Task 1 A.

Background reading

Read the text and give Russian equivalents to the underlined expressions

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons(Договор о

нераспространении ядерного оружия), also referred to as the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty (Договор по СНВ)(NPT), obligates (обязывает) the five
acknowledged nuclear-weapon states (признанных международным сообществом
стран, имеющих ядерное оружие) (the United States, Russian Federation, United
Kingdom, France, and China) not to transfer nuclear weapons (распространять
ядерное оружие), other nuclear explosive devices, or their technology to any non-
nuclear-weapon state. Non-nuclear-weapon States Parties (правительства
«неядерных» государств) undertake not to acquire or produce nuclear weapons or
nuclear explosive devices. They are required also to accept safeguards (принимать
меры безопасности) to detect diversions (отклонения) of nuclear materials from
peaceful activities, such as power generation, to the production of nuclear weapons or
other nuclear explosive devices. This must be done in accordance with an individual
safeguards agreement, concluded between each non-nuclear-weapon State Party and the
International Atomic Energy Agency(Международное агентство по атомной
энергии) (IAEA) (МАГАТЭ). Under these agreements, all nuclear materials in
peaceful civil facilities under the jurisdiction of the state must be declared to the IAEA,
whose inspectors have access to the facilities for periodic monitoring and inspections
(имеют доступ к средствам периодического наблюдения и контроля). If
information from routine inspections (инспекции в обычном порядке) is not
sufficient to fulfill its responsibilities, the IAEA may consult with the state regarding
special inspections within or outside declared facilities. The Treaty was opened for
signature on 01 July 1968, and signed on that date by the United States, the United
Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and 59 other countries. The Treaty entered into force on 05
March 1970. China acceded to the NPT on 09 March 1992, and France acceded on 03
August 1992. In 1996, Belarus joined Ukraine and Kazakhstan in removing and
transferring to the Russian Federation the last of the remaining former Soviet nuclear
weapons located within their territories, and each of these nations has become a State
Party to the NPT, as a non-nuclear-weapon state. In June 1997 Brazil became a State
Party to the NPT.

The NPT is the most widely accepted arms control agreement (договор по
контролю над вооружением). As of early 2000 a total of 187 states were Parties to
the NPT. Cuba, Israel, India, and Pakistan were the only states that were not members
of the NPT.

In accordance with the terms of the NPT, on May 11, 1995 more than 170
countries attended the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference (NPTREC)
(Конференция по пересмотру и продлению договора по СНВ) in New York.
Three decisions and one resolution emanated (принятые) from NPTREC, First, the
NPT was extended for an indefinite duration and without conditions. Second, Principles
and Objectives (Цели) for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament were worked
out to guide the parties to the treaty in the next phase of its implementation. Third, an
enhanced review process (детальное рассмотрение договора) was established for
future review conferences. Finally, a resolution endorsed (одобрила) the establishment
of a zone free, of weapons of mass destruction( массового уничтожения) in the
Middle East.

There is no confirmed instance of State Party governmental transfers of nuclear

weapon technology or unsafeguarded nuclear materials to any non-nuclear-weapon
state. However, some non-nuclear-weapon states, such as Iraq, were able to obtain
sensitive technology and/or equipment from private parties in states that are States
Parties to the NPT. South Africa conducted an independent nuclear weapons production
program prior to joining the NPT. However, it dismantled (демонтировать) all of its
nuclear weapons before signing the Treaty. In 1994, the United States and North Korea
signed an "Agreed Framework" bringing North Korea into full compliance with
(«Согласованная Политика», благодаря чему Северная Корея полностью
соответствует) its non-proliferation obligations under the NPT. North Korea affirmed
its NPT member status and committed to allow implementation of its IAEA safeguards
agreement.