Lecture 10

Foundation
Works and
Soil
Improvement
TSP-308 MPK Ferdinand Fassa
What do we want from foundation?

To keep the building standing securely, a foundation

supports a number of different kinds of loads
• Dead load (of the building)
• Live load (people, furnishing and equipment)
• Wind loads (downward, uplift, or lateral)
• Horizontal pressure of earth and water against
basement walls
• Up lift and buoyancy of ground water
• Horizontal and vertical loads caused by earthquake
Problems with foundation and soil condition

• Settlement
• Slope stability
• Liquefaction
(after earthquake)
• Sinkhole
• scouring / abrasion
 Differential
No Settlement Total Settlement Settlement
effect of liquefaction
landslide (slope Stability)
sinkhole
scouring
scouring / abrasion (?)
 Shallow Foundation

Spread footings
• Wall footings
• Mat foundations / Raft foundations

Blinding
(sand, granular, lean concrete)
 Construction sequences of shallow foundations

• Excavate dirt down to

the desired level
• Install braces or shoring
(diaphragm)
• Compact soil
• Spread granular material
 COMPACTED
• Install formwork
• Install steel reinforcement and anchors
• Pour concrete
• Backfill
construction of footing – beam on grade
 soldier piles
Retaining system
 sheet piles
Retaining system
Types  pre-stressed concrete; steel; timber
Application  cofferdams, riverbank
construction of basement
construction of basement
Bracing for slurry wall / soldier beams / sheet pilling

crosslot bracing

rakers

tiebacks
construction of diaphragm
Construction of slurry walls

INSERTING PORUING
REINFORCING CONCRETE
STEEL CAGE INTO INTO TRENCH
TRENCH
SLURRY
PUMPED COMPATED
IN REINFORCED
CONCRETE PANEL
EXCAVATING SOIL
SLURRY
PUMPED
OUT

SOIL EXCAVATED AND

REPLACED BY SLURRY
Excavation for Barret Piles
 Deep Foundation
– Pile foundations
• Concrete
– Cast-in-place
– Pre-cast concrete piles
– Pre-stressed concrete
• Steel
– Box
– H section
– Tube
• Wood / Timber
– Bored Piles
– Box foundations / Caissons / Basement
 Pile Selection Criteria
• Type, sizes and weight of supported structures
• Physical properties of soil stratum
• Depth of stratum (needs cut off or extension?)
• Pile material availability
• Number of piles required
• Driving equipment
• Cost (in-placed)
• Durability
• Adjacent structures
• Depth of water (salt water, splash zone?)
• Noise restriction
Timber vs. Concrete / Steel Piles
• Cheaper
• Easy to reduce length
• Various sizes (diameter & length)
• Problem with straightness and constant
diameter
• Easy handling (less risk to breakage)
• Difficult to extent
• Damage / breakage to the head
• Non-durable (decay and vulnerable to
biological attack)
• Non corrosive
Drilled shaft (bored-piles or caisson)

Add bentonite
while retracting
steel casing /
pouring concrete
Bored Pile – cutting excess pile
Pile Foundation & Pile Driving Equipment
 Test Pile
Test type
• Load Test w/ Reaction Piles
– To determine load capacity with respect to pile
penetration (settlement)
• Standard Penetration Test
– To determine the load applied for hammering
 Pile loading test
Kenteledge
Secondary beam of cast-iron
block of
concrete

Main beam

Timber crib
Load cell

Dial gauge - LVDT

Isolated datum beam
Hydraulic jack
Pile under test
 Static Load Test

REACTION BEAMS

HYDRAULIC JACK

DIAL GAUGE

FIXED PLATFORM

29
 installation of bulb piles (franki piles)
drive steel casing into final depth

pour concrete and compacted

pile driving methods

Vertical

Aft batter

Forward batter
Operating Mechanism of Diesel Hammer
 Pile Driving Calculation
• Drop Hammer 2W H
R
S 0.1
2W H
h • Single-Acting Hammer R
S 0.1
2E
R • Double-Acting Hammer R 
S 0.1
R = safe load on pile (lbs)
s W = weight of falling mass (lbs)
Wh  Rs H = height of free falling mass (ft)
E = total energy of Ram at the bottom of its down-
strokes (ft-lbs)
S = average penetration per blow for last 6 blows (in)
 Pile Load Capacity

2E Wr  K .Wp
R x
S 0.1 Wr  Wp
R = safe load (lbs)
S = average penetration per blow, last 6 blows (in.)
E = energy of hammer (ft-lbs)
Wr = weight of hammer ram (lbs)
Wp = weight of pile, incl. driving apparatus (lbs)
K = coefficient of restitution
K = 0.2 for piles weighting 50 lbs or less
K = 0.4 for piles weighting 50 lbs to 100 lbs
K = 0.6 for piles weighting more than 100 lbs
 Recommended Hammer Sizes

Size expressed in foot-pound of energy blow

The indicated energy is based on driving two steel piles simultaneously. In driving single piles, use approximately
two-third of the indicated value
 calculation
Concrete piles
• Length of pile = 50 ft • Ave. penetration, S = ¼ in./blow
• Unit weight of pile = 40 lbs/lin.ft • Depth of stratum = 150 ft
• Ram weight, Wr = 3,500 lbs • Driving full penetration thru ordinary soil
• Weight of driving app. = 750 lbs

• Determine safe load of hammer (R)

• Pile driving energy, E = 15,000 ft-lbs; K = 0.2

• Wp = (50 ft x 40 lbs/ft + 750 lbs) = 2,750 lbs; S = ¼ in / blow = 0.25
2E Wr  K .Wp
R x
S 0.1 Wr  Wp
• R = (2)(15,000) [3,500 + (0.2)(2,750)]
(0.25 + 0.1) [3,500 +2,750]
= 55,543 lbs
 Bulb Piles
2
W  H  B V 3
R
K
L= safe load capacity (tons)
W= weight of hammer (tons)
H= height of drop (ft)
B= number of blows per cu.ft of concrete in driving final batch into base
V= un-compacted volume of concrete in base and plug (cu.ft)
K= constant; depend on soil type and type of pile shaft (9 on
gravel to 40 on very fine sand)
 calculation
• Hammer weight, W = 4 tons
• Height of drop, H = 18 feet
• Vol. in last batch driven = 4 cu.ft
• No. blows to drive last batch = 32
• Vol. of base and pug, V = 24 cu.ft
• K value = 15

B = 32 / 4 = 8 blows/cu.ft
2
4  18  8  24 3
R
15
 Bored pile construction
• Excavate soil using
Concrete auger/drilling bucket
pump
• Install (steel) casing
install • Inject bentonite mix to
reinforcement stabilize
• Insert reinforcement (as
required)
excavation and
pour • Insert tremie pipe
steel casing
concrete
• Place concrete while
add
pumping out bentonite
bentonite
 underpinning
The installation of temporary or permanent support to an existing foundation to
provide either additional depth or an increase in bearing capacity
Performance of foundation is influenced by:
– Movement during construction
– Movement after construction
– Response to ground movement
underpinning
underpinning

Jacking up
Improving non-cohesive soil

42
Ground Improvement Method

vibrator

casing

sand

driven point
(closed) driven point
(open)

sand compaction piles

Ground Improvement with Local Material
Muara Angke Breakwater

Quarry run/
Seabed kerikil/sand bags Seabed

Matras Bamboo 5 lapis

Cerucuk Bamboo
Spasi = 1 m, L = 6 m

Tipikal Potongan Melintang

bamboo mattress piles foundation
Full-scaled Test Bamboo Mattress Pile
Slope Stability Improvement
SF>1.3
Slope Stability Improvement