UNIT 1

TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS (BETWEEN IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS)

QUAN HEÄ GIÖÕA CAÙC THAØNH TOÁ TRÖÏC TIEÁP TRONG CAÂU

I. Hypotactic Relationship: Moái quan heä trong caâu.

1. Exocentric: Moái quan heä töông ñöông, hỗ tương

→ to indicate the tenses

to-infinitive
conjunction “and”
Subject-Predicate

Ex 1: He runs.

Ex 2: He is leaving tomorrow.

Ex 3: We have been living here for 5 years.

Ex 4: I want to study

Ex 5: I like football and volleyball

2. Endocentric: Moái quan heä phuï thuoäc

→ to indicate the types of modifiers (to modify N, V, Adj, Adv)

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 Ex 1: The girl sings very well.

Ex2: The more, the better.

Ex 3: The fence between the houses.

Ex 4: The children’s swing in the park.

Test: There are 5 IC relationships in the diagram. T/ F T

Test: There are 5 IC relationships in the diagram which are exocentric. T/ F F

Test: There are 5 IC relationships in the diagram which are endocentric T/ F T

Ex 5: The boy runs very quickly.

Test: There are 3 IC relationships with 2 endocentric and 1 exocentric. T/ F F

II. Paratactic relationship: Moái quan heä ngoaøi caâu.

1. Well, it is all right. 2. Oh, I like it

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 3. John, do it !

4. Wow, he has passed the exam.

5. I think that that that that that man used is wrong.

sentence 5: Toâi cho raèng caùi chöõ that ấy maø anh chaøng ñấy söû duïng thì chöõ that
ấy sai roài.

III. I.C Relationships in different types of simple sentences:

(Moái quan heä tröïc tieáp giöõa caùc thaønh toá trong caâu ñôn)
1. Statements
2. Interrogative (Questions)
3. Imperative (Commands)
4. Exclamative (Exclamations)

1.1: Statements: Affirmative

Negative

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 I can do it. I can not do it.

You should go home.

Running the show is no fun.

The boy was badly bitten by a dog.

2.1: Interrogative.

a. Yes-No questions

b. WH-questions

c. Tag questions

a. Yes – No Questions

Are you hungry ?

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 Are you going to the cinema ?

b. WH-questions

What is it ? = It is What

What are you doing ? What do you love ?

Where did he go ?

c. Tag questions

The weather is not hot, is it ?

He has worked hard, hasn’t he ?

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 3. Imperative: Affirmative

Negative

Come here ! Do not tell him !

Stop!

Stop doing that ! Don’t be angry with me ! Quickly!

4. Exclamative: a) How + adj/adv + Clause !

b) What + a + NP

How beautiful she is ! What a beautiful girl she is !

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 UNIT 2

WORD CLASSES

I. Definition: Word classes = parts of speech

II. Classification:
1. Major (= open): nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
2. Minor (= closed): Pronouns, numerals, determiners, prepositions,
conjunctions.

1.1: Nouns:
1.1.1: Proper noun: (Mr. Smith, Vietnam, Kodak…)
1.1.2: Common noun: (Man, city, building, dog, cat, …)
1.1.3: Concrete noun: (Box, hat, desk, book, pen, computer,…)
1.1.4: Abstract noun: (Beauty, love, courage, friendship, childhood…)
1.1.5: Collective noun: (Crowd, team, class, family, committee,
organization, council, …)
1.2: Verbs:
1.2.1: Be/linking verbs:
Ex: The boy is a student.
The sky becomes cloudy.
1.2.2: Transitive verbs: requiring an object as part of predicate.
Ex: The children ate the fried chicken on the table.

The girl learns English.

1.2.3: Intransitive verbs: No object is required.

Ex: They go in the morning.
The students come late.

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 UNIT 3

MAJOR CLASS (OPEN CLASS)

I. Nouns:
a. Proper nouns: Refer to people’s names, places, countries, cities…
b. Common nouns: Consist of Concrete nouns & Abstract nouns.
II. Verbs:
a. Auxiliary verbs: to produce grammatical meanings (be, do, have,
modal verbs).
b. Lexical verbs: to produce lexical meanings.
b.1: Transitive verbs:
Transitive verb + Object → To satisfy the questions: Whom/What?
b.2: Intransitive verbs:
Intransitive verb + Þ → To satisfy the questions :
How/When/Where/Why? → adv
c. Di-Transitive verbs: → To produce 2 Objects
Ex: give, send, offer, show, …
D.O: direct object.
I.O : indirect object.

Jack gave a rose to Jane.

Jack gave Jane a rose

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 III. Adjectives.
a. Gradable adjective: that can be graded Phaân caáp ñöôïc (hot, tired,
interesting, expensive, …)
b. Non-gradable adjective. that can’t be graded Khoâng theå phaân caáp
(previous, materialistic, physical, alive, dead, wooden, ….)

Order of Adjectives:

Quality Size Age Shape Color Nationality Material Purpose Noun N

(Opinion) Origin (Gerund) mod Head
Good, Big, Old, Square, Blue, Vietnamese Metal, Dining, carpet
bad, nice small… new… oval… black Chinese… wood… living…

OSASCOMP

IV. Adverbs.

a. Adverb of time: now, tomorrow, yesterday, …

b. Adverb of place: here, there, over there, upstairs…
c. Adverb of manner: nicely, carefully… → How?
d. Adverb of degree: very, extremely, terribly, quite…
e. Adverb of frequency: How often?
e.1: usually, always, often, rather, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely,
hardly ever, never, normally.
e.2: every day, every weekend, every morning, every year, several times, every
three hours, …..

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 UNIT 4
MINOR CLASS (CLOSED CLASS)

I talk to myself.
I. Pronouns:
1. Personal pronouns:
a. Subject pronoun. The cat licked itself.

b. Object pronoun.

2. Possessive pronouns.

3. Reflexive pronouns. Jack himself wrote the letter.

4. Interrogative pronouns.

5. Relative pronouns.
I like the film itself.
6. Demonstrative pronouns.

7. Indefinite pronouns. I like the lyrics themselves.

Interrogative pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whatever, why, where,

wherever, when, whenever, how, how, whose, whether,
Relative pronouns: who, whom, which, that.
Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Indefinite pronouns: no-one, nobody, nothing, everyone, everybody,
everything, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something

Test: A. Whose knife is it ?

B. It’s nobody (1)
It’s nobody’s Þ (2)

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 Protecting the environment is everyone’s responsibility

Inter.pro
Who are you?

Inter.pro
I don’t know who you are

Rel.pro
The person who loves me most is my mother

II. Numerals: Nhoùm soá töø.

1. Ordinal numbers : The first, the second, …
2. Cardinal numbers: Lesson 5, lesson 6, …

Test: the lesson 2 / the second lesson → whether both are correct ?

Either is ok ? → wr

III. Determiners: Töø haïn ñònh. → to modify = to function as a modifier

1. Identifiers – töø xaùc ñònh
1.1: Article:
Indefinite article: a, an.
Definite article: the
1.2: Possessive adjective: my, your, her, his, its, our, their.
1.3: Demonstrative adjective: this, that, these, those.

2. Quantifiers – töø ñònh löôïng: much, many, a few, few, a little, little, several,

some, any, a lot of, most, most of, half, a great deal of, ….

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NOTE:

Ex: Demonstrative pronoun → This sounds great.

Demonstrative adjective → This novel sounds great.

IV. Prepositions:

1.N
2.V Prepositions N (N equivalents = gerund/ pronoun).
3.Adj

single adj, ed- adj, ing-adj

Practice of Prep.

Ex 1: The seminar on the pollution

Ex 2: I am talking about eating fast food.

Ex 3: My mother is good at cooking. I am keen on eating KFC.

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 V. Conjunctions:
1. Co-ordinating conjunctions: Lieân töø ñaúng laäp – and, but, or, so …. - giôùi
thieäu thaønh phaàn ñaúng laäp → to produce compound Sentences
2. Subordinating conjunctions: Lieân töø phuï thuoäc – giôùi thieäu thaønh phaàn phuï,
→ to produce complex Sentences
2.1: Noun clause.
2.2: Adjective clause.
2.3: Adverb clause.

Ex 12/ page 11/ analyzing English

Exercises:

Make up a sentence in which minor classes can be found and draw a diagram of I.C
relationship.

1. You should choose this book.

2. I and my friends play football every weekend.

3. Put your hand on your head.

4. I have studied English for seven years.

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5. He usually goes to work by motorbike

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UNIT 5

PHRASES

Kinds of phrases: There are 10 kinds of phrases.

1. Noun phrase (NP).

2. Verb phrase (VP).
3. Adjective phrase (Adj.P).
4. Adverb phrase (Adv.P).
5. Preposition phrase (Prep.P).
6. Infinitive phrase (Inf. P)
7. Gerund phrase. (Ger.P)
8. Present participle phrase. (Present PP)
9. Past participle phrase. (Past PP)
10. Appositive phrase. (Appo) → to refer to Subj and Obj

1. Noun phrases.
1. Definition:

Pre-Modification + Noun (Head) + Post-Modification.

Optional Obligatory Optional

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 Ex: our two first beautiful girls with blue eyes.

Pre- modifiers (Noun-head) Post-modifiers

2. Pre-Modification:

The new project manager

Noun-mod Noun-head

- Identifiers (article, demonstrative adj, possessive adj )

- Numerals (cardinal, ordinal)
- Quantifiers
- Adj (9 orders)
- N- modifiers

3. Post-Modification:

3.1: Prepositional phrases (prep.p)

The mother’s love for the children is great.

Art N-Mod N-head Prep.p

Pre-Mod Post-Mod
NP

3.2: Infinitive phrase: (Inf.p)

(NP)

His risky decision to invest in the business sounds impossible.

Poss-adj Adj N-head Inf-phrase

Pre-Mod Post-Mod

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 (NP)

Her ambition to become a chairman sounds strange.

Pre-Mod N.head Inf-p/ Post-Mod

Practice:
Her dream to study abroad is great
His plan to finish the project is workable.
Our wish to win the game is impossible

Note: Finite verbs & non-finite verbs.

- Finite verbs: → conjugated verbs to agree with the subject in terms of person and
number
- Non-finite verbs: Inf-P
Present PP, Past PP
Ger.P

3.3: Present participle phrase: (Present PP)

( Noun phrase)

I like the girl looking at the garden.

S V Present PP

Pre-Mod N-head Post-Mod

3.4: Past participle phrase: (Past PP)

(Noun phrase)

The boy punished badly by his father cried loudly.

Past PP
Pre-Mod N-head Post-Mod

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Note: there are 3 kinds of noun phrases.

1. Noun phrase with Pre-Mod.

2. Noun phrase with Post-Mod.
3. Noun phrase with both Pre-Mod and Post-Mod.

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UNIT 6
VERB PHRASES
I. Definition:
Aux.V Lex.V

Aux + V Ex: She is crying loudly.

Head

Lexical verb

II. Kinds of Verb phrases.

1. Finite verb phrases → tenses.

She has been working in the office for five years.

2. Non-finite verb phrases.

2.1. Gerund phrases. Going to school is fun.
2.2. Infinitive phrases. To love someone is to forgive his/her mistakes.
2.3. Participle phrases. I like the girl talking to you /
The boy punished by his mother cried bitterly.
3. Variations of verb phrases.
3.1. Verb and Verb.
Ex:
Come and see the doctor
She sat and sang.

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 She sat by the door and sang softly.

Optional Optional

3.2 Verb + Adv

Ex: The children moved around

He ran down.
V.P

3.3. Verb + Object

Ex: They admire the sunshine.

I like the interesting book.

V.P

3.4. Verb + Prep.p

Ex: I look for a better job.

We rely on our parents.

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UNIT 7
ADJECTIVE PHRASES
I. Definition.

Pre – Mod + Adjective + Post - Mod

Head

Optional Obligatory Optional

Page 24
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II. Kinds of Adjective phrases.

1) Adj P with Pre-Mod.

2) Adj P with Post-Mod.
3) Adj P with both Pre-Mod and Post-Mod.

so, too, extremely

very hot

Pre-Mod Adj-Head

Adj.p

Ex1: The wallet is too much expensive.

Pre-Mod Adj-Head

Ex2: The room is good enough.

Adj-Head Adv of degree

Post-Mod

Ex3: The coffee is too strong to drink.

Adv Adj-Head Infinitive

Pre-Mod Post- Mod

III. Modification of Adjective phrases.

1. Pre-Mod: Adverb of degree = Intensifiers.

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 2. Post-Mod: Complement
Infinitive
That-clause (N-Clause)
Prep phrases

Ex1: too strong to drink.

Adj-Head Inf

Post-mod

Adj.P

Ex2: I am happy that you could join us.

Adj-Head that - clause

Post -Mod

Ex3: I am happy about that project outcome.

Adj-Head Prep-Phrase

Post- Mod
Adj-P

IV. Functions of Adjective Phrase.

1. Attributive (bổ ngữ) – before noun.

2. Predicative (vị ngữ) – after “to be” and “linking verbs”.

Adj P

Ex1: Jane is an extremely attractive girl.

Pre-mod adj-Head Noun

Adj.P + Noun- Head = NP

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 an extremely attractive girl.

Be

Linking Verb + Adj.phrase

→ (Predicative)

The boy is/ looks fairly handsome.

Adj.P

Predicative

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UNIT 8
PHRASES (Cont.)

4. Adv. phrase

→ Pre.Mod :

He was too much excited

→ Post-Mod (Inf P, Adv.Cl ) :

He ran too quickly to catch up with.

He ran so quickly that we couldn’t catch up with him.

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Functions: to modify Verb,

Adj,

a sentence

- She sang especially gorgeously.

- He treated the matter extremely seriously.

- I don’t think he can run that far.

- He completed the test exceptionally well.

- More importantly, a smile may cost nothing.

- Quite honestly, it is not easy to win the contract

- Much surprisingly, he didn’t arrive.

5. Prep phrase → functions: adv (of place, of time, of manner)

Post -Modifiers (in a NP)

He walked in the garden in the evening.

adv of place adv of time

He carried it with care.

adv of manner

I like the girl with blue eyes.

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6. Inf. Phrase → functions S

Sc

Post-Mod

Adv (of purpose)

- It is difficult to apply for a good job.

- To love someone truly is to forgive the person’s mistakes.

S Sc

- His ambition to become a billionaire sounds crazy.

Post -mod

- I want to enrich my knowledge.

O (What ?)

- I go to school to enrich my knowledge.

Adv (of purpose) (Why?)

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7. Gerund Phrase → functions S
O

Sc

- Jogging every morning improves his health.

- His running down the hall in the dorm disturbed us

- They enjoy living in the peaceful countryside.

- The new students were nervous about living in the dormitory.

- The president is capable of handling the situation.

- My hobby is reading short stories.

Sc

- His routine seems walking in the park early in the morning.

Sc

8. Present part Phrase → functions adj (post-mod)

adv

- The man talking to Jack is his boss

Adj- post-mod

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- Talking to Jack, the man got angry.

adv

9. Past part Phrase → functions adj (post-mod)

adv

- The chair broken in two halves will be fixed tomorrow.

- Broken into two halves, the chair can’t be used.

adv

10. Appositive Phrase → functions: post-mod

 refer to S

 refer to O

Ex:
Jack, my best friend, will join my party.

S
Jack loves Jane, a fifteen-year-old girl.

Test: If Jack is omitted, my best friend will replace its function.

If Jane is omitted, a fifteen-year-old girl will replace its function.

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 UNIT 9:

PATTERNS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES

Pattern Subject Predicate Extended by…

1 S V Vi ( Intransitive verb)  without O.
2 S V + Sc Sc  Adj, N, NP, Pro, Inf, Inf.P, Ger, Ger.P
3 S V+O O  N, NP, Pro, Inf, Inf.P, Ger, Ger.P
4 S V + I.O + D.O D.O  N, NP, pro
5 S V + O + Oc Oc  Adj, N, NP, Pro, Inf, Inf.P, Participle.P

Sentence

Subject Predicate

NP VP

Pattern 1.

NP VP

The dog barked loudly

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 S

NP VP

VP

Prep.p NP/adv of time

The boy goes to school every morning.

1. Pattern 2.

NP VP

I am happy. ( Sc  Adj )

S
Gerund: O
Sc
S

NP VP

NP

He is a student. ( Sc  N)

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 S

NP VP

NP

NP

He is an outstanding student. (Sc  NP)

NP VP

It is mine. ( Sc  Pronoun )

Subj VP

Inf Inf

“To love is to forgive”. ( Sc  Inf )

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 S

Inf/Subj VP

Inf.P

Inf Prep.P

To live is to struggle with yourself. (Sc  Inf.P )

NP VP

My bobby is eating. ( Sc  Ger.P )

NP VP

Ger.P

NP

My hobby is eating fried chicken.

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2. Pattern 3.

NP VP

I love books. ( N as Obj)

NP VP

NP

NP Prep.P

NP NP

I love the tall girl with blue eyes. ( NP as Obj)

NP VP

I love her. ( Pronoun as Obj)

NP VP

Inf.P/O S

Inf NP VP

I want to get promotion. I enjoy studying.

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 S

NP VP

Ger.p/O

NP

I enjoy studying foreign languages.

3. Pattern 4.
S

NP VP

VP
Jack gave Jane roses. (N)
I.O D.O

NP VP

VP NP

NP NP
NP NP
Jack gave Jane a big bunch of red roses. ( NP as D.O)
I.O NP/ D.O

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5. Pattern 5.

NP VP

NP

NP
You made the man crazy. ( Adj as Oc)
Adj /Oc

NP VP

NP
NP/O
I call my cat kitty. ( N as Oc)
N/Oc

NP VP

NP

NP/Oc

NP
I consider Jack my best friend. ( NP as Oc )
O Oc
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 S

NP VP

NP VP

NP NP

NP/O Inf/Oc NP/O

I want my wife to cook. ( Inf ) I had my laptop fixed.

Past.P as Oc

(Inf as Oc )
S

NP VP

NP

Inf.P/Oc
NP

NP/O Inf NP
I want my wife to cook my favourite dishes. ( Inf.P as Oc)

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 S

NP VP

NP

NP/O Present P.P/O

NP NP
I saw an old man crossing the road. ( Present p.p as Oc)

Present P.P: => verb of perception->Spot, notice, observe, watch, look, find, see, hear

Past P.P :=> Causative forms

EXERCISES

S
S
NP VP

VP NP VP

Prep.P Prep.P
VP NP
NP
I wouldn’t make rice in that saucepan. He crept into a cave.

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 S

S
NP VP

VP NP NP VP

Aux VP Prep.P

My father is going to buy a car. You can rely on Gina.

S NP VP

Prep.P
NP VP
NP

NP Prep.P NP NP

The flight to tokyo took 21 hours. He looked for a new job.

S S

NP VP

NP VP
VP NP

VP NP VP NP

We will allow everyone a ten-minute break. Albert has made susan angry.

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 S S

NP VP
NP VP
VP

NP NP
VP NP

Ed had given her a ring. Your Madras curry smells appetizing.

S S

NP VP
NP VP

NP NP VP
VP NP

Prep.P NP Prep.P

The old fellow forgot about Jim yesterday. Barry sent Marry a bunch of carnations.

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 S

NP VP

VP Prep.P

VP NP

Aux NP Prep.P

You may not deposit your boots on top of mine.

S
S
NP VP
NP VP

VP
VP Prep.P
Prep.P
NP NP Aux NP

They rolled the barrel into the courtyard. You must not walk on the grass.

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 S

NP VP

NP S

NP NP VP

NP NP

They consider poor old Andrei insane. Your luggage weighs seventy kilos.

NP VP

VP

NP Prep.P NP

NP
NP

The children played in the garden all yesterday afternoon.

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 UNIT 10

COMPOUND SENTENCES

1st independent Cl + coordinate conj + 2nd independent Cl

AND
BUT
OR
SO

Compound S

Cl Conj Cl

Ex: Love is a grest present and friendship is another one

S

Cl Conj Cl

NP VP NP VP

NP NP

Love is a present and music is another present.

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 Compound sentence

Cl Conj Cl Conj Cl Conj Cl

NP VP NP VP NP VP VP NP

Roses are red but violets are blue and sugar is sweet and so are you.

UNIT 11

COMPLEX SENTENCES

M.Cl + sub conj + Subordinate Cl

A. Noun clauses: ( subject, object, Sc, Oc)

1. Subject: ( that-Cl, whether/If, WH-Cl ).

That you’re won a scholarship is great.

N.Cl
S V S-complement

(Lieäu)
Whether they will Join us is a secret.
N.Cl
S V S-complement

Who they are is still a question.

N.Cl

S V S-complement

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 Who he is is unknown.

N.Cl

S V S-complement

Note: That we’ll will have a meeting next week is a good idea.

N.Cl
=> It is a good idea that we’ll have a meeting next week.

You made me happy.

O Oc

EX1:

What he had done made me surprised.

N.Cl

S V O OC

EX2:

How I pass the exam is a hard problem.

N.Cl

S V SC

a) After Transitive verb.

2. Object

b) After Prep.

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_I don’t know what you are doing.

S V N-Cl

He said that he would become a billionaire.

V N-CL

I don’t known whether she’ll agree with the proposal.

N-Cl

VT O

He laughed at what we had said.

Prep N-Cl

We argued about when we’d start the project.

Prep N-Cl

NP VP

N-Cl

Comp NP VP

Conj pro Aux Lex Lex.v Adj ( compl = complementizer )

What you are doing sounds great.

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 I wonder whether she’ll come early.

V O N-Cl

a) To be.
3. Subject complement: After
b) Linking verb.

That’ s what we need. ( Ñoù ñích thò laø ñieàu chuùng ta caàn )

S V N-Cl

Sc

That’ s why they said goodbye.

S V N-Cl

Sc

The problem is that we don’t have enough time.

S V N-Cl

Sc

B. Adjective clauses: ( to modify the previous noun)

I. Adjective clause = Relative clause -> begin with relative pronouns.

1. Who, whom, which, whose -> Can replace “ that”.
2. Where, when, why.

II. Notes:
Ex1: I’ll go where you go. -> adverb of place.
Ex2: I’ll goto the place where you go. -> Adj-clause.

Ex3: I want to known where you go. -> Noun-clause

V O

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Defining Adj-clause: who, whom, which, that.

Non-defining Adj-clause: who, whom, which -> a comma must be used.

 Note1: that never use in the non-definite Adj-Clause.

Proper names

N case

Possessive

Adj

Demonstrative adj: this, that, these, those

(ñaõ xaùc ñònh )

Ex1: John, who (that) is very strict is a devoted doctor.

Ex2: Joe’s book, which (that) is very exciting to read, is about biology.

 Note 2: “that” must be used in the following cases.

a. Main clause: superlative ( so saùnh nhaát ).

Ex1: Jane is the most beautiful girl that (who) we’re ever met.
Ex2: Jimmy is the most potential candidate that (who) may pass the job interview.
b. When the previous noun is a mixed N.
Ex: The old man and the drums that caused a lot of noise made me crazy.
c. It ….is + that -> for emphasis.
It is John that wrote the e-mail.
d. Main clause: the first…, only(adj), all, every-> that.

Ex1: jack was the first candidate that entered the testing room.
Ex2: Jenny is the only (adj) person that can do it for you.
Ex3: He needs all the reference books that are necessary for his project.

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 Note 3: “which” → to refer to the whole clause ( = previous idea )

Ex1: The mouse ran around the room all night, which made her frightened.

a comma must be used.

Ex2: Our parents promised to take us to the zoo next time, which sounded great.

 Note 4: Adj-clause → noun clause.

a. The place where……

Ex: I know the place where she is working.
Adj-clause

→ I know where she is working → Noun clause.

b. The reason why …….

Ex: I don’t know the reason why they said goodbye.

Adj-clause

→ I don’t know why they said goodbye. → noun clause

c. The thing that …….

Ex: The thing that makes me surprised is his intelligence.

Adj- clause
→ What makes me surprised is his intelligence → noun clause

d. The time when ……..

Ex: I can not forget the time when (in which) when I’ve met her.

Adj-clause

→ I can not forget when I’ve met her. → noun clause

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 Note 5:

He who ….

He that …

He whom …

Those who … → Defining Adj-clause

Those that …

Those whom …

Ex1: He who rides on a tiger can never dismount (go down).

Ex2: He that would command must serve.
Ex3: Those that live longest see most.

Complex Sentence

NP VP

NP Cl

NP VP

VP NP

The person that loves me most is my mother.

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 Complex sentence

Complex sentence

NP VP

NP VP

NP Cl
Cl

Pro NP VP Comp NP VP NP

Those that live longest see most. The person whom I love most is my mother.

Complex sentence

NP VP

NP Cl VP NP

Comp NP VP

Miss Smith, whom you met yesterday, will marry Mr. Jones.

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C. Adverb clauses :
1. Adverb clause of manner: Trạng từ chỉ thể cách ( How ? )
 It can be introduced by conjunctions: as, as if, as though.

Ex: You can do it carefully.

 You can do it as I’ve told you. → Adv-cl of manner

 You can do it as you’ve been told.

He behaves as if he were my boss.-> Adv-cl of manner

Complex sentence

S NP VP

Cl

NP VP

VP Comp NP VP

VP NP

You can do it carefully. He behaves as if he were my boss.

( Adv – Cl of manner)

2. Adverb clause of place: where / wherever

Complex sentence

NP VP

Cl

Comp NP VP

VP VP VP

I will go wherever you tell me to Ѳ(go).

( Adv-Cl of place )
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3. Adverb clause of time: before, after, when, while, as soon as, right after, till, untill, since, as.

Complex sentence

NP VP

VP Cl

VP Comp NP NP

The boy didn’t get up untill his mother called him.

Adv – Cl of time

4. Adverb clause of reason (= cause): Because, since, as, now that (bởi lẽ )

Complex sentence

Adv- Cl Main clause

Comp NP VP NP VP

VP VP

Now that you have grown up, you should behave properly.

Adv – Cl of reason

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5. Adverb clause of purpose. -> What for ?
So that, in order that, lest (= so that ….not)
Complex sentence

M-Cl Cl

NP VP
Comp NP VP

VP Prep.P VP NP

I remind you of this lest you may make a mistake.

Adv-Cl of purpose

6.Adverb clause of contrast (= concession ): although, though, even though.

Complex sentence

Cl Main Cl

Comp NP VP NP VP

VP

Prep.P Prep.P
VP

Although it rained heavily, I want to work on time.

Adv-Cl of contrast
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7. Adverb clause of comparision:

As + Adj/Adv + as ….., the same … as ( Your watch is the same as mine )

More ….. than
The more ….., the more….

Complex sentence

NP VP

Adv.P

Cl

Adv.P Comp NP VP

The boy ran as quickly as I did (How did the boy run ? )

Adv-Cl of contrast

Complex sentence

Cl Main-Cl

NP/adv NP VP NP/adv NP VP

The more we spend, the less we save.

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 Adj adj

The more + adv + Cl , the more + adv + Cl

NP NP

Ѳ Ѳ

Ex: The more books you read, the more knowledge you have.

8. Adverb clause of result (= Effect ).

So + adj/Adv + That
Such + a+N + That

Complex sentence

NP VP

Adj.P

Adj.P Cl

Comp NP VP

She is so nice that everyone likes her.

=
She is such a nice girl that everyone likes her.

I don’t like such a boy.

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 It is a really good book. It is quite a good book.

9. Adverb clause of conditions: If, unless, provided that, as long as, in case.

Complex sentence

Cl Cl

Comp NP VP Comp NP VP

Please Þ contact us in case it is necessary.

10. Adverb clause of reservation: ( Meänh ñeà traïng ngöõ chæ söï ngoaïi leä )

Except for the fact that, except that…

Complex sentence

M.Cl sub. Cl

NP VP Comp NP VP

Adv.P

The trip was great except that it cost too much.

---------------------------------------//---------------------------------------
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 UNIT 12

AMBIGUITY
(students see textbook Syntax pages 125 →138)
- Ambiguous (adj)
- Ambiguously (adv)

Ex1: I need more exciting ideas.

NP

Adj.P

Ex1a: I need more exciting ideas.

= The ideas are exciting and want them to be more interesting.

NP

NP

Ex1b: I need more exciting ideas.

= I know that the ideas are exciting so I want to get some (more) of the exciting ideas.

Ex2: Jack hurt the man with a big knife.

Ex2a: = Jack used a big knife to hurt the man.

Ex2b: = Jack hurt the man who had a big knife.

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 VP

Prep.P

VP

NP

NP NP

Ex2a: Jack hurt the man with a big knife.

VP

NP

Prep.P

NP

NP

Ex2b: Jack hurt the man with a big knife.

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Ex3: NP

NP

Cl

NP Prep.P

NP VP

Ex3a: The rooms of the houses which were dirty.

NP

Prep.p

NP

Cl

NP NP NP VP

Ex3b: The rooms of the houses which were dirty.

Ex3a: The houses had the dirty rooms.

Ex3b: The rooms belonged to the dirty houses.

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 FORMAT OF FINAL EXAM (90 minutes )

True ( T )

I. Theory (20.p)
False ( F )

II. I.C Diagrams (25. P)

A. Diagram Drawing.
B. Fill in the possible structures.

III. Syntactical Diagrams (25.P)

A. Diagram Drawing.
B. Fill in the possible structures.

IV. Show the ambiguity: (10.p)

by drawing the syntactical diagrams and tell what the diagrams mean.

GOOD LUCK TO EVERYONE !

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