Problem Set- III

Notations:

R(T ) or Range(T ) - the range space of T

N (T ) or Ker(T ) - the null space of T
r(T ) or Rank(T ) - the rank of T i.e. dimension of the range space of T
n(T ) or nullity(T ) - the nullity of T i.e. dimension of the null space of T
C n (X) - the set of all functions on X with continuous derivatives upto order n
0
f - the first derivative of f
00
f - the second derivative of f
L(V, W ) - the set of all linear transformations from vector spaces V to W

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 Part I (Section A)

1. (a) Let W1 and W2 be the collections of even and odd continuous functions on R,
respectively. Show that W1 and W2 are sub spaces of C(R) and C(R) = W1 ⊕ W2 .
(b) Prove that Mn (R) is the direct sum of the spaces of symmetric matrices and of
skew-symmetric matrices.

2. Which of the following maps are linear:

(a) T : R −→ R3 defined by T (x) = (x, 2x, 3x).

(b) T : R2 −→ R2 defined by T (x, y) = (2x + 3y, 3x − 4y).
(c) T : C2 −→ C2 defined by T (x, y) = (y, x).
(d) T : R[x] −→ R[x] defined by T (p(x)) = xp(x) + p(1).
(e) T : R[x] −→ R[x] defined by T (p(x)) = 2 + 3x + 7x2 p(x).
(f) T : C[0, 1] −→ R2 defined by T (f ) = (f (0), f (1)).

3. Determine whether there exists a linear map in the following cases. If it exists, give
the general formula:

(a) T : R2 −→ R2 such that T (1, 2) = (3, 0) and T (2, 1) = (1, 2).

(b) T : R3 −→ R3 such that T (0, 1, 2) = (3, 1, 2) and T (1, 1, 1) = (2, 2, 2).
(c) T : P4 (R) −→ P3 (R) such that T (1 + x) = 1, T (x) = 3 and T (x2 ) = 4.
(d) T : C2 −→ C2 such that T (i, i) = (1 + i, 1).

4. (a) Determine a linear map T : R2 −→ R2 , which maps all the vectors on the line
x + y = 0 onto themselves.
(b) Determine a nonzero linear map T : R2 −→ R2 , which maps all the vectors on
the line y = x onto the line y = 3x.

5. Determine the Range and Kernel of the following linear maps. Also find the Rank and
Nullity of T , if it exists

(a) T : R2 −→ R2 defined by T (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 + x2 , x1 ).

(b) T : R4 −→ R4 defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) = (3x1 + 2x2 , x1 − x3 , x1 − x4 , x2 ).
00
(c) T : R[x] −→ R[x] defined by T (p(x)) = p (x) − 2p(x).
(d) T : C(0, 1) −→ C(0, 1) defined by T (f )(x) = f (x) sinx.
0
(e) T : C 1 (0, 1) −→ C(0, 1) defined by T (p(x)) = p (x) ex .

6. Find a linear map T : R3 −→ R3 such that the set of all vectors (x1 , x2 , x3 ) satisfying
the equation 4x1 − 3x2 + x3 = 0 is the Kernel of T .

7. (a) Every real vector space of dimension n is isomorphic to Rn .

(b) Let W be a subspace of R4 defined by W = {(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x2 = 0}. Prove, by
exhibiting an isomorphism, that W ∼
= R3 .

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 8. True or false? Justify your answer.
(a) The differential operator D : P3 (R) −→ Pn−1 (R) has nullity zero.
(b) There exist two isomorphism from P2 (R) to R3 .
(c) In R2 all nontrivial subspaces are isomorphic.
(d) Rotation in R2 is an isomorphism.
9. Let T be a linear map on a finite dimensional vector space V . Then prove that
(a) Range(T ) ∩ Ker(T ) = {0} if and only if T 2 x = 0 ⇒ T x = 0
(b) If Rank(T 2 ) = Rank(T ), then Range(T ) ∩ Ker(T ) = {0}.
10. Let T : V −→ V (V is a finite dimensional vector space) be a linear map. If Range(T )∩
Ker(T ) = {0}, then V = Range(T ) ⊕ Ker(T ).
11. Let S and T be two linear maps on U such that ST = T S. Then prove that
(a) (S + T )2 = S 2 + 2(ST ) + T 2
(b) (S + T )n = S n + nC1 S n−1 T + . . . + nCn T n .
12. Let T : U −→ V and S : V −→ W be two linear maps. Then prove that
(a) If T is onto, then Rank(ST ) = Rank(S)
(b) If S is one-one, then Rank(ST ) = Rank(T )
13. Let T be a linear map on R3 , defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (3x1 , x2 , x3 ). Show that T is
invertible. Also find T −1 .
14. Let U and V be finite dimensional vector spaces over the field F such that dim(U ) =
dim(V ) = p. If T is a linear map from U into V , the following are equivalent:
(a) T is non-singular.
(b) T is one one.
(c) T transforms linearly independent subsets of U into linearly independent subsetes
of V .
(d) T transforms every basis for U into a basis for V .
(e) T is onto.
(f) Rank(T ) = p.
(g) N ullity(T ) = 0.
(h) T −1 exists.
15. If a linear map T on V satisfies the condition T 2 + I = T , then prove that T −1 exists.
16. Consider non-zero finite dimensional real vector spaces V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 and linear trans-
formations φ1 : V1 −→ V2 , φ2 : V2 −→ V3 and φ3 : V3 −→ V4 such that Ker φ1 = {0},
Range φ1 = Ker φ2 , Range φ2 = Ker φ3 , Range φ3 = V4 . Then find the value of
X 4
(−1)i dimVi .
i=1

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17. Let T : R3 −→ R3 be the linear map defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (3x1 + x3 , 12x1 +
x2 , −x1 + 2x2 + 4x3 ).

(a) Find the matrix M of T relative to the basis B = (1, 0, 1), (−1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1).
(b) Find the matrix N of T relative to the standard basis of R3 .
(c) Find a non singular matrix P such that N = P M P −1

18. Let T : R3 −→ R2 be the linear map defined by T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 , 2x3 − x1 ). Let
B = {(1, 0, −1), (1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 0)} be an ordered basis of R3 .

(a) Find the matrix M of T relative to the pair B and standard basis of R2 .
(b) Find the matrix N of T relative to the standard basis of R3 standard basis of R2 .
(c) Find a non singular 2 × 2 matrix P and a non singular 3 × 3 matrix Q such that
N = P M Q.

(a) Find its matrix representation M of T with respect to the standard bases.
(b) Find its matrix representation N of T with respect to basis {(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3), (1, 4, 9)}
of the domain and the basis {(1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)} of the range.
(c) Find non singular matrices P and Q such that N = P M Q

19. Let A be an m × n invertible matrix and B be a k × l matrix.

(a) Suppose n = k. Show that Rank(AB) = Rank(B).

(b) Rank(AAt ) = Rank(A).
(c) Let B be an n × n invertible matrix. Then show that Rank(AB) = Rank(A).

20. Let A be an m×n matrix and R be row echelon form of A. Then show that Rank(A) =
Rank(R).

21. Let V = M2 (R) and W = P3 (R) be two vector spaces over R. Define the linear
transformation T : V → W by
 
a b
T = 2a + (b − d)x − (a + c)x2 + (a + b − c − d)x3 .
c d

(a) Find the matrix representation of T with respect to the standard ordered bases.
(b) Find a basis for the range of T and a basis for the null space of T.
(c) Find Rank(T ) and Nullity(T ).

22. Let T ∈ L(V, V ), where V = P2 (R)

 over R, the matrix of T with respect to the
1 2 1
standard ordered basis is  0 1 1. Find a basis for the range of T and a basis for
−1 3 4
the null space of T.