CE 5802 Catalogue Data

STRUCTURAL 

general concepts on structural health monitoring;
necessities;
HEALTH 

commonly used techniques;
determination of critical measurement types and location;
MONITORING 

data acquisition systems and instruments;
design of measurement setup;
 cost estimation;
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Türer  alert systems;
distant communication;
February, 2018 
 simulation;
 condition evaluation;
Please use “ODTUCLASS” https://odtuclass.metu.edu.tr
or web page http://courses.ce.metu.edu.tr/ce5802  damage detection.

Course Objectives What’s

 understand and be capable of implementing
fundamental concepts in structural health
STRUCTURAL
monitoring HEALTH
develop intuition for instrumentation type and

location selection for real life applications MONITORING ?
 be capable of combining finite element ~
modeling and field measurements for realistic
loading simulations and spatial extrapolation of Why do we
measured data, model updating
 be able to make cost and duration estimates
monitor structures ?

What is Structural Health Monitoring? Security and Guarantee

 The process of implementing a damage detection strategy for
aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering infrastructure is
referred to as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM).
 The SHM process involves the observation of a system over
time using periodically sampled static / dynamic response
measurements from an array of sensors. The extraction of
damage-sensitive features from these measurements and the
statistical analysis of these features is then used to determine the
current state of system health.
 For long term SHM, the output of this process is periodically
updated; information regarding the ability of the structure to perform  CAR: Toyota Yaris Life 1.33fun  Treasury Building A-Block.
its intended function in light of the inevitable aging and degradation
resulting from operational environments.  Cost: 56 350 TL  Cost: 150$/m2 x 70,000 m2 =
39 900 000 TL (>700 times)
 After extreme events, such as earthquakes or blast loading,  2 years, 60,000 km guarantee
SHM is used for rapid condition screening and aims to provide,  Guarantee=? # years?
in near real time, reliable information regarding the integrity of  Insurance: 800 TL/year
 Safety expenditures=? TL/year
the structure.  Useful life: 10-15 years ?  Useful life: 50-80 years ?

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 Why Do We Monitor Structures? Collapse of Silver Point Bridge
 Understand their behavior and response to
 Took place in 1967
different loads; measure intrinsic forces during
construction, (St-Id?)  Bridge over Ohio
 Monitor current status of structural health, River between OH
 Learn existing structural parameters, and WV
 Prevent any catastrophic collapse by monitoring  Scouring
indications of degradation,
 Generally, structures with
a) high level of importance, and/or
b) important structural problems
are monitored.

http://archives.cnn.com/2000/US/05/21/racetrack.collapse/
index.html

Walkway outside  Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge  Kömürhan Bridge

North Carolina racetrack

collapses
May 21, 2000
Web posted at: 12:45 a.m. EDT (0445 GMT)

CONCORD, North Carolina (CNN) -- A pedestrian walkway at Lowe's  Birecik Bridge

Motor Speedway in Concord collapsed late Saturday. The collapse
happened as race-goers were leaving following a NASCAR event.
Authorities did not have an estimate of the number of injured. But
witnesses said bodies were lying on the ground and people are helping
emergency workers attend to the injured.
As many as 70 people were thought to be on the walkway at the time of the
collapse.

Viaducts Sivas Divrigi Ulu Mosque

 İmrahor Viaduct  Atatürk (Nur Dağı) Viaduct

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 Sivas Ulu Camii Which parameters can be monitored?
 Displacement
 Strain
 Force
 Vibration
 Pressure
 Temperature
 Humidity
 Tilt/Inclination
 Acceleration, velocity
 Acoustic Emission
 Eddy current, other NDT techniques.

GENERAL TYPES OF MONITORING/MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCERS

How can damage be detected from
measurements?
 Past experience on similar structures,
 Comparison against realistic analytical models,
 Measurement exceeding pre-defined “minimum-
maximum thresholds”,
 In long-term monitoring, measurements of extremes
outside the range of common values,
 “Before” and “after” test measurements after a major
event,
 Other conditions decided together with the
structure’s owner.

General View of the Test Grid 1/3 Scale Lab-Bridge

NOTE: Center line supports are used only for the

calibrated for the Test Grid using only the four

initial tests. The analytical FE model was

elastomeric pads at the corner supports.

3 1
4

C 2

B
A Typical Connection "A"
1) Cover Plate (With Bolts)
2) Support Horse
3) Longitudinal Direction Member
4) Transverse Direction Members

Typical Connection "B" And 3

Support Pads 3
1

1) Cover Plates (With Bolts) 4

2) Transverse Direction
2
Members 1
3) Longitudinal Direction 2
3
Member
4) Support Horse
4 5
5) Rubber Pad Typical Connection "C"
1) Cover Plate (Moment)
3) Longitudinal Direction Members
2) Transverse Direction Members 4)
Connection Angle (shear)

3
 Site/Specimen Overview
Ironton-Russell Bridge, Looking South from Ironton, OH side KAMYON YÜKLEME
LAW-93C-0000 TESTLERİ
Cantilevered-Suspended Span
Truss System
Looking upstream from Russell, KY side
Looking upstream from Russell, KY side

View of Sensors and Installation

Hanger Bar and Pin Connections

Height, 105'

Crawl Speed Truckload

Test

Anchor Arm Span, 350' Suspended Span, 375' Anchor Arm Span, 350'

Cantilever Span, 175' Cantilever Span, 175' View of Data Acquisition Instrumentation,
Cabling, and Power Generation

4
 Finite
Finite Element
Element Modeling
Modeling of
of I-85
I-85 Southbound
Southbound Ramp
Ramp Over
Over
I-85/SR-13/SR-236,
I-85/SR-13/SR-236, Span
Span #4
#4 Between
Between Piers
Piers #4
#4 and
and #5
#5
Left wall, looking ahead
Looking ahead (NE)

Side Walls and Floor Actual Instrumentation

16' 3"
7' 0"
=43°
N UWL2
Chan. 7
13"

12' 5" UWL1

SWL1 Chan. 6
7' 1"

=6.3° =31°
4' 5"

left wall
2' 5"

SMS
expected
diaphragm

5' 10"

UBL1
5' 2"

Chan. 9
UBM2 UBM1 =9.5°
Chan.11 Chan.10 SMS
3' 4" 12' 8"
UBR1
bottom Chan. 8

8"3" 10" 20' 10" 13" 29' 0" 13" 29' 0" 5' 8"
expected
1'11"

5' 8"

SWR2 UWR1
b

=37° Chan.12
SWR1 7'
SWR3 a a b (deg)
right wall SWR2
SWR3
9' 9"
10' 5"
4' 8"
5' 6"
29°
29°
5' 8"

Note: Gage UBR1 (Ch.#8) is not mounted because of mismatching standoff position. Gage
UWL1(Ch.#6) readings are questionable. All of the angles measured from horizontal plane.

Z
Y

Left
Left Wall
Wall Pier #5
#1 X
om
Ro
G

UNDEFORMED
Bottom
Bottom #2 SHAPE
om
Ro
Front
Front Wall
Wall

OPTIONS

WIRE FRAME

Right
Right Wall
Wall

Pier #4
SAP90

5
 34

Hasankeyf is located in a seismically active

region.

35

6
 Middle Gate

37 38

39 40

 Located in a
deep valley.
 Massive rock
falls in the
vicinity.
 Must be secured
for tourist
activity.
 Valuable
historical
heritage to be
preserved. 42

7
43 44

45

47 48

8
 49 50

51 52

Middle Gate Linear potentiometer working principle

53 54

9
 Datalogger
 Campbell CSI
 3 Diff or 6 SE input
 5V input range
 About 7500 divisions=

12.87 bit ADC

 100mm LVDT with

7500 divisions about

0.01mm accuracy.

55 56

57 58

Actions taken after the alarm!

 New support system had to be quickly
completed. New shifts were placed and work
completed in less than a day.
 Movement of the cracks were used to adjust the
tightening of the new anchors.
 1/20 turn fine adjustment (releasing the
tightened bolt) was made due to overloading.

59 60

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 61

64

Boston Federal Rezerv Bank Helsinki Train Station

 21 years old, 33 storey,  Monitoring forces at
 35m deep excavation in the space truss members
close proximity caused worries, of the roof
 500 gages (strain, angle,  Helsinky (Finland)
sismograph, convergence  Started in 1998
gages,)...  Comp.: DEHA GmbH
 Damage detection and early  20 gages
warning system

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 Natchez Trace Parkway Arch Bridge
Mentue Bridge, Switzerland
Nashville, Tennessee
 565 m long post-tension, box girder bridge
 Main span is 150 m long, 100 m long bridge piers
 Tilt meters (inclinometers) and temperature transducers
(thermocouples) are installed during construction in
1997. Relationship between temp – tilt and disp. is
investigated.
 Hidrostatic leveling performance will be investigated.
 Suspension cable force measurements
 Response time.
 Long term monitoring of bridge strains
 1-1/2 years monitoring time

Long term monitoring: Drought

 12.9 km long, 100 years of service life, 20
years of structural health monitoring,
 Computer modeling and simulation,
 Field and laboratory experiments,
 500 strain gages,
 450 termal gages,
 28 ice-load panels,
 76 vibration transducers,
 Under water sonar (scouring).

Integrated structural health monitoring of

highway bridges in Singapore using Remote Sensing
distributed fibre optic sensors  Brett Nadler, Neil Tanner and Charles R. Farrar
James MW Brownjohn CEE, NTU  Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL):
Tjin Swee Chuan EEE, NTU
 wireless damage detection system.
Tan Guan Hong SysEng (S) Pte Ltd
Tan Boon Leong
Land Transport Authority, Singapore

With (from CEE, NTU)

Lu Yong
Pilate Moyo
Piotr Omenzetter

The purpose of this research is to develop an integrated structural health monitoring (SHM)
system for civil structures, using and developing the latest sensor, communication, data
management and information technology. LTA will be applying this research to bridges,
starting with test bed Pasir Panjang Semi-Expressway, and continuing to existing bridges in
LTA’s upgrade program.

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 Smart (Intelligent) Structural Two years of İzleme
bridgeDatası
response
İki Yıl Sürekli (Kasımmeasurement
94 - Kasım 96)
(Infrastructure) monitoring systems 100
Ambient Temp. DEGF
80

Temperature (F)
60

40

20 T=111.4 F
0
Sampling: 1sample / 6 hours

250
 =359 

PIER

M IDSP
200

ABUT
150

Microstrain

MENT

AN
100
50
0
-50
-100

Sep-94 Jan-95 Apr-95 Jul-95 Oct-95 Feb-96 May-96 Aug-96 Dec-96

Tarih
111.4 °F = 61.9 °C
σ=Eε, 0.7539 t/cm 2 , ≈74MPa, 10.4ksi

Alamosa Bridge

~O~

End of presentation

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