19/09/2018

BLOOD
BIOCHEMICAL • Blood, by definition, is a fluid that
COMPOSITION OF moves through the vessels of a
circulatory system. In humans, it
THE BLOOD includes plasma (the liquid
portion), blood cells (which come
in both red and white varieties), and
cell fragments called platelets.

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• Blood is classified as a connective tissue

and it is composed of two main component:
Composition of blood • 1. Extracellular component
• 2. Formed elements

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What is blood made up of?

• Extracellular fluid comprises of Plasma.
• Formed element is composed of blood • Plasma
cells and platelets. The formed elements are • Red blood cells
so named because they are enclosed in • White blood cells
plasma membrane and have a definite • Platelets
structure and shape. All the formed element • Breakdown products of digestion, such as
are cells except the platelets, which are tiny glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
fragments of bone marrow. • Dissolved mineral salts
• Carbon dioxide
• Urea
Arshia Tabassum 5 • hormones Arshia Tabassum 6

What is plasma?
• Plasma is the liquid part
of the blood which carries
everything else.
PLASMA • Plasma is a straw-yellow
coloured liquid
• If everything in plasma
was removed, plasma
would look like this

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• The plasma is about 90% of water, with the

• Plasma, the liquid component of blood, can remaining 10% made up of ions, proteins,
be isolated by spinning a tube of whole nutrients, wastes, and dissolved gases.
blood at high speeds in a centrifuge.
• The ions, proteins, and other molecules
• The denser cells and platelets move to the found in plasma are important for
bottom of the tube, forming red and white maintaining blood pH and osmotic balance,
layers, while the plasma remains at the top, with albumin (the main protein in human
forming a yellow layer. plasma) playing a particularly important
role.

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• Some of the molecules found in the plasma

have more specialized functions.
• For example, hormones act as long-distance
signals, antibodies recognize and neutralize
pathogens, and clotting factors promote
blood clot formation at the site of wounds. RED BLOOD CELLS
(Plasma that’s been stripped of its clotting
factors is called serum.)
• Lipids, such as cholesterol, are also carried
in plasma, but must travel with escort
proteins because they don’t dissolve in
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Red blood cells • Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are

specialized cells that circulate through the body
• They have a round, flat disc
shape for a large surface area and deliver oxygen to tissues.
• They do not have a nucleus • In humans, red blood cells are small and
• They contain haemoglobin
which combines with oxygen in biconcave(thinnest in the centre, just 7-8 μm in
areas of high concentration to size), and do not contain mitochondria or a
form oxyhaemoglobin
• Oxygen + haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin
nucleus when mature.
• Red blood cells carry oxygen to
the cells of the body for use in
respiration

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• These characteristics allow red blood cells

to effectively perform their task of oxygen
transport.
• Small size and biconcave shape increase the
surface area-to-volume ratio, improving gas
exchange, while lack of a nucleus makes
additional space for hemoglobin, a key
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
protein used in oxygen transport.
• Lack of mitochondria keeps red blood cells
away from using any of the oxygen they’re
carrying, maximizing the amount delivered
to tissues of the body.
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White blood cells • White blood cells, also called leukocytes,

are much less common than red blood cells
• White blood cells and make up less than 1% of the of the cells
help the body to fight in blood.
invading bacteria
• Their role is also very different from that of
red blood cells.
• White blood cells will
engulf and ingest • They are primarily involved in immune
invading bacteria responses, recognizing and neutralizing
invaders such as bacteria and viruses.

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• White blood cells are larger than red blood cells,

and unlike red blood cells, they have a normal
nucleus and mitochondria.
• White blood cells come in five major types, and
these are divided into two different groups, named
for their appearance under a microscope.
• These are;
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocytes
• The granulocytes, includes neutrophils,
eosinophils, and basophils, all of which
have granules in their cytoplasm when
stained and viewed on a microscope.
• The agranulocytes, includes monocytes
and lymphocytes, which do not have
granules in the cytoplasm.

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• Neutrophils: These contain fine cytoplasmic granules that can

be seen under a light microscope.
• They play role in destruction of bacteria and release of
chemicals that kills or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
• Eosinophils: They have large granules and a prominent nucleus
that is divided into two lobes.
• They play a role in destruction of allergens and inflammatory
chemicals and release enzymes that disable parasites.
• Basophils: they have pale nucleus that is usually hidden by
granules.
• They secrete histamine which increase tissue blood flow by
dilating the blood vessels.
• They also secrete heparin which is an anticoagulant that
promote mobility of mobility of other WBCs by preventing
clotting.
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• Lymphocytes: These are usually classified as small, Other important functions of the white
medium and large cells. Medium and large lymphocytes
are generally seen mainly in connective tissues and only blood cells:
occasionally circulation blood stream.
• They destroy cancer cells, cells infected by viruses and
foreign invading cells.
• They produce • They produce
• They also coordinate the action of other immune cells,
antibodies which can antitoxins which
secrete antibodies and serve in immune memory.
recognise and fight neutralise the toxins
• Monocytes: They are largest of formed elements. Their
cytoplasm is abundant and relatively clear. bacteria (poisons) that
• They play important role in differentiating into bacteria produce,
macrophages, which are large phagocytic cells. which make us feel ill
• They also digest pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of
dead cells. They also enhance the immune response.
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Platelets
• Platelets are fragments of cells.
• The job of platelets is to help blood clot and
PLATELETS form a scab.
• The platelets are involved in the formation
of fibrin, which is needed for clotting blood.
• This is useful for stopping bleeding, and for
preventing germs from entering the body
through the cut.
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Summary of the composition of blood

• They also secrete chemicals that attracts
neutrophils and monocytes to site of
inflammation.
• They secrete the growth factors to maintain
the cell linings of blood vessels.
• The major function is to secrete
vasoconstrictors that constricts blood
vessels causing vascular spasm in broken
blood vessels.

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• Regulation of Nutrient
• Transportation of Gases
• Transportation of Enzymes/Hormones
• Regulation of Ions

ROLE OF BLOOD •
•
Transportation of Waste materials
Regulation of Body temperature

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• Regulation of Nutrient • Transportation of Gases

• Different type of biomolecules (nutrients)
are required in order to fulfil the
requirement of energy.
• These biomolecules includes carbohydrate,
protein, lipids etc.
• Nutrients are transported to the different
body cells by the help of blood
transportation system.
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• Gaseous exchange is an important function
of blood.
• It help to transport oxygen to different body
cells where the oxygen is required.
• It also help to transport the carbon dioxide
and exhale it from the body via process of
respiration.
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• Transportation of Hormones
• Different hormones are also transported to
the target calls where they are needed via
blood circulation.
• Hormones are secreted into the blood and
reached to the target cells and perform its
functions.
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• Regulation of Ions
• Body need different types of ions and minerals
that are required for the normal physiology of
the person.
• These ions and minerals includes sodium,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium,
iron, copper, cobalt etc. these ions/minerals also
act as a co-factor of different enzymes.
• Blood not only transport them also maintain
their concentration in order to maintain its pH.
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• Transportation of Waste materials

• During the process of metabolism different
metabolites/waste products are formed.
• These includes urea, creatinine, ammonia
etc. these waste product must be removed
from the body.
• Blood help to remove these products out of
the body via process of excretion.

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