NAME: _____________________________

SUBJECT: SCIENCE
CLASS: FORM 4
DATE: 15 OCTOBER 2019
TEACHER: Ms LILIAN CHONG LESSON NO.: 2

FORM 4 – CHAPTER 5 – energy and chemical changes

5.1 changes in the states of matter

Physical Changes Chemical changes

Both requires energy
 New substance ✓
Changes Physical and
Physical
chemical
✓ reversible 
little Energy required A lot

5.2 heat change in chemical reaction

Endothermic Exothermic
Decrease Final Temperature Increase
Absorb heat Type of reaction Release heat
Increase Decrease

Energy level

Photosynthesis Example Respiration, combustion,

neutralisation
 5.3 the reactivity of metals

Reactivity Reaction with

decreases Extraction
Metal dilute
water oxygen method
acids
React
Potassium
Please vigorously
(K)
and form
May
hydrogen
cause
Sodium gas and Burn
Send explosion
(Na) metal vigorously
hydroxides and
React
React less brightly
vigorously
vigorously
and form Electrolysis
and form Form
Calcium hydrogen
Cats hydrogen metal
(Ca) gas
gas and oxides
metal
hydroxides
Magnesium React
Monkeys
(Mg) less
Aluminium React with vigorously
And Burn
(Al) hot water to form
when
Zebra Zinc (Zn) / steam hydrogen
strongly
gas and
In Iron (Fe) heated
metal salt
React Metals do
very not burn Burn with
slowly to but layers carbon
The Tin (Sn)
release of metal
hydrogen oxide are
gas formed
Large Lead (Pb) No on the
reaction surface
Copper when
Container Burn in air
(Cu) No strongly
reaction heated.
Securely Silver (Ag) No
No
extraction
Guarded Gold (Au) reaction
needed

Carbon is more reactive than zinc, iron and lead

5.4 Reactivity series application

5.5 electrolysis
Electrolyte – compound in molten form which conducts
electric current such as acids, alkalis and salt
Electrode – conductor that carries electric to electrolyte,
usually carbon. Anode (positive terminal, Cathode
(negative terminal)
Anions – negatively charged ions of electrolytes that
moves to anode
Cations - positively charged ions of electrolytes that moves
to cathode
Chemical energy ➔ Electrical energy

Electrolysis of molten lead (ii) bromide

Negatively charged bromide ions
move to anode and release
electrons to anode. Bromide
atoms pair together to form
bromide molecules which bubble
off as brown gas.

Positively charged lead ions move

to cathode and receive electrons
from cathode. Lead is deposited
at the cathode as a shiny layer.
Uses of electrolysis in
industry
1. Extraction of reactive
metals
2. Electroplating
3. Purification of metals
5.6 Electrical energy from
chemical reactions
Primary cell – cannot be
recharged
Secondary cell – can be
recharged

5.7 Chemical reactions occurred with the existence of light

1. Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll absorbs light to break water molecules A.K.A photolysis
of water. Hydrogen formed combines with carbon dioxide to form
glucose.
𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 > 𝐺𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 + 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛
𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑙
2. Photographic paper
Photosensitive chemicals (chemicals sensitive to light) such as silver
salts are used in photographic films. Once exposed to light, silver salts
will break down to silver atoms.

5.8 Human intelligence Utilises chemical reactions

1. Efficient use of energy
2. Proper way of deposing of used batteries
3. New ways of using chemical reactions as sources of energy