
2. Output Vs Torque
3. Output Vs Load current
4. Output Vs Speed
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. NAME TYPE RANGE QTY
1 Two point starter
2 Voltmeter
3 Ammeter
4 Tachometer
THEORY:
A dc series motor has the field winding in series with the armature. Hence field current
is equal to the armature or load current. Speed is inversely proportional to flux and therefore to
field current. At no load the current is very low. This results in a weak field which leads to very
high speed, which may damage the motor. Hence the series motor is always started with load.
As load increases speed decreases and torque increases. The latter is due to the fact that the
torque is proportional to the product of flux and armature current which in this case is the
square of the load current. Thus series machines produce high starting torque.
.
S1
S2 DC
A1
SUPPLY
M Fig - 2
A2

TABULAR COLUMN:
LOAD LOAD OUTPUT

INPUT
VOLTAGE CURRENT Speed Torque Torque POWER %
S. No. POWER
VL (Volts) IL (Amps) N (rpm) (Kg-m) ( N-m ) 2πNT/60
VL*IL ( W )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Formula:
The characteristic equation of a d.c. motor is
V = E b + Ia Ra
Where,
Eb = Back e.m.f.
Ia = Current flowing in the armature circuit
Ra = Resistance of the armature circuit
Ia Ra represents the potential drop in the armature circuit.
I=IL = Ia = Ise
Ise = current through series winding
The back emf Eb is given by the equation
Eb = V- Ia (Ra + Rse)
Where,
Rse = the resistance of the series field
Ra = armature resistance
Also,
N  Eb / 
N  (V – Ia (Ra +Rse)) /  to V and hence the back emf
Eb can be assumed to the almost constant. Thus the speed
As Ra and Rse are normally small the drop Ia (Ra + Rse) is quite small compared
N  1 /   1/ Ia
At small loads armature current is small so the field is weak and results in higher speeds.
The drop in speed with increased load is much more prominent in series motor than in a shunt
motor. Hence, a series motor is not suitable for substantially constant speed.
For a given input, the starting torque developed by a series motor is greater than that developed
by a shunt motor. Hence series motors are used where huge starting torque are necessary i.e.
for street cars, cranes, hoists and for electric railway operation. In addition to the huge starting
torque, there is another unique characteristics of series motors which makes them especially
desirable for traction work i.e. when a load comes on a series motors it responds by decreasing
its speed ( and hence Eb) and supplies the increased torque with a small increase in current.


CALCULATION:
Torque in N-m = Torque in Kg-m * 9 .81

Input power = VL x IL Watts
Output power = 2 NT / 60 Watts
Where
N = Speed in rpm.
T = Torque in Nm
%  (Efficiency) = (Output Power / Input Power) X 100
MODEL GRAPHS
S T C % Current (Amps)
P O U E
E R R F %Efficiency
E Q R F
D U E I
E N C
r
T I
p N E
m m N
Torque (Nm)
A
m C
p Y
S
Speed (rpm)
OUTPUT POWER
Fig -3


PRECAUTIONS
1. The two point starter should be in off position.
2. D.C. series motor should be started with some load only.
3. Adjust the null knob so that the LED display shows zero initial calibration and set the
torque knob to a small load in the eddy current dynamometer.
4. Do not disturb the null knob during the experiment.
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as shown in (Fig -1) circuit diagram.
2. Observing the precautions, supply is switched on and the motor is started with the help
of two point starter.
3. The load is adjusted for various motor load current in steps from low load current to
full load current, and the corresponding meter readings are noted in the tabular column.
RESULT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR
DC SHUNT DC SELF.EXCITED.
4 - POINT COMPOUNDGENERATOR
MOTOR
STARTER
() L1 L2 F A S2 S1
FUSE A
L
O
A
D
F1 I
D N
A1 A1 F1 G
P
220V
M
S R
V
D.C. T G H
E
S O
SUPPLY A2 A2 S
T
F2 F2 A
T
A
FUSE
( )
NAME PLATE DETAILS FUSE RATING CALCULATION
DC Motor DC Motor Full Load: 125 % of Rated Current
Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
Rated Power :
Rated Speed :

Exp. No. 3 Date:
LOAD TEST ON D.C. COMPOUND GENERATOR
OBJECTIVE
To perform the load test on the given D.C .compound generator and draw its load
characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE NO.QTY
1. Starter
2. Voltmeter
3. Ammeter
4. Rheostat
5. Tachometer
THEORY
There are some applications where constant terminal voltage is essential. At such
places, shunt generator is not suitable, because of its terminal voltage decreases with the
increase in load on it. However it can be made suitable for such applications by connecting a
few field turns in series with the armature as shown in figure.
IL SWITCH
If S1
F
S2 RB VARIABLE
A1 LOAD
G1
F2 A
Ia
2
The field produced by these series turns assists the field produced by the shunt field winding
if the generator is cumulatively compounded. Such generators are known as cumulative
compound generators. In such cases, when load current increases, the flux increases which


increase the induced emf. This extra induced emf compensates the voltage drop in the armature
resistance and the demagnetizing effect due to armature reaction. Hence the terminal voltage
V remains substantially constant. If the series winding flux opposes the shunt field winding
flux then it is called differential compound generator. Here the voltage decreases rapidly with
load.
Applications of compound generators
1. The compound generator is used for more than any other type.
It may be built and adjusted automatically to supply an approximately constant voltage at the
point of use, throughout the entire range of load. This is very great advantage. It is possible
to provide a constant supply voltage at the end of long feeder by the simple expedient of
over compounding the generator, because the resistance drop in the line is compensated for
by the rising characteristics of the generator.
2. Differentially compounded generator finds an useful application as an arc welding generator
where the generator is practically short circuited every time the electrode touches the metal
plates to welded.
3. Compound generators are used to supply power to
(i) Railway circuits
(ii) Motors of electrified steam rail-roads
(iii) Industrial motors in many fields of industry
(iv) Incandescent lamps and
(v) Elevator motor etc.
Model Graph

TABULAR COLUMN: LOAD TEST
Differentially Compounded Cumulatively Compounded
VL If IL Ia = Eg = VL If IL Ia = Eg =
S.NO
(Volts ) Amps Amps IL + If V + IaRa (Volts ) Amps Amps IL + If V + IaRa
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

PRECAUTIONS
Before starting the experiment
1. The DC power supply should be in OFF position

2. The four point starter should be in OFF position.
3. The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position
4. The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
5. There should not be any load on the generator.
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. By observing the precautions switch on the dc power supply to the dc motor and start
it with the help of 4-point starter.
3. The 4-Starter arm should be moved slowly, till the motor builds up its speed.
4. Adjust the speed of the motor to rated value by varying the resistance in the field
circuit of the motor.
5. The generator field rheostat is adjusted and the generator is excited to its rated voltage.
6. The load is switched on in steps from no load to full load and each step readings are
tabulated in tabular column and the speed being maintained at rated speed of the
machine..
7. Now switch off all the loads and dc power supply.
8. The connection fo S1 and S2 of the generator is interchanged and above the procedure
is repeated.
RESULT

O.C.C. & LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR
(+) R Min R Max

FUSE
CS3-1
R Min F1 VS1-1 IL
ACS3-2
DC F1 A1 SHAFT A1 VL
Breaker R Max
220 V DC SUPPLY G VS1-2 3Φ Loading Rehostart
&
A2 M A2 CS1-1
Off
Isolator R
5 1
F2
IF
Y
A
CS1-2 4
F2 B 2
3
FUSE
(-)
(+)
R Min DC
Breaker 220 V
& D.C. SUPPLY
R Max Isolator
(-)

No Load: 50 °/. of Rated Current DC Motor Generator
Full Load: 125 °/. of Rated Current Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
Rated Power :
Rated Speed :
Exp. No. 4 Date:
O.C.C. & LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR
OBJECTIVE
To perform the open circuit & load test on separately excited D.C .generator and draw
the open circuit, internal and external characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO. NAME TYPE RANGE QTY.

1 Ammeter
2
Voltmeter
3 Rheostat
4 Loading rheostat
5 Tachometer
THEORY
A d.c. generator whose field winding is supplied current from an external d.c sources
are called separately excited d.c generator. The flux produced by the poles depends upon the
field current within the unsaturated region of magnetic material of the poles (i.e.,  If).
But in the saturated region the flux becomes nonlinear. Its conventional diagram is shown in
Fig - 1
If Ia
F1
A2
Voltage
DC G
SUPPLY A1
F2
Fig - 1

TABULAR COLUMN:
E0 volts E0 volts
S.NO If Amperes
(increase) (decrease)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
MODEL GRAPH
E0 DECREASING
INCREASING
Residual
Magnetism
o If

Open Circuit Characteristics of a DC generator
It shows the relation between the no load generator emf in the armature (Eo) and the
field current If at a specified speed. Open the field winding of the generator and connect it to a
separate D.C. source through a rheostat shown in Fig - 4
Open circuit or magnetization characteristics of a dc machine is tested by driving the

machine at its normal speed and varying the excitation current in steps from zero to maximum
by adjusting field regulating resistance or potentiometer type regulator. The field is supplied
through a separate source supply. The connection diagram for test is show in Fig - 2
A E0
F1
A1
Voltage
DC G V
SUPPLY A
F Residual
Magnetism
o If
Fig -3 Fig -4
Since the machine is not carrying any armature current, the terminal voltage is the
induced emf in the armature of the machine. The curve of the induced emf against the
excitation current is the magnetization characteristics or open-circuit characteristics of the
machine. After taking the reading of the voltage induced Vs the excitation current by
increasing the current from zero to maximum, readings are taken by reducing the excitation
from maximum to zero. The curve plotted in Fig -4 shows that while reducing the excitation,
the emf does not follow the same curve and at zero value of excitation, does not return to zero
value but ratains some values of the emf. This emf is due to residual magnetism. This due to
magnetic hysteresis effect. Modern dc machines using steel frames and laminated pole
structure normally have residual magnetism of two to three percent.
Load test
The load test is performed on a d.c. generator to know how it’s terminal voltage changes
with the load (electrical). It is generally assumed that the speed of the generator is maintained
constant by prime mover, during this test. The other purpose of the test also could be to find its
regulation, efficiency and to measure its temperature rise at different loads

TABULAR COLUMN - LOAD TEST
S.NO V ( Volts ) If ( Amps ) IL ( Amps ) Eg = V+IaRa

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
MODEL GRAPH
V
E0 I
II. Internal
Generated voltage, Eg
characteristic
Termianl voltage, Vt
III. External
characteristic
Ohmic drop in armature
IL, Ia

Applications of separately excited generators
1. Separately excited generators are preferred where the characteristics of dc shunt

generator are not up to the expected level.
2. They can be used to excite the field magnets of ac generators.
3. As the drop in voltage is very small, these generators can be used for supplying loads
needing constant voltage.
4. They are used as source for battery charging purpose.
5. These generators are used for electroplating and electrolysis purpose.
PRECAUTIONS
2 . The DC power supply, DC breaker and DC isolator should be in off position.

3 The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position & motor
armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
4 The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position
5 .There should not be any load on the machines.( In motor OR In generator )
PROCEDURE
Open Circuit Characteristics
1. Connections are made as shown in (Fig – 2) circuit diagram.
2. By observing the precautions switch on DC power supply, DC breaker and DC
isolator.
3. Now the motor will start to rotate in minimum speed.
4. By adjusting the motor field rheostat and armature rheostat, brought the motor to its
rated speed and kept constant.
5. The residual voltage is if any, indicated by the voltmeter should be brought to zero.
This is done as follows. The field terminal of generator is exchanged then the potential
divider is varied in either direction and voltage is made zero. After doing this the field
terminals are interchanged and the experiment is repeated.
6. The potential divider is varied in steps so as to get up to 125% of rated value of voltage
of the generator, and the readings are tabulated.
7. The potential divider is varied in the opposite direction and again the readings are
tabulated.


LOAD TEST
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. The potential divider is adjusted and the generator is excited to its rated voltage and the
no load readings are noted.
3. The load is switched ON in steps from no load to full load and each reading is tabulated.
4. Each time the speed should be maintained at rated speed of the machine.
5. After taking all the readings readjust all the setting of their initial position and then
switch off the DC supply, DC breaker and DC isolator to stop the motor.
RESULT

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
1- Auto Transformer 1- Two winding Transformer
Transformer PH PH
Ph CS1-1 CS1-2 PH2 CS4-1 CS4-2 PH2
FUSE IP IS
PH1 N PH1 N
Off
JUA HV LV
AC VS1-1 VS4-1 5 1
R
Breaker
VP VS Y
230 V AC SUPPLY & 4 2
VS1-2 VS4-2 B 3
Isolator
3Φ Loading Rehostart
Ph LV = 200V
HV = 230V C C
FUSE N
N
NAME PLATE DETAILS: Power:

Primary Voltage: Py. Short Circuit Current:
Secondary Voltage: Sec. Short Circuit Current:

Exp. No. 5 Date:
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

OBJECTIVE
To determine the percentage efficiency and percentage regulation of the given

single phase transformer by performing a suitable load test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Wattmeter
THEORY
A transformer is a static (stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which electric
power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.
It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in
current. The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits linked by
a common magnetic flux. Primary and secondary coils are wound upon the two cores of the
magnetic frame, linked by the common magnetic flux. When an alternating voltage is applied
across the primary coil, a current flows in it, producing the magnetic flux in the transformer
core. As per faraday’s laws of electro-magnetic induction, a statically self-induced emf is setup
in the primary coil.
d
Ep = - Np
dt
Similarly, statically mutual induced emf setup in the secondary coil is given by,
d
Es = - Ns
dt
Where Np and Ns are the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils respectively and
 the common flux linking both the windings.

TABULAR COLUMN
PRIMARY SIDE SECONDARY SIDE % EFFICIENCY %REGULATION
S.NO. Ws 0V2 -
V2
VP IP WP WPX M.F VS IS WS WSX M.F η = W X 100 %R = V2 X100
p
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Load test: (Formula)
Performance of the transformer can be determined as follows from the observations of

load test.
Power input to the transformer = W1 (reading of wattmeter)
Power output of the transformer = W2
Ws
Thus, efficiency at a particular load, η = W X 100
p
No load voltage across secondary = V02

Terminal voltage across secondary at a particular load = V2
V02 - V2 X 100
Then, regulation of the transformer at that load % R =
V2
PRECAUTIONS
1. The single phase AC power supply should be in off position.

2. The 1-  auto transformer should be kept at minimum potential position.
3. The AC breaker and isolator switch should be in off position.
4. There should not be any load on the transformer at the beginning of the experiment.
PROCEDURE
1. The connections are made as shown in (Fig – 1) circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the single phase AC power supply, AC breaker and AC isolator switch.
3. Adjust the single phase auto-transformer the primary winding is supplied with its rated
voltage from the name plate details.
4. All the meter readings are noted.
5. The loads are included in steps.
6. The corresponding meter readings are noted for each load conditions.
7. The primary side voltage is adjusted to read its rated value and is maintained constant
throughout the experiment.
8. Loading is done till the maximum allowed current is reached in the secondary side.

MODEL GRAPH
% η Vs OUTPUT POWER
% REGULATION
% EFFICIENCY
% Regn Vs OUTPUT POWER
LOAD CURRENT
Fig -2 (OR)
OUTPUT POWER

RESULT

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
1- Auto Transformer 1- Two winding
Transformer
CS1-2 PH
Transformer PH2
Ph CS1-1
FUSE IO
PH1 N
LV HV
AC VS1-1
Breaker
& V
Open Circuit
230 V AC SUPPLY Isolator O
VS1-2
Ph LV = 110V (or) 200V

HV = 230V C C
FUSE N
N
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1- Auto Transformer 1- Two winding
Transformer PH PH2 Transformer
Ph CS1-1 CS1-2
FUSE Isc
PH1 N
HV LV
AC VS1-1
Short circuit
Breaker
& Vs
230 V AC SUPPLY Isolator c
VS1-2
Ph LV = 110V (or) 200V

HV = 230V C C
FUSE N
N
TABULAR COLUMN
SL.NO OPEN CIRCUIT TEST SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
V0 I0 W0 VSC ISC WSC
1.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Power :
Primary Voltage : Py. Short Circuit Current :
Secondary Voltage : Sec. Short Circuit Current :

Exp. No. 6 Date:
OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
OBJECTIVES
1. To perform open circuit test and short circuit test on a single phase transformer
2. To calculate the parameters of the equivalent circuit of this transformer.
3. Calculate the efficiency at 1/5 ,2/5, 3/5, 4/5th, full load and 1.20 times full load and
plot the efficiency curve Vs output power at a power factor of 0.85 lagging.
4. Calculate the regulation at full load current and Plot the graph % regulation Vs power
factor from 0.2 lagging to 0.2 leading.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE No. Qty
1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Wattmeter
FORMULA: Open Circuit Test

In this test low voltage side (primary) is connected to a supply of normal voltage and
frequency (as per rating of transformer) and the high voltage winding (secondary) is left open
as shown in figure. The primary winding draws very low current hardly 3 to 5% of full load
current under this condition. Copper losses in the primary winding will be negligible. Thus
mainly iron losses occur in the transformer under no load on open circuit condition, which are
indicated by the wattmeter connected in the circuit.
Hence total iron losses =W0 (Reading of wattmeter)
From the observations of this test, the parameters R0 and X0 of the parallel branches of this
equivalent circuit can also be calculated from the steps given below.
Power drawn W0 =V0I0 Cos0
Thus no-load power factor Cos 0 = W0/V0I0
0 = Cos-1(W0/V0I0)
Core loss component of no load current Iw = I0Cos0 and,
Magnetizing component of no-load current Im = I0Sin0
Efficiency at various loads at 0.85 power factor X= Fraction of full load
% Efficiency
S.No. X Output Iron Loss Copper Loss Output
Output + Iron loss + Copper

loss
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
%Regulation
S.NO. Cos  Sin  % Regulation
1 0.2
2 0.4
LAGGING
3 0.6
4 0.8
UPF 5 1.0
6 0.8
7 0.6
LEADING
8 0.4
9 0.2
Equivalent resistance representing core loss Ro=V0/Iw

Magnetizing reactance representing magnetizing current, X0=V0/Im
Short Circuit Test
In this test, low voltage winding is short circuited and a low voltage of 5 to10% of the
rated voltage of the high voltage winding is applied to this winding. This test is performed at
rated current flowing in both the windings. Iron losses occurring in the transformer under this
condition is negligible, because of very low applied voltage. Hence the total loss occurring
under short circuit is mainly the copper losses of both the winding, which are indicated by the
wattmeter connected in the circuit as shown in fig.
Thus full load copper loss = Wsc
The equivalent resistance Req and reactance Xeq referred to a particular winding can also
be calculated from the observations of this test, following the steps, given below.
Equivalent resistance referred to H.V. winding = Wsc/Isc2 = Req
Also, Equivalent impedance referred to H.V. winding = Vsc/Isc =Zeq
Thus equivalent reactance referred to H.V. winding = Xeq= sqrt (Zeq2 – Req2)
Performance Calculations
Complete performance of the transformer can be calculated based on the above
observations of open circuit and short circuit tests following the steps given below
1) Efficiency at different loads:
(a) Efficiency at full load
Total losses at full load = W0 +Wsc
Let the full load output capacity of the transformer in KVA be P0
Thus percentage efficiency at full load  = P0 x 1000 x Cos x 100
(P0 x 1000 x Cos) +W0 +Wsc
(b) Efficiency at half full load
Iron losses at half full load = W0 (constant)
Copper losses at half full load = (1/2)2 Wsc
Output power at half full load = (1/2) P0 x 1000 x Cos watts
% Efficiency at half full load
(1/2) P0 x 1000 x cos x 100
(1/2) fl = -----------------------------------------------------------
(1/2) P0 x 1000 x cos + W0 + (1/4) WSC
In a similar manner, efficiency at other loads can be found out and the efficiency Vs
load curve can be plotted.

MODEL GRAPH
%REGN ( + )
P.F.LEADING 0
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1 .8 .6 .4 .2 0
P.F.LAGGING
%REGN ( - )
Fig -3
% EFFICIENCY
LOAD CURRENT / OUTPUT POWER
Fig – 4
Equivalent Circuit
All the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit have been calculated above.
Thus an approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer can be drawn with these values of
parameters marked on it. The equivalent circuit can be solved easily for estimating the
performance like terminal voltage across the secondary etc.
Regulation
Regulation of the transformer can now be calculated based on the parameters of the
equivalent circuit, using the approximate formula given below.
%Regulation = I1 (R01cos ¢ ± X01sin¢)*100/V1 [+ for lagging p.f. & - For leading p.f]
OR
% Regulation = I2 (R02 Cos ¢ + X02 Sin ¢) *100 / V2
I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary side
V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary side.
cos ¢ - Power factor at which regulation is to be calculated
PRECAUTIONS
1. The single phase AC power supply should be in off position.
2. The auto transformer (1-  ) should be kept at minimum potential position.
3. The AC breaker and isolator switch should be in off position.
4. There should not be any load on the transformer at the beginning of the experiment.
PROCEDURE
Open Circuit Test
1. Connections are made as shown in (Fig –1) circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the 1-  AC power supply, AC breaker and AC isolator switch.
3. Adjust auto transformer (1- ) for rated voltage across the primary side.
4. Record the no load current and no load power, for corresponding to the rated voltage
of the transformer primary winding.
5. Switch off the AC supply, AC breaker and AC isolator switch after bringing the
transformer to minimum potential position.


Short Circuit Test
1. Connections are made as shown in (Fig – 2) circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the 1- AC power supply, AC breaker and AC isolator switch.
3. Adjust auto transformer (1-) for rated current across the primary side
4. Record the short circuit voltage and short circuit power, for corresponding to the
rated current of the transformer winding.
5. Switch off the AC supply, AC breaker and AC isolator switch after bringing the
transformer to minimum potential position.
.
RESULT

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EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 1|Page

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Name of the Student :

Name of Laboratory : Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Lab Code : EEE1002

Year / Semester : II EEE / III

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 2|Page

(+) R Min R Max

FUSE RATING CALCULATION: NAME PLATE DETAILS:

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 3|Page

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE No.Qty

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 4|Page

Armature control Field Control

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 5|Page

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 6|Page

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 7|Page

Before starting the experiment

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 8|Page

NAME PLATE DETAILS FUSE RATING CALCULATION

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 9|Page

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE NO.QTY

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 10 | P a g e

S.No. VL( Volts) IL ( Amps ) If ( Amps )

LOAD CURRENT / OUTPUT POWER

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 11 | P a g e

1. The DC power supply, DC breaker and DC isolator should be in off position.

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EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 13 | P a g e

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Breaker Torque (Kg-m)

FUSE RATING CALCULATION: NAME PLATE DETAILS:

No Load: 50 % of Rated Current DC Motor

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 17 | P a g e

S. No. NAME TYPE RANGE QTY

1 Two point starter

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 18 | P a g e

LOAD LOAD OUTPUT

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 19 | P a g e

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 20 | P a g e

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 21 | P a g e

Torque in N-m = Torque in Kg-m * 9 .81

%  (Efficiency) = (Output Power / Input Power) X 100

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 22 | P a g e

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 23 | P a g e

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LOAD TEST ON D.C. COMPOUND GENERATOR

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE NO.QTY

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 26 | P a g e

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 27 | P a g e

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 28 | P a g e

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 29 | P a g e

Before starting the experiment

1. The DC power supply should be in OFF position

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

EMEC Laboratory Manual / Faculty: Dr. RRS 30 | P a g e

(+) R Min R Max

FUSE RATING CALCULATION: NAME PLATE DETAILS: