KKKA6203 BINARIUM

Research Based Project

Information Technology Implementation in Aiding Construction Safety

Planning: A Review
(Pelaksanaan Teknologi Maklumat dalam Membantu Perancangan Keselamatan Pembinaan: Ulasan)

Ahmad Khairul Anwar Bin Ahmad Kassim

Programme of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Rapid development of technological information is one of the pivotal point as it plays an

important roles in improving safety factors in construction industry as the industry has fatality
and injuries rate that can be rated as quite high. Convectional safety assessment needs some
upgrades and it is through the usage of relevant information technology. By proper equipment
and data collected from the site, workers can learn the proper ways to do works and managers
can monitor the site and provide workers a suitable and safer working conditions. Information
technology (IT) varies depend on the purposes of the usage and working conditions ranging
from trackers and sensor-based programs to simulation programs. The objective of this review
is to identify the IT classifications and linkage of information technology with the safety
performance at construction site. This review is beneficial to the management and OSH
practitioners in assessing the risks at construction projects. It is also will benefit both workers
and public who are exposed to the risks resulting from work activities at the construction site
and direct site safety assessment. Effective risk management with the aids of information
technology will create a safe construction project for all and avoid the occurrence of an accident
or even at the very least, mitigate the potential consequences.

Keywords: Information technology, IT classification, linkage

ABSTRAK

Perkembangan pesat teknologi maklumat merupakan salah satu fakta yang sangat penting
kerana ia memainkan peranan penting dalam meningkatkan faktor keselamatan dalam industri
pembinaan sebagai industri yang mempunyai kadar kematian dan kecederaan yang boleh
dinilai sebagai agak tinggi. Penilaian keselamatan secara konvensional memerlukan beberapa
penambahbaikan melalui penggunaan teknologi maklumat yang berkaitan. Dengan peralatan
yang betul dan data yang diperoleh daripada tapak pembinaan, pekerja boleh belajar cara-
cara yang betul untuk melakukan kerja-kerja pembinaan dan pengurus boleh memantau kerja-
kerja di tapak pembinaan dan menyediakan pekerja keadaan kerja yang sesuai dan selamat.
Teknologi maklumat (IT) berbeza bergantung kepada tujuan penggunaan dan keadaan kerja
yang terdiri daripada program berasaskan konsep pengesanan kepada program simulasi.
Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti klasifikasi IT dan perkaitan teknologi
maklumat dengan prestasi keselamatan di tapak pembinaan. Kajian ini memberi manfaat
kepada pihak pengurusan dan pekerja OSH dalam menilai risiko pada projek-projek
pembinaan. Ia juga akan memberi manfaat kepada kedua-dua pekerja dan orang awam yang
terdedah kepada risiko yang terhasil daripada aktiviti kerja di tapak pembinaan dan penilaian
keselamatan tapak secara langsung. Pengurusan risiko yang berkesan dengan bantuan
teknologi maklumat akan mewujudkan satu projek pembinaan yang selamat untuk semua dan
mengelakkan berlakunya kemalangan atau sekurang-kurangnya, mengurangkan potensi kesan-
kesan atas suatu tindakan.

Kata kunci: Teknologi maklumat, klasifikasi IT, perkaitan

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Safety issue is the highest priority in
any workplace. That also applied to the
construction industry. Since the
construction industry is among the biggest
contributors to the work-related fatalities
and injuries rate (Azhar, 2017). According
to the data taken from Bureau of Labor
Statistics, in 2012, shown that 806
construction workers turned out to be
casualties, which represents 17.4% of fatal
work injuries in the United States. 806
fatalities indicate that the fatal work injury
rate is 9.9 for every hundred thousand full-
time equivalent construction workers (Choe
& Leite, 2015).
The construction site tends to get
busy at times. Thus, the need of supervision
have to be fulfilled as the poor condition at
sites would increase the risk that would be
imposed on the workers’ safety and later on
would impact the organization in terms of
high cost solutions (Bansal, 2010).
Despite the efforts on trying to
decrease safety-related issues at
construction site with the help of safety
professionals and strong governmental
enforcement in regulations, fatalities and
injuries rate have not shown any significant
declination (Choe & Leite, 2015). Complex,
tedious and time-consuming conventional
processes always made professional
designers and experts tend to meet the short
end of the stick in evaluating factors
regarding potential risk causal factors
(Zhou et al., 2013). Dynamic nature of
projects in construction industries making
conventional methods of predicting,
evaluating, and handling safety-related risk
causal factors to be more and more less
relevant over the years (Akhavian &
Behzadan, 2012).
Size of the project will affect the
data collection in building safety
countermeasures in various construction
planning stages mainly in designing,
analysing, planning and controlling phases.
With the increment of operation size of the
project, the assessment can be a hassle
(Akhavian & Behzadan, 2012).
According to Azhar (2017), the
implementation of information technology
has been proposed as of late to facilitate the
growth of the projects along with the
countermeasure plans in mitigating risk
causal factors. These information-based
technology can be presented in many types
and forms as to cope with the lack of details
in conventional methods.
Conventional methods in safety
planning often executed with the aid of 2D
drawings and execution schedule for
hazards identification purposes. Through
this, designers need to understand the
drawings and personally visualized the 2D
drawings and convert it to 3D structures
making the output of the safety assessment
to be varies from one planner to the other
due to the difference of experience,
perspective and knowledge (Bansal, 2011).
Objective of this review study are
being proposed and focused on is to review
the types of information technology
described by several chosen articles or
studies, and to review the linkage of
information technology with the safety
performance at construction site during
planning process in facilitating the stage of
designing, analysing, planning and
controlling phases regarding safety issues.
2.0 METHODOLOGY
This study is partitioned into several parts.
The initial part is the previous study section
which past articles are reviewed about types
of information technologies associated with
the studies. This section emphasized on
which classifications of information
technology that are being focused on to
handle certain risk issues with appropriate
programs or technology equipped.
The second section is the part which the
determination of linkage of information
technology with the risks associated and
safety performance at construction site
during planning process in aiding
construction safety planning. In this section,
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information technology can be known as
one of key factors of modern solutions on
how to effectively decrease the fatality and
injuries rate in construction industry.
3.0 PREVIOUS STUDIES
Several information technology
types that can be found described and
studied by previous researches and studies
that have been done. Many studies claimed
that it does improve the fatality and injuries
rate by predicting the potential risk causal
factors through visualization, simulation,
data tracking, and intelligent supervision.
Figure 1 and 2 representing countries
contribution on reviewed articles and IT
classifications of the articles respectively.
Table 1 shows the classifications articles on
IT in construction safety published.

Figure 1: Countries contribution in article publications.

25
23

20

15

10
8
7
6
5
5

1 1 1
0
USA China Australia Korea Germany Finland India Newzealand

Figure 2: Information technology classifications.

Source: Skibniewski (2014)

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Table 1: Classification of articles on IT in construction safety published.
Paper Classification No of Articles
 Trackers and sensors
sensor based systems for
construction safety.
 Building information
modelling analysis.
3.1 Trackers and sensors
Nowadays, technology have come
far enough to make things less complicated
in terms of monitoring activities by
accessing wireless technology at site for
management purposes in constructions.
Trackers and sensors are the initiatives
known to ease constructors or managers to
have access on real-time event at
construction sites (Akhavian &Behzadan,
2012).
Although tracking at the very basic
concept used to need human intelligent to
monitor on the events and identifying risk
potential, some technological improvement
have been done for the past years on
implementation of automated real-time site
monitoring as it equipped with the ability to
ease risk tracking (Skibniewski, 2014).
Many types of trackers and sensors
can be classified and identified for which
and each of their primary functions. Popular
ones are Global Positioning System (GPS)
and Geographic Information System (GIS).
These systems provide clients the access of
analytical tools to capture, storage, analyse,
and display spatial information that later on
can be stored for cloud computing (Bansal,
2011).
Sensors also are used and often used
in pair with trackers as they serve the basic
purpose of locating resources, spatial
information and even potential risk
occurrence locations (Ding & Zhou, 2013).
There are many types of sensors out there
that offer a good quality in serving the
purpose of alerting the management of a
project of potential safety risks. One of
Proportion of Articles
Reviewed
15 37.5%
38 95.0%
sensors that commonly used is RFID which
stand for Radio Frequency Identification
system. This system used to predict
potential risk situations calls for real-time
intelligent site monitoring and offer
workers the ability to react when the level
of risk increases (Teizer et al., 2010).
Besides conflict zone detection and
vertical construction resource tracking, 3D
location-sensing algorithms have been
developed to analyse the possible 3D
locations of objects based on RFID sensor-
generated information. (Skibniewski, 2012).
Vision-based sensing and tracking such as
RFID has been presented in architecture
concept in Figure 3 by Teizer (2015).
Other than RFID, there are also
some recognized sensor systems which are
still used up to date such as Wireless Local
Area Network (WLAN), Ultra-wide Band
(UwB) and many more. UwB is a system
which using technology of radio-based
sensing where this system use low energy
compared to most of radio-based sensing
system. Though, it has lower reliability,
accuracy and is not very much seen to have
been used for practical usage due to being
an emerging technology for the past few
years (Choe & Leite, 2017).
A few contextual investigations
have exhibited the fruitful utilization of
these advances in development where the
data obtained from tracking and sensor
detecting can be implemented into other
following information technology to fulfil
other purposes on facilitating project
(Teizer, 2013). To give some examples that
likewise contain some vision based
detecting or following; imperfection
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recognition, fast 3D and 4D CAD
displaying, advance observing, geo-
referencing existing undertaking level data
simulations, representation continuous asset
Figure 3: Concept architecture for vision-based sensing and tracking for site operations analysis.
Source: Teizer (2015)
According to some researches, there
are also other types of trackers that served
safety purposes. For a development
administrator experiencing vulnerable sides,
a route framework that provides 3D data
continuously about a structure and its
environment, and the situation of the item
being lifted have been created utilizing laser
and encoder sensors.
Ultrasonic sensors are utilized to bit
by bit get the exact condition of obstructions,
security judgment and Anti-Collision
caution through multi-sensor data
combination systems. With situating and
individual ID sensors in the specialist's
hardhat, real area of every workers are
contrasted and confirmed and a database
containing the errands and procedures being
performed nearby (Li et al., 2015).
3.2 Simulation
According to Akhavian & Behzadan
(2012), simulation is the major research
areas nowadays in exploring initiatives of
implementing new interactive ways for
tracking and information perception, virtual
plan and expanded reality and specialist
wellbeing and execution (Teizer, 2015).
various purposes into construction industry
especially for real-time resource re-
enactment and safety planning. Since
simulation is the new approach emerged
from the previous researches, the
information gathered on this initiative not
yet can be considered as matured and more
data gathering is very encouraged. Through
the usage of simulation, safety planning and
engineering systems can be re-enact
without direct confrontation with the event
or possible source of the risks and also
rendering the project management to be
easily manipulate activity patterns and
interactions (Zhang et al., 2015).
For simulation, it can be seen to be
implemented into construction industry in
form of Building Information Modelling
(BIM) as it mostly facilitate project
development and 3D/4D safety risk
assessment simulation. Augmented Reality
(AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) also
implemented for more detailed event
simulation mainly for human resource
training purposes with more interactive
ways (Teizer et al., 2013).
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3.2.1 Building Information Modelling
(BIM)
BIM usage has quickly picked up
prevalence in both the scholastic research
and field usage over the design, building,
and construction development industry.
Coordinating data, for example, schedule
and cost, BIM can help with providing basic
information amid design, planning,
construction, and operation phases. In the
development or construction stage
Figure 4: Framework for implementing an automated rule-based safety checking in BIM.
Source: Zhang et al. (2013)
3.2.2 Virtual Reality and Augmented
Reality (VR/AR)
Virtual reality (VR) has been used in
various fields and that includes construction
field with proved beneficial. VR is an
environment which it is the product of
generated computer codes with the purpose
of stimulating one visual sense. In
construction industry, VR has been used in
several aspects as in worker training,
especially, BIM gives fundamental data for
examination and checking procedures, for
example, conflict goals, development
advance observation, and development
assets tracking. It altogether improves the
effectiveness in correspondence and
coordination between supervisory group
and field teams (Fang et al., 2016). Figure
4 shows framework for implementing an
automated rule-based safety checking in
BIM illustrated by Zhang et al. (2013)
inspection, safety management, and plant
operations (Guo et al., 2012; Li et al., 2012).
By the method of implementing VR,
safety actions can be presented to be as an
early act of preventive countermeasures.
Thus, safety awareness can be developed
and taught through visual simulations
towards the understanding of specific
building works and processes involved.
Furthermore, this simulation method able to
clearly deliver clear messages to the
workers about site scenarios, hazards, and
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consequences of action taken (Miller et al.,
2012).
Using VR, the proposed framework
makes vivid, available, and enamouring
learning conditions that bear the cost of
students an experiential chance to gain
wellbeing information and improve their
peril recognizable proof capacities. VR is
received as a psychological learning stage
enabling learners and workers to inspect
virtual site conditions, distinguish dangers,
and see the immediate outcomes of their
activities, without inconvenient genuine
results (Pedro et al., 2016).
Augmented reality (AR) is different
compared to VR to some degree. As a rising
innovation, AR incorporates pictures of
virtual items into a genuine world. By
embedding all intents and purposes
Figure 5: Classification of shared spaces according to transportation and artificiality.
Source: Li et al. (2018)
mimicked models into this present reality
and making an augmented visualization
(Park & Kim, 2013), AR innovation could
fulfil the objective of improving an
individual impression of a virtual
prototyping with genuine substances. This
gives a virtual world an enhanced
association with this present reality while
keeping up the adaptability of the virtual
world. Specifically, AR, produces a mixed
condition where a large portion of the visual
sensation originates from this present
reality and a small portion of virtual
components (Pedro et al., 2016). Figure 5
show the classification of shared spaces
according to transportation and artificiality
(Li et al., 2018).
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Table 2: Summary on articles for construction safety assessment for information technology linkage
with safety factors.

Information
Information
Technology

Simulation
Detection /
Geospatial
Technique

Inspection

Condition
Program/

Working
Training
Types of
Author
Article

Safety

Safety
Used

Risk
Akhavian &
Simulation & BIM-DDAS +
Behzadan X X X X
Trackers/Sensors GIS
(2012)
Azhar (2017) Simulation BIM X X
Simulation &
Bansal (2011) BIM + GIS X X
Trackers/Sensors
Pedro et al.
Simulation AR/VR X X X X
(2016)
Zhang et al.
Simulation BIM X X X X
(2015)
Cheng & Simulation & BIM + GIS +
X X X X X
Teizer (2013) Tracker/Sensors AR/VR
Choe & Leite Simulation &
BIM + GIS X X
(2015) Trackers/Sensors
Choe & Leite BIM +
Simulation X X X X X
(2017) AR/VR
Collins et al.
Simulation BIM X X X
(2014)
Ding et al.
Simulation BIM-WBS X X
(2012)
Ding & Zhou
Trackers/Sensors GIS X X X
(2013)
Fang et al. Simulation & BIM + GIS-
X X X X
(2016) Tracker/Sensors RFID
Golovina et al.
Trackers/Sensors GIS-GPS X X X X
(2016)
Guo et al.
Simulation AR/VR X X X
(2012)
Jupp et al.
Simulation BIM X X X
(2007)
Kasirossafar &
Shahbodaghlou Simulation BIM X X
(2012)
Kim & Ahn
Simulation BIM X
(2011)
Kim & Cho
Simulation BIM X X
(2015)
Kim et al.
Simulation BIM X X X X
(2016)
BIM +
Li et al. (2012) Simulation X X X
AR/VR

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4.0 Safety Factors Linkage with
Information Technology
Safety factors seems to have some linkage with
the implementation of information technology
as referring to Table 2 which summarizes
contribution of information technology in
aiding construction safety planning based on
several chosen articles. In this section,
discussion made to describe the factors affected
according to past studies related to relevant
issues in regards of safety performances in
construction site.
4.1 Safety Training
Safety training is the programme which the
organization should provide to the workers to
ensure their own safety and to avoid
unnecessary event such as casualties and
structure damages. Although safety training has
to put the manager through some early
investment, it will bear favourable results for a
long run.
With the implementation of
information technology, the aid of the latter
shall improve safety performance on site.
According to Pedro et al. (2016), studies have
considered the utilization of building
information modelling (BIM) and game
simulation technique for the advancement of
instructive and training devices. Virtual training
framework can aid workers with provided
incorporated framework comprising of a
preparation perception suite, an interface model,
and guidance module (Cheng & Teizer, 2013).
The anxiousness of workers can be reduced
through preparing and training session– by
expanding their working abilities and
consciousness of perils nearby – and
accordingly bringing down the frequency of
mishaps (Guo et al., 2012).
By referring to Table 2, several articles
with information technology are related to
training programme which are claiming that
workers training with the aid of information
technology does improve workers safety.
4.2 Safety Inspection
Safety inspection is one of the most basic way
yet most effective means to detect any potential
hazardous onsite with the reference to the
conditions applied at working site. One of the
initiatives to conduct an effective inspection is
through constant observations and monitoring.
As known, constant monitoring can be quite
tedious and tricky as it needs experts to fully
analyse the conditions of the observed locations,
object, asset and many more. By
implementation of information technology,
many claims that data collection of site can be
procured with acceptable proficiency and lower
time consumptions.
Referring to Zhang et al. (2015), the
study conducting slab edge and wall opening
protection detailed view. With the aid of
information technology, detailed data obtained
from site observation can be simplified for the
use of superintendent. The program used can
calculate required safety equipment based of
observed data as it support multiple Design-for-
Safety (DfS) concepts and thus can be used as
inspection checklist.
Measurements taken from trackers and
sensor-based system can be used to predict risk
potential. Data procured later can be derived by
applying relevant mathematical formula to
produce visualized mechanical model for safety
inspection training of different failure modes
for metro construction (Ding & Zhou, 2013).
4.3 Working Condition
Working condition may varies depend on the
type of construction job. Working condition is
one of the factor that can affect workers
behaviour and project quality. Through frequent
inspection, working condition can be improved
by taking into account the site safety
information through smart surveillance systems,
trackers and sensors. Observed data then
visualized for the purpose of site management
and potential hazard countermeasures.
Building information modelling used to
generate heat map for predictive safety
precautions which taking into account the site
geometry and already-built structures involved
by providing digital construction information
coordinates (Golovina et al., 2016). Working
condition simulated into BIM information
format can be used for visualizing unsafe
working behaviour for training purposes. The
working condition presented in 3D animation to
effectively visualize typical hazards that will
workers associate with such as welding without
gloves, etc. (Li et al., 2012).
By referring to working conditions of
the site, early risk prevention and risk mitigation
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can be prepared more effectively with good
planning models.
4.4 Geospatial Information
Geospatial information is very important for
every construction projects as it indicates the
information on how the particular features exist
on the earth surface and also holds any metadata
of the geographic components.
To measure such data, implementation
of GIS is needed. Safety planning is not only
can be referred to construction sequence
visualization in BIM or even 4D models but it
also needs gravity safety planning
countermeasure which topography of the site
location holds a major role in stabilizing the
foundation of the construction site and work
flows of the project (Bansal 2011).
Kim et al. (2016) built a model for
building workspace where it would be used to
provide boundaries of work packages and
sequences with the aid of BIM simulation to
mark and uses the geometry zones to create
workspaces that occupied by workers.
4.5 Risk Detection / Simulation
By referring to the summary in Figure 2,
potential hazard or risk detection is the main
point of every articles reviewed. By early
detection of possible risk cause, effective
countermeasures can be taken to avoid any
casualties. Most of the approach of the risk
detection uses trackers and sensor-based system
which can indicates the possible event of high-
Table 3: Typical relationship of safety factors with relevant information technology implementation.
Information Technology Implementation
Safety Factors
Sensor-based
Trackers
system
Safety training
Safety inspection X X
Working Condition
Geospatial
X X
Information
Risk
X X
Detection/Simulation
risk that possible to occur under certain
condition if it is not avoided. Then, risk
simulation is also one of the possible ways to
simulate an event of which tends to occur if the
conditions of the event are met. Simulations can
be formed from 3D or 4D structure analysing
BIM or from VR/AR. Since the risk detection in
this case is simulated, any unnecessary injuries
or casualties can be avoided.
According to Cheng & Teizer (2013),
experiment was conducted in Southeast
Regional Ironworker Training Facility in
Atlanta, Georgia which is to test the
applicability of the real-time location tracking
UwB tagged to their outfit for the purpose of
risk detection through feedback information
received digitally from the workers. The event
then was visualized to understand how it came
to the close-call.
Safety factors have been the main focus
of this review study. Relationship of the safety
factors with the way to implement information
technology can be the key to assess any
potential danger with proper equipment and
tools that can lead to the cost effectiveness of
the project. Table 3 shows the typical
relationship of safety factors assessed in project
safety planning with the relevant information
technology implementation. By the following, it
can be seen that all safety factors are linked with
the information technologies as they are able to
ease and aid the projects in managing various
tasks including resource management, data
procurements, and ensuring environment safety
for workers at site (Akhavian & Behzadan,
2012).
Augmented /
3D/4D CAD
Virtual Reality
BIM Simulation
Simulation
X X
X
X X
X
X X
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5.0 CONCLUSIONS
From the review study that has been conducted
based on previous articles led the study to some
conclusions and recommendation.
Safety factors can be seen play
important roles in determining the safety of the
workplaces throughout the project. By
implementation of innovative and relevant
information technology, works that supposedly
taking much longer time, works, and costs can
be cut down to such degree that can lead the
project to success with effective cost
management.
Information technology can be seen as
a ‘blooming’ initiative to aid safety planning in
construction industry. As reviewed, information
technology can be classified into several parts
which are often used in these past years based
on previous studies. Among the classified
information technology is trackers and sensor-
based systems and simulations. Trackers and
sensor-based systems such as RFID and UwB
(Cheng et al., 2011; Fang et al., 2016) are useful
in tracking resources and workers at the sites as
it serve the very purpose of monitoring and
supervising any transactions and events that
occurred at the sites. With the monitoring data
recorded, the data then are stored to cloud-based
system as it can serve to be a sharing program
for various countermeasure and future planning
purposes with the supervision of managers (Zou
et al., 2017).
Other than mentioned information
technology, simulation is one of the most used
initiatives in aiding visual representation of the
sites and consequences of various actions for
future references without taking any potential
risks by confronting them first-hand.
Simulations are the re-enactment of various
aspects at sites for further planning, resource
relocations, project framework, workers
placement, and much more by taking spatial
information of site and respective metadata to
represent them in form of 3D models for better
understanding and detailed assessments (Zhang
et al., 2014). Simulation-based technology that
often used based on relevant previous referred
articles are BIM-based simulation modelling
and Augmented or Virtual Reality. BIM-based
simulation more focused on early understanding
with detailed 3D visualisation representation of
site and project making very suitable to be used
as project proposal and structure detailing for
safety design placement (Kim & Cho, 2015).
Augmented and Virtual Reality usually used for
training purposes with interactive approach
making it easy to be understand for workers.
Based on this approach, fundamental
understanding on how to manage works
properly at sites and consequences of actions
taken that can be implied through visual
learning with simulated 3D environment
(Teizer et al., 2013).
For future references, the
unpredictability and vulnerability of large scale
metro development brings increasingly
specialized and administrative difficulties, for
example, neighbouring structure establishment
security, dynamic geographical conditions,
tight development plans, recently connected
inventive development strategies making new
opportunities for future development building
and related IT researches thus, further studies
are much more encouraged to ensure these
initiatives to have much more efficient
approaches.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to express sincere thanks
to Dr. Muhamad Azry bin Khoiry for endless
support throughout this project.
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