SURVEYING REVIEWER objects, Highways, railroads, pipelines, canals,

transmission lines and other linear projects.

SURVEYING - It is the art and science of determining
angular and linear measurements to establish the form,
extent and relative position of points, lines, and areas on
or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial
bodies through applied mathematics and the use of
specialized equipment and techniques.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYING:
 Plane Surveying - Surveys of limited extent,
We consider the earth to be a flat surface.
 Geodetic Surveying - Surveys of wider extent,
Take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
TYPES OF SURVEYING:
 Cadastral Surveys - Surveys undertaken at rural
and urban areas to determine property lines and
boundaries.
 City Surveys - Surveys of the areas in and near
a city for expansions, improvements and locating
property lines.
 Construction Survey - Provide data regarding
grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground
configurations and the location and elevation of
structures.
 Forestry Surveys - Forest management,
Production and conservation of forest lands.
 Hydrographic Surveys - Surveys of bodies of
water, For mapping of shore lines, chart the
shape of areas underlying water surfaces,
Measure the flow of stream, Important in
navigation, development of water supply, flood
control, irrigation and subaqueous constructions.
 Industrial Surveys - Also known as optical
tooling, Ship building, and construction and
assembly of aircrafts, Lay-out and installation of
heavy machinery, Accurate dimensional lay-outs.
 Mine Surveys - Positions of underground
excavations and surface mine structures, Fix
boundaries of mining claims.
 Photogrammetric Surveys - Survey using
cameras, Satellite images, Google earth, Google
maps, drones.
 Route Surveys - Alignment, grades, earthwork
quantities, location of natural and artificial
 Topographic surveys - Shape of the ground,
Location and elevation of artificial and natural
features.
Surveying Measurements
- Extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in
comparison to a given standard
- Imperfections of the instruments used
- Are never exact and they will always be imperfect no
matter how carefully made
“No exact or true measurement is ever possible”
Types of Measurements:
Direct Measurements - Comparison of the measured
quantity to a standard measuring unit.
Indirect Measurements - Not possible to apply a
measuring instrument directly, Observed value is
determined by its relationship to other known values.
Rounding off numbers:
Digit less than 5
-The number is written without the digit
-24.244 to nearest hundredth is 24.24
Digit is equal to 5
-The nearest even number is used
-26.175 to nearest hundredth is 26.18
-156.285 would be 156.28
Digit is greater than 5
- The number is written with the preceding digit increased
by 1
- 226.276 to nearest hundredth is 226.28
- 226.28 to the nearest tenths is 226.3
Surveying Field Notes:
-Only reliable and permanent record of actual work done
in the field.
-Official record of the survey.
-Clear, complete and systematic.
“There is no phase in a surveyor’s work which is of
greater importance, or which requires more careful
attention than the keeping of the field notes”
Types of Notes
 Sketches - Rarely exact scale, but approximately
scaled.
 Tabulation - Prevents mistakes, easy checking,
saves time, calculations legible to others,
simplifies work.
 Explanatory Notes - Written description of what
has been done on the field.
 Computations - are made algebraically using
simple arithmetic and trigonometric functions.
 Combination of the above - Used in most
extensive surveys.
Information Found in Field Notebooks
 Title of the Field Work / Name of Project
 Time of Day and Date
 Weather Conditions
 Names of Group Members and Designations
 List of Equipment
Field Survey Party
1. Chief of Party - responsible for overall directions
- logistical and technical
requirements
- submitting survey reports and records
2. Assistant Chief of Party
-assist the cop
-takes over the duty of cop
- conducts ground reconnaissance and investigates site
-employment of surveying equipment
3. Instrument maman- set up, level, operate
4. Technician - use and operation of all electronic
instruments
-establishing 2-way communication
5. Computer - perform computation
6. Recorder - keep the records
7. Head Tape man - accuracy and speed of all
measurements
-marking of stations
- inspect and compares tape
- taping operations
8. Rear Tape man - assist thd head tapeman
9. Flagman - hold the flagpole
10. Rodman-holds the stad
11. Pacer
12. Axe man/Lineman - remove obstruction
13. Aid man - gamot gamot lang
14. Utility men - driver,camp out
- other form
Errors - Difference between the true value and the
measured value of a quantity, Inherent in all
measurements, cannot be avoided.
Mistakes - Inaccuracies in measurements, Surveyors
carelessness, inattention, poor judgment and improper
execution.
Types of Errors
Systematic Errors (Cumulative error)
- Errors that will have same sign and magnitude as
long as field conditions remain constant and
unchanged.
Accidental Errors
- Purely accidental in character, Either positive or
negative, Caused by factors beyond the control of
the surveyor.
Sources of Errors
Instrumental Errors - Imperfections of the instruments
used.
Natural Errors - Variations on the phenomena of nature.
Personal Errors - Limitations of the senses of sight,
touch and hearing of the human observer.
Accuracy and Precision:
Accuracy - Closeness between related measurements.
Precision - Closeness to one another.
Most Probable Value (MPV) - Is the arithmetic mean of a
group of repeated measurements.
FORMULA
Mpv = ƩX/n = (x1 + x2 + x3 + . . . +xn)/n
Residual or Deviation - The difference between any  Moving with measured steps.
measured value of a quantity and its most probable value.  Counting the number of steps or paces.
 Suitable in situations where low precision is
FORMULA
sufficient.
v = x - mpv  Affected by many factors.

Probable Error - A quantity which when added to or Pace - Length of a step-in walking
subtracted from the MPV, defines a range within which
Stride - Two paces or double steps
there is a 50% chance that the true value of the
measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits thus Pace Factor - Average length of one’s pace
set.
FORMULA: PF = TD/ MNP
FORMULA
2. Distance by Taping.
PES = ± 0.6745 (Ʃv2/n-1)1/2  Probably the most common method of measuring
or laying out horizontal distances.
 Stretching a calibrated tape between two points
PEM = ± 0.6745 [Ʃv2/n(n-1)]1/2 and reading the distance on the tape.
 Ropes, cords and lines were first used for
Relative Precision - Ratio of the error to the measured centuries.
quantity.  Steel tape came about the beginning of 20th
FORMULA century, now fiber glass tape is used.
3. Distance by Tachymetry. ( TACHEOMETRY)
RP = PE/mpv  Probably the most common method of measuring
Interrelationship of Errors or laying out horizontal distances.
 Stretching a calibrated tape between two points
Summation of Errors and reading the distance on the tape.
2 2 2 2 1/2  Ropes, cords and lines were first used for
PE = ± (PE + PE +PE + … +PE ) centuries.
s 1 2 3 n
 Steel tape came about the beginning of 20th
Product of Errors
century, now fiber glass tape is used.
2 2 1/2.
PE = ± [(Q * PE ) + (Q * PE ) ] Stadia Method
p 1 2 2 1
 Rapid means of determining distances
 Topographic and reconnaissance survey
Measurement of Distance
 Relative Precision of 1/300 to 1/1000
One of the basic operations of Plane Surveying is the
FORMULA: D = Ks + C
accurate determination of the distance between two
points. Subtense Bar Method
This linear measurements means horizontal distances.  Convenient and practical device for quick and
accurate measurement of distances
If the points have different elevation, the distance is the
 Consist of a bar precisely 2m long and a transit
horizontal length between plumb lines.
or theodolite to measure the subtending angle
If incline distance is measured, it will be reduced to its  Relative Precision is 1/3000
equivalent horizontal projection.
FORMULA: D = 1 / Tan(α/2)
Methods of Determining Distance 4. Distance by Graphical and Mathematical
Methods.
1. Distance by Pacing.
  Unknown distances maybe determined through 4. Marking Full Tape Lengths
their relationship with known distances 5. Tallying Taped Measurements
geometrically 6. Measuring Fractional Lengths
 Maps, Plane Table Surveys, Triangulation,
Breaking Tape - Is the procedure of holding the tape
Trilateration
horizontally above ground and to plumb at one or both
5. Distance by Mechanical Devices.
ends when taping on sloping or uneven terrain surfaces.
 Few mechanical devices could also be employed
for the measurement of distances
 Only for low precision surveys
 For quick measurements SEPTEMBER 01, 2019

Distance by Mechanical Devices

Odometer
 A simple device that can be attached to a wheel
 Only gives surface distance
 Reduce measured distance to equivalent
horizontal distance
 Relative Precision is 1/200
Measuring Wheel
 Similar to odometer, except it is more portable
and self contained.
 It has a built in calibrated recorder that
automatically gives distance.
 Suitable in irregular and curve lines and
boundaries.
Optical Rangefinder
 This device can use to determine distances
approximately simply by focusing.
 Use in field sketching, reconnaissance, and
measurement checking.
 Relative Precision is 1/50.
6. Distance by Photogrammetry.
 Measurement of images in a photograph
 Relative Precision is 1/3000 to 1/5000
Composition of Taping Party
1. Head Tapeman
2. Recorder
3. Flagman
4. Rear Tapeman
The Procedure of Taping
1. Aligning the Tape
2. Stretching the Tape
3. Plumbing