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12 MONOPOLY
1 2 3 4 5
Single-Price Monopoly’s Output and Price Quantity
Decision
♦ As Figure 12.1 demonstrates, P exceeds MC for a
♦ The monopoly firm’s demand curve is the market
monopoly.
demand curve.
♦ Because P > ATC, the single-price monopoly in
♦ At each level of output, marginal revenue for a mo-
Figure 12.1 earns an economic profit equal to the
nopoly is less than its price (MR < P).
area of the shaded rectangle.
In moving down the monopoly’s demand curve:
♦ Barriers to entry prevent new companies from en-
♦ when demand is elastic, MR is positive and total tering the market, so a monopoly’s economic profit
revenue rises with output. can last indefinitely.
205
206 CHAPTER 12
70 pay exist;
Deadweight
60 loss S = MC ♦ the members of each group are easily identified;
♦ and, no resales of the good are made from one
50 group to another.
40 With price discrimination, the group with the high
30
average willingness to pay pays a high price and the
group with the low average willingness to pay pays a
20 low price.
D
10 ♦ Perfect price discrimination extracts all the con-
sumer surplus by charging each consumer the
MR maximum price that he or she is willing to pay for
5 6 7 8 9 each unit of output purchased.
Quantity (thousands per week) The more perfectly a monopoly can price discriminate,
the closer its output is to the competitive level. A per-
Figure 12.2 illustrates these results. If the industry was fectly price-discriminating monopoly eliminates all the
perfectly competitive, 7,000 units would be produced consumer surplus, but does not result in a deadweight
and the price would be $40. (The price and quantity loss, so it is efficient.
are determined by where the demand and supply curves
cross.) In comparison, as a single-price monopoly with Monopoly Policy Issues
the same costs, 6,000 units are produced and the price
is $50. A monopoly might have some advantages for society:
By restricting its output to be less than that of a com- ♦ It might increase the incentive to innovate, but the
petitive industry, a single-price monopoly creates a empirical evidence on this possible gain is mixed.
deadweight loss. The deadweight loss is comprised of ♦ It might be able to capture economies of scale, when
lost consumer and producer surplus. Figure 12.2 illus- an increase in output lowers average total cost, or
trates the deadweight loss from a single-price monop- economies of scope, when an increase in the range of
oly. products produced lowers average total cost.
Rent seeking is any attempt to capture consumer sur- When economies of scale are large enough, a natural
plus, producer surplus, or economic profit. Rent seekers monopoly results. Natural monopolies, illustrated in
try to buy or can create a monopoly. Figure 12.3 (on the next page) are usually regulated by
Resources used in rent seeking are a cost to society. In the government.
equilibrium, rent seeking continues until the economic ♦ Left unregulated, the firm in Figure 12.3 would
profit from the monopoly is eliminated. maximize its profit by charging Pm and producing
Qm .
MONOPOLY 207
16. A monopolist finds that the marginal revenue from FIGURE 12.4
producing another unit of output exceeds the mar-
Multiple Choice Questions 11 and 12
ginal cost of the unit. Then, to increase its profit,
the monopolist will
Single-Price Monopoly and Competition Compared 19. The economic profit in Figure 12.5 is the area
15. Compared to a perfectly competitive industry with a. abc.
the same cost, the amount of output produced by a b. bcde.
single-price monopoly is c. bcfg.
a. more than the competitive industry. d. beh.
b. the same as the competitive industry.
c. less than the competitive industry. 20. If a perfectly competitive industry becomes a single-
d. not comparable to the competitive industry. price monopoly and costs do not change, which of
the following allocations of costs and benefits is
16. Compared to a perfectly competitive industry, the correct?
price charged by a single-price monopoly with the a. The producer benefits; demanders and society
same costs is are harmed.
a. more than the competitive industry. b. The producer and society are harmed; deman-
b. the same as the competitive industry. ders benefit.
c. less than the competitive industry. c. The producer, demanders, and society are
d. not comparable to the competitive industry. harmed.
d. The producer is harmed but demanders and so-
Figure 12.5 illustrates a single-price monopoly. Use it for ciety benefit.
the next three questions
21. If a single-price monopoly is broken up so that it
FIGURE 12.5
becomes a perfectly competitive industry and costs
Multiple Choice Questions 17, 18, 19 do not change, which of the following statements
describing the costs and benefits is correct?
Price and cost (dollars)
Price Discrimination
23. In order to successfully price discriminate, a firm
17. The deadweight loss in Figure 12.5 is the area must be able to
a. abc. a. reduce its MC.
b. bcde. b. distinguish between customers who have differ-
c. bcfg. ent willingness to pay.
d. beh. c. encourage many resales of its good among its
customers.
18. The consumer surplus in Figure 12.5 is the area d. exert a non-price control over the number of
a. abc. demanders who will buy its good.
b. bcde.
c. bcfg.
d. beh.
MONOPOLY 211
24. Price discrimination allows a monopoly to 29. A monopoly has economies of scope if
a. lower its marginal cost. a. average total cost declines as output decreases.
b. reduce its producer surplus. b. average total cost declines as output increases.
c. increase its total revenue. c. total profit declines as output increases.
d. charge all customers a higher price. d. average total cost declines as the number of dif-
ferent goods produced increases.
25. A monopoly that is able to perfectly price
discriminate 30. A natural monopoly
a. charges everyone the lowest price that they want a. is usually regulated by the government.
to pay for each unit purchased. b. earns an economic profit if it must use a mar-
b. produces less output than it would were it a sin- ginal cost pricing rule.
gle-price monopoly. c. has an average total cost curve that is positively
c. eliminates consumer surplus. sloped until it crosses the demand curve.
d. creates a larger deadweight loss than it would if it d. has a demand curve that is positively sloped.
were a single-price monopoly.
Short Answer
26. A monopoly movie theater discovers that the average
willingness to pay for watching movies is higher at 8 1. Why is marginal revenue less than price for a sin-
P.M. than at 5 P.M. As a result, if a monopoly movie gle-price monopoly?
theater wants to price discriminate and earn a larger 2. In a small college town, Laura’s Bookstore has a
profit, it charges monopoly in selling textbooks. Laura’s fixed costs
a. a higher price at 8 P.M. are $100, and her total costs are shown in Table
b. the same price at 5 P.M. as at 8 P.M. 12.1.
c. a lower price at 8 P.M. a. Complete Table 12.1 by computing average
d. There is not enough information given to answer total cost and marginal cost.
the question.
TABLE 12.1
27. Business travelers usually pay higher airline fares Short Answer Problem 2 (a)
than families on a vacation. So,
Quantity Total cost Average total Marginal
a. business travelers aren’t maximizing their utility. (books per hour) (dollars) cost (ATC ) cost (MC )
b. business travelers have a higher willingness to pay
9 247.00 27.44
than do vacation travelers. 9.00
c. the MC of serving vacation travelers is lower 10 256.00 ____
____
than that of serving business travelers. 11 267.00 ____
d. vacation travelers have a greater demand for air ____
travel than do business travelers. 12 280.00 ____
____
13 295.00 ____
Monopoly Policy Issues ____
28. Which of the following situations might be a gain to 14 312.00 ____
____
society from monopoly? 15 331.00 ____
a. Monopolies do not waste resources trying to ____
16 352.00 ____
innovate. ____
b. Monopolies might be able to capture economies 17 375.00 ____
of scale. ____
18 400.00 ____
c. Monopolies might be able to price discriminate, ____
thereby boosting consumer surplus. 19 427.00 ____
d. Monopolies might earn an economic profit in ____
20 456.00 ____
the long run. ____
21 487.00 ____
212 CHAPTER 12
Quantity
demanded Price Total Marginal Marginal 0 4 8 12 16 20 24
(books per (dollars revenue revenue cost
hour) per book) (dollars) (MR ) (MC ) Quantity (books per hour)
9 57.00 513.00
47.00 9.00
10 56.00 ____ TABLE 12.3
____ ____
11 55.00 ____ Short Answer Problem 3 (a)
____ ____
Quantity
12 54.00 ____
____ ____ demanded Price Total Marginal Marginal
13 53.00 ____ (books per (dollars revenue revenue cost
____ ____ hour) per book) (dollars) (MR) (MC)
14 52.00 ____ 9 24.50 220.50
____ ____ 19.50 9.00
15 51.00 ____ 10 24.00 ____
____ ____ ____ ____
16 50.00 ____ 11 23.50 ____
____ ____
____ ____
17 49.00 ____
____ ____ 12 23.00 ____
18 48.00 ____ ____ ____
____ ____ 13 22.50 ____
19 47.00 ____ ____ ____
____ ____ 14 22.00 ____
20 46.00 ____ ____ ____
____ ____ 15 21.50 ____
21 45.00 ____ ____ ____
16 21.00 ____
3. a. Laura’s cost curves are unchanged from problem ____ ____
2, but now consumers decrease their demand. 17 20.50 ____
____ ____
Table 12.3 lists some points on the new demand
18 20.00 ____
curve. Complete the table by copying the mar- ____ ____
ginal costs from Table 12.1, and by computing 19 19.50 ____
the new total revenue and marginal revenue. ____ ____
20 19.00 ____
b. What is Laura’s new profit-maximizing quantity
____ ____
of output? At what price does she now sell her 21 18.50 ____
books? What is her total profit? Explain your
answers.
MONOPOLY 213
13. d In the short run, depending on demand and Monopoly Policy Issues
cost, any firm can earn an economic profit, a 28. b If economies of scale are large enough, a mo-
normal profit, or incur an economic loss. nopoly might produce more than a competitive
14. c A monopoly might be able to earn an economic industry.
profit and, because of the barriers to entry, the 29. d The answer defines economies of scope.
economic profit can last indefinitely. 30. a Natural monopolies, such as electric power dis-
tributors and local telephone companies, are
Single-Price Monopoly and Competition
usually regulated by the government.
Compared
15. c A single-price monopoly creates a deadweight
loss because it produces less than a competitive Answers to Short Answer Problems
industry. 1. To sell an additional unit of output, a monopoly
16. a Because it produces less output, the monopoly is must lower its price. The additional unit sold at the
able to boost the price it charges. lower price adds to the firm’s revenue an amount
17. d The deadweight loss is created because a single- equal to the price. But a single-price monopoly also
price monopoly produces less than a perfectly lowers the price to previous customers who had
competitive industry. been paying more. Marginal revenue equals the new
18. a The consumer surplus is the area between the revenue, the new price, minus the loss of revenue
demand curve and the price. from lowering the price to previous customers, so
19. c The economic profit is the area of the rectangle marginal revenue is less than the price.
with its height the difference between P and
ATC and with its length the quantity produced. TABLE 12.4
20. a The producer benefits because the monopoly Short Answer Problem 2 (a)
can earn an economic profit; consumers lose be- Quantity (books Total cost Average total Marginal
cause of the reduction in consumer surplus; and per hour) (dollars) cost (ATC ) cost (MC )
society loses due to the deadweight loss. 9 247.00 27.44
9.00
21. d This answer is the reverse of the previous answer 10 256.00 25.60
and shows that society benefits from breaking up 11.00
a monopoly. 11 267.00 24.27
22. b The question defines rent seeking. 13.00
12 280.00 23.33
15.00
Price Discrimination 13 295.00 22.69
23. b The firm must be able to distinguish between 17.00
high and low willingness to pay customers in or- 14 312.00 22.29
der to determine who should be charged a high 19.00
15 331.00 22.07
price and who a low price. 21.00
24. c The monopoly raises its total revenue by cap- 16 352.00 22.00
turing some consumer surplus. 23.00
17 375.00 22.06
25. c Any price discrimination eliminates some con- 25.00
sumer surplus and perfect price discrimination 18 400.00 22.22
eliminates it all. 27.00
26. a Customers with a high average willingness to pay 19 427.00 22.47
29.00
are charged a higher price. 20 456.00 22.80
27. b Airlines price discriminate and charge business 31.00
travelers, who have a high average willingness to 21 487.00 23.19
pay, more than vacation travelers, who have a
low average willingness to pay. 2. a. Table 12.4 shows the average total costs and
marginal costs. The average total costs are cal-
216 CHAPTER 12
culated by dividing the total costs by the total revenue equals ($605 − $560) (11 − 10) or $45.
outputs. For instance, the average total cost The rest of the marginal revenues are computed
when 10 books are sold is $256 10 or $25.60. the same way.
The rest of the ATCs are calculated similarly. c. To maximize her profit, Laura produces at MR =
Marginal cost equals the change in the total cost MC. Between 18 and 19 books the marginal
divided by the change in output. For example, revenue is $29 and between 19 and 20, it is $27.
the marginal cost going from 10 to 11 units of So, at 19 books the marginal revenue is $28.
output is ($267 − $256) (11 − 10) , which equals Similarly, the marginal cost is $27 between 18
$11.00. The remainder of the MCs are calcu- and 19 books and $29 between 19 and 20
lated in the same way. books, which indicates that at 19 books the mar-
ginal cost is $28. Marginal revenue equals mar-
TABLE 12.5 ginal cost at an output of 19 books, so this
quantity is the profit-maximizing level of output.
Short Answer Problem 2 (b)
The data for the demand curve show that Laura
Quantity can sell 19 books at a price per book of $47, so
demanded Price Total Marginal Marginal the monopoly price is $47 per book. (Note that
(books per (dollars revenue revenue cost
the price, $47, is greater than the marginal cost,
hour) per book) (dollars) (MR ) (MC )
$28.) Laura’s economic profit equals her total
9 57.00 513.00
47.00 9.00 revenue minus her total cost. From Table 12.5,
10 56.00 560.00 the total revenue when selling 19 books is $893,
45.00 11.00 and, from Table 12.4, the total cost of selling 19
11 55.00 605.00 books is $427. Laura’s total economic profit is
43.00 13.00
12 54.00 648.00
$893 – $427 = $466.
41.00 15.00 d. Figure 12.8 shows the demand, MR, and cost
13 53.00 689.00 curves. The area of the darkened rectangle equals
39.00 17.00 Laura’s economic profit.
14 52.00 728.00
37.00 19.00
15 51.00 765.00 FIGURE 12.8
35.00 21.00 Short Answer Problem 2 (d)
16 50.00 800.00
33.00 23.00
Price and costs (dollars)
60
17 49.00 833.00
31.00 25.00
50
18 48.00 864.00 47
29.00 27.00 D
19 47.00 893.00 40
27.00 29.00
20 46.00 920.00 MC
30
25.00 31.00
21 45.00 945.00 MR
20 ATC
P.M.)
7. In order to maximize his profits, Derek should
that the price of the business rises means that FIGURE 12.12
you will be able to earn only a normal profit on Short Answer Problem 9
the funds that you use to buy the business. So, if
you want to earn an economic profit, you must
price monopolist.
c. The consumer surplus is largest in the perfectly
competitive industry; it is smallest (zero) with FIGURE 12.13
the perfectly price-discriminating monopoly. Short Answer Problem 9
d. The total economic profit is largest for the mo-
2. “Look, the whole idea of price discrimination is that you value a good and how much you have to pay for
a monopoly wants to charge you a price for the it. By price discriminating, the monopoly can re-
good that more closely reflects how much you value duce this difference: Customers who value it a lot,
it. If you value it a lot, the monopoly wants to stick pay a lot, and customers who don’t value it as much
you with a really high price; if you don’t value it too don’t pay as much. So, a price-discriminating mo-
much, the monopoly will let you buy it for a lower nopoly moves the price closer to how much the
price. Now, the idea behind consumer surplus is good is valued, and so the monopoly reduces con-
that it measures the difference between how much sumer surplus.”
MONOPOLY 221
Chapter Quiz 16. Which of the following occurs with both a perfectly
competitive industry and a perfectly price discrimi-
nating monopoly?
11. Which of the following is a feature of a monopoly?
a. The amount of output is inefficient.
a. Monopoly has no barriers to entry. b. The amount of output is efficient.
b. Monopolies produce a product with a very close c. Deadweight loss is created.
substitute. d. All consumer surplus is lost to the firm(s).
c. A monopoly is the only supplier of the product.
d. A monopoly faces a perfectly elastic demand for 17. A single-price monopolist will shut down if price is
its product. a. less than average fixed cost.
b. less than the minimum average variable cost.
12. A patent is a ____ barrier to entry and a public
c. greater than the minimum average total cost.
franchise is a ____ barrier to entry.
d. greater than minimum average variable cost but
a. natural; natural less than minimum average total cost.
b. natural; legal
c. legal; natural 18. The reason that a perfectly competitive industry is
d. legal; legal more efficient than a single-price monopoly is
because the perfectly competitive industry
13. In a monopoly, the marginal revenue curve lies
a. has higher total costs.
a. above the demand curve. b. produces more output.
b. on top of the demand curve. c. has a market demand that is more elastic.
c. below the demand curve. d. None of the above.
d. sometimes above, sometimes on top of, and
sometimes below the demand curve depending 19. Compared to a perfectly competitive industry, a
on the marginal cost curve. monopoly transfers
a. deadweight loss to consumers.
14. The more perfectly a monopoly can price discrimi-
b. deadweight loss to producers.
nate, the ____ its output and the ____ its profit.
c. producer surplus to consumers.
a. higher; higher d. consumer surplus to the producer.
b. higher; lower
c. lower; higher 10. Economies of scope arise when
d. lower; lower a. an increase in output leads to a fall in average
total cost.
15. A price discriminating monopoly charges higher
b. an increase in the range of goods produced
prices to customers with
causes average total cost to fall.
a. lower quantities demanded. c. doubling the monopoly firm’s inputs more than
b. higher quantities demanded. doubles its output.
c. higher average willingness to pay. d. high profit allows the company to undertake
d. lower average willingness to pay. more research and development.