GERMAN V. CANIBAS JR.

8 - RIZAL

1. Reflexive Property of Equality

 x = x for every real number x.

Examples:

7=7
4 +3 = 4+3

2. Symmetric Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x and y, if x = y, then y = x.

Examples:

2 + 3 = 5, then 5 = 2 + 3

If 3 = 5(2) - 7, then 5(2) -7 = 3.

3. Transitive Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x, y and z, if x = y and y = z then x = z.

Example:

If 2 +5 = 7 and 7 = 3 + 4, then 2 +5 = 3 + 4.

4. Addition Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x, y and z, if x = y, then x + z = y + z.

Examples:

If 5 = 2 + 3, then 5 + 6 = (2 + 3) + 6

If 7 + 2 = 9, then (7 + 2) + 4 = 9 + 4.
5. Subtraction Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x, y and z, if x = y, then x - z = y - z.

Examples:

If 7 = 4 + 3, then 7 - 2 = (4 + 3) -2.

If 7 + 2 = 9, then (7 + 2) + 4 = 9 + 4.

6. Multiplication Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x, y and z, if x = y, then xz = yz.

Example:

If 8 = 3 + 5, then 2(8) = 2(3 + 5)

7. Substitution Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x and y, if x = y, then x and y may be substituted for each
other in any equation.

Examples

If x = y + 2, x can be substituted in place of (y + 2) in the equation 3(y + 2) + x =

12 to get 3x + x = 12.

8. Distributive Property of Equality

 for all real numbers x , y , and z , x(y + z) = xy + yz

Examples:

5 * (2 + 8) = 5 * 2 + 5 * 8
5 * (10) = 10 + 40
50 = 50.
9. Law of Syllogism

 The law of syllogism, also called reasoning by transitivity, is a valid argument

form of deductive reasoning that follows a set pattern. It is similar to the
transitive property of equality, which reads:
if a = b and b = c then, a = c.
Examples:

Statement 1: If it continues to rain (p), then the soccer field will become wet and
muddy (q). This becomes if p, then q.
Statement 2: If the soccer field becomes wet and muddy (q), then the game will be
canceled (r). This becomes if q, then r.
Statement 3: If it continues to rain (p), then the game will be canceled (r). This final
statement is the conclusion, and becomes if p, then r.
10. Point

 A point indicates a location (or position) in space.

 A point has no dimension (actual size).
 A point has no length, no width, and no height (thickness).
 A point is usually named with a capital letter.

11. Line

 A line has no thickness.

 A line's length extends in one dimension.
 A line goes on forever in both directions.
 A line has infinite length, zero width, and zero height.
 A line is assumed to be straight.
  A line is drawn with arrowheads on both ends.

12. Plane

 A plane has two dimensions.

 A plane forms a flat surface extending indefinitely in all directions.
 A plane has infinite length, infinite width and zero height (thickness).
 A plane is drawn as a four-sided figure resembling a tabletop or a
parallelogram.
 A plane is named by a single letter (plane m) or by three coplanar, but non-
collinear,* points (plane ABC).

13. Segment

 Is a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains
every point on the line between its endpoints.
14. Collinear points

 Are points that lie on the same line.

Coplanar points

 Are points that line in the same plane.

15. Definition of Between

 A point is between two other points on the same line if only if its coordinate
is between their coordinates.

16. Definition of Ray

 another subset of a line.

 starts at one point of a line and goes on indefinitely in one direction.
17. Definition of Angle

 is the union of two non - collinear rays with a common endpoint called
vertex.

18. Definition of Congruent Angle

 Angles are congruent if they have the same angle measure in degrees.

19. Definition of Different Angles

a. Acute Angle

 is an angle with a measure greater than 0° but less than 90°.

 b. Right Angle

 is an angle with exactly measure of 90°.

c. Obtuse Angle

 is an angle with a measure greater than 90° but less than 180°.

20. Definition of Polygon

 It is a closed plane figure having three or more sides.

 It is formed by combining three or more segments end to end, putting both
ends together to enclose the figure.
 It is named according to the number of sides or angles they have.
 The number of sides is equal to the number of angles.

Polygons
 Not Polygons

21. Definition of Convex Polygon

 A polygon is convex if no line that contains a side of the polygon contains a

point in the interior of the polygon.

22. Definition of Non-convex polygon

 A polygon is non - convex if and only if at least one of its side is contained
in a line, which contains also points in the interior of the polygon.
23. Definition of Regular Polygon

 It is a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular. Equilateral means

all sides have equal measures. Equiangular means all angles have equal
measures.
 A square is a regular polygon because all of its angles are right angles and
all of its sides have equal measures.

24. Definition of Triangle

 Is a polygon with three edges and three vertices.

25. Definition of Angle Bisector

 An angle bisector is a ray from the vertex of the angle into the interior of
the angle forming two congruent angles.

26. Altitude of Triangle

 An altitude of a triangle is a segment from any vertex perpendicular to the

line containing the opposite side.

27. Median of Triangle

 A median of a triangle is a segment joining any vertex of the triangle to the

midpoint of the opposite side.
28. Acute Triangle

a. Right Triangle

o A triangle where one of its interior angles is a right angle (90

degrees).

b. Obtuse Triangle

o A triangle where one of the internal angles is obtuse (greater than 90

degrees)

c. Equiangular Triangle

o Equiangular means all angles have equal measures.

29. Scale

a. Isosceles Triangle

o A triangle which has two of its sides equal in length.

b. Equilateral Triangle

o Equilateral means all sides have equal

30. Quadrilateral

 is a four sided polygon.

31. Parallelogram

 is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.

a. Rectangle

 is a parallelogram with four right angles and two pairs of parallel

sides.
b. Square

 is a rectangle with four congruent sides and angles.

c. Rhombus

 is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.

d. Trapezoid

 is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.

32. Circle and its Parts

a. Circle
 It is a shape with all points having the same distance from its center.
 It is named using its center.

The circle below can be named as circle A.

b. Radius

 It is the distance from the center of the circle to any point on the circle.
 The plural of radius is radii.

c. Chord

 It is a line segment that connects two points on the circle.

 The longest chord is the diameter.

d. Diameter

 The distance across the circle passing through the center of the circle.
 It measures twice the radius.
Tangent

 It is a line that intersects the circle at exactly one point.

33. Circular Region

 is a region of a circle which is "cut off" from the rest of the circle by a secant or
a chord.

34. Space Figure

a. Cylinder
- A solid figure with two circular bases.
 b. Cone
- A solid figure with one circular base.

c. Sphere
- A solid figure shaped like a ball.

35. Adjacent Angle

 are two angles which have a common vertex and a common side but have no
interior points in common.

36. Supplementary Angle

 two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measure is 180.

37. Linear Pairs

 two angles form a linear pair if and only if they meet these conditions: (a) they
are adjacent angles, and (b) their uncommon sides are opposite rays.

38. Vertical Angle

 two angles are vertical angles if and only if they are non - adjacent angles form
by two intersecting lines.

39. Perpendicular Line

 A line is perpendicular to another if it meets or crosses it at right angles (90°)

40. Perpendicular Bisector

 The perpendicular bisector is a line that divides a line segment into two equal
parts. It also makes a right angle with the line segment. Each point on the
perpendicular bisector is the same distance from each of the endpoints of the
original line segment.

41. Different Angles

a. exterior angles

 An exterior angle of a polygon is an angle outside the polygon formed by

one of its sides and the extension of an adjacent side.

b. Remote interior angle

 The remote interior angles are the two angles inside the triangle that
do not share a vertex with the exterior angle.
 c. Adjacent interior angle

 An angle formed by two adjacent sides of a polygon and included

within the polygon.

42. Parallel and skew lines

Parallel Lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect.

Skew Lines are non - coplanar lines and non intersecting.

43. Transversal line

 is a line that intersect two or more coplanar lines at two or more distinct
points.

44. Angles form by lines and transversal

a. Alternate interior angle

 are two non - adjacent interior angles on opposite sides of the

transversal.

b. Alternate exterior angle

 are two non - adjacent exterior angles on opposite sides of the

transversal.
 c. Corresponding angle

 are two non adjacent angles, one interior, and one exterior on the same
side of the transversal.

45. What is Postulate

 is a statement which is accepted as true without a proof.

46. What is Theorem

 a statement that needs to be proved.

47. What is Corollary

 is a direct. consequence of another theorem.

ERNESTO INGENTE

8 - RIZAL

1. Reflexive Property of Equality

 x = x for every real number x.

Examples:

7=7
4 +3 = 4+3

2. Symmetric Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x and y, if x = y, then y = x.

Examples:

2 + 3 = 5, then 5 = 2 + 3

If 3 = 5(2) - 7, then 5(2) -7 = 3.

3. Transitive Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x, y and z, if x = y and y = z then x = z.

Example:

If 2 +5 = 7 and 7 = 3 + 4, then 2 +5 = 3 + 4.

4. Addition Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x, y and z, if x = y, then x + z = y + z.

Examples:

If 5 = 2 + 3, then 5 + 6 = (2 + 3) + 6

If 7 + 2 = 9, then (7 + 2) + 4 = 9 + 4.

5. Subtraction Property of Equality

  For any real numbers x, y and z, if x = y, then x - z = y - z.

Examples:

If 7 = 4 + 3, then 7 - 2 = (4 + 3) -2.

If 7 + 2 = 9, then (7 + 2) + 4 = 9 + 4.

6. Multiplication Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x, y and z, if x = y, then xz = yz.

Example:

If 8 = 3 + 5, then 2(8) = 2(3 + 5)

7. Substitution Property of Equality

 For any real numbers x and y, if x = y, then x and y may be substituted for each
other in any equation.

Examples

If x = y + 2, x can be substituted in place of (y + 2) in the equation 3(y + 2) + x =

12 to get 3x + x = 12.

8. Distributive Property of Equality

 for all real numbers x , y , and z , x(y + z) = xy + yz

Examples:

5 * (2 + 8) = 5 * 2 + 5 * 8
5 * (10) = 10 + 40
50 = 50.

9. Law of Syllogism

 The law of syllogism, also called reasoning by transitivity, is a valid argument

form of deductive reasoning that follows a set pattern. It is similar to the
transitive property of equality, which reads:
 if a = b and b = c then, a = c.
Examples:

Statement 1: If it continues to rain (p), then the soccer field will become wet and
muddy (q). This becomes if p, then q.
Statement 2: If the soccer field becomes wet and muddy (q), then the game will be
canceled (r). This becomes if q, then r.
Statement 3: If it continues to rain (p), then the game will be canceled (r). This final
statement is the conclusion, and becomes if p, then r.
10. Point

 A point indicates a location (or position) in space.

 A point has no dimension (actual size).

11. Line

 A line has no thickness.

 A line's length extends in one dimension.
 A line goes on forever in both directions.
12. Plane

 A plane has two dimensions.

 A plane forms a flat surface extending indefinitely in all directions.
 A plane has infinite length, infinite width and zero height (thickness).

13. Segment

 Is a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains
every point on the line between its endpoints.

14. Collinear points

 Are points that lie on the same line.

Coplanar points

 Are points that line in the same plane.

15. Definition of Between

 A point is between two other points on the same line if only if its coordinate
is between their coordinates.

16. Definition of Ray

 another subset of a line.

 starts at one point of a line and goes on indefinitely in one direction.

17. Definition of Angle

 is the union of two non - collinear rays with a common endpoint called
vertex.
18. Definition of Congruent Angle

 Angles are congruent if they have the same angle measure in degrees.

19. Definition of Different Angles

a. Acute Angle

 is an angle with a measure greater than 0° but less than 90°.

b. Right Angle

 is an angle with exactly measure of 90°.

 c. Obtuse Angle

 is an angle with a measure greater than 90° but less than 180°.

20. Definition of Polygon

 It is a closed plane figure having three or more sides.

 It is formed by combining three or more segments end to end, putting both
ends together to enclose the figure.

Polygons

Not Polygons
21. Definition of Convex Polygon

 A polygon is convex if no line that contains a side of the polygon contains a

point in the interior of the polygon.

22. Definition of Non-convex polygon

 A polygon is non - convex if and only if at least one of its side is contained
in a line, which contains also points in the interior of the polygon.

23. Definition of Regular Polygon

 It is a polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular.

24. Definition of Triangle

 Is a polygon with three edges and three vertices.

25. Definition of Angle Bisector

 An angle bisector is a ray from the vertex of the angle into the interior of
the angle forming two congruent angles.

26. Altitude of Triangle

 An altitude of a triangle is a segment from any vertex perpendicular to the

line containing the opposite side.
27. Median of Triangle

 A median of a triangle is a segment joining any vertex of the triangle to the

midpoint of the opposite side.

28. Acute Triangle

a. Right Triangle

o A triangle where one of its interior angles is a right angle (90

degrees).

b. Obtuse Triangle

o A triangle where one of the internal angles is obtuse (greater than 90

degrees)
 c. Equiangular Triangle

o Equiangular means all angles have equal measures.

29. Scale

a. Isosceles Triangle

o A triangle which has two of its sides equal in length.

b. Equilateral Triangle

o Equilateral means all sides have equal

30. Quadrilateral

 is a four sided polygon.

31. Parallelogram

 is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.

a. Rectangle

 is a parallelogram with four right angles and two pairs of parallel

sides.
 b. Square

 is a rectangle with four congruent sides and angles.

c. Rhombus

 is a parallelogram with four congruent sides.

d. Trapezoid

 is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.

32. Circle and its Parts

e. Circle
 It is a shape with all points having the same distance from its center.
 It is named using its center.
 f. Radius

 It is the distance from the center of the circle to any point on the circle.
 The plural of radius is radii.

g. Chord

 It is a line segment that connects two points on the circle.

 The longest chord is the diameter.

h. Diameter

 The distance across the circle passing through the center of the circle.
 It measures twice the radius.

Tangent

 It is a line that intersects the circle at exactly one point.

33. Circular Region

 is a region of a circle which is "cut off" from the rest of the circle by a secant or
a chord.

34. Space Figure

d. Cylinder
- A solid figure with two circular bases.

e. Cone
- A solid figure with one circular base.
 f. Sphere
- A solid figure shaped like a ball.

35. Adjacent Angle

 are two angles which have a common vertex and a common side but have no
interior points in common.

36. Supplementary Angle

 two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measure is 180.

37. Linear Pairs

 two angles form a linear pair if and only if they meet these conditions: (a) they
are adjacent angles, and (b) their uncommon sides are opposite rays.
38. Vertical Angle

 two angles are vertical angles if and only if they are non - adjacent angles form
by two intersecting lines.

39. Perpendicular Line

 A line is perpendicular to another if it meets or crosses it at right angles (90°)

40. Perpendicular Bisector

 The perpendicular bisector is a line that divides a line segment into two equal
parts. It also makes a right angle with the line segment.

41. Different Angles

a. exterior angles

 An exterior angle of a polygon is an angle outside the polygon formed by

one of its sides and the extension of an adjacent side.

b. Remote interior angle

 The remote interior angles are the two angles inside the triangle that
do not share a vertex with the exterior angle.
 c. Adjacent interior angle

 An angle formed by two adjacent sides of a polygon and included

within the polygon.

42. Parallel and skew lines

Parallel Lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect.

Skew Lines are non - coplanar lines and non intersecting.

43. Transversal line

 is a line that intersect two or more coplanar lines at two or more distinct
points.

44. Angles form by lines and transversal

a. Alternate interior angle

 are two non - adjacent interior angles on opposite sides of the

transversal.

b. Alternate exterior angle

 are two non - adjacent exterior angles on opposite sides of the

transversal.
 c. Corresponding angle

 are two non adjacent angles, one interior, and one exterior on the same
side of the transversal.

45. What is Postulate

 is a statement which is accepted as true without a proof.

46. What is Theorem

 a statement that needs to be proved.

47. What is Corollary

 is a direct. consequence of another theorem.