BEAM

Reinforced Concrete Beam

SOFiSTiK | 2020
 BEAM
Reinforced Concrete Beam
BEAM Manual, Version 2020-0
Software Version SOFiSTiK 2020
Copyright © 2019 by SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleissheim, Germany.

SOFiSTiK AG

HQ Oberschleissheim Office Nuremberg

Bruckmannring 38 Burgschmietstr. 40
85764 Oberschleissheim 90419 Nuremberg
Germany Germany

T +49 (0)89 315878-0 T +49 (0)911 39901-0

F +49 (0)89 315878-23 F +49(0)911 397904
info@sofistik.com
www.sofistik.com

This manual is protected by copyright laws. No part of it may be translated, copied or reproduced, in any form or by
any means, without written permission from SOFiSTiK AG. SOFiSTiK reserves the right to modify or to release
new editions of this manual.

The manual and the program have been thoroughly checked for errors. However, SOFiSTiK does not claim that
either one is completely error free. Errors and omissions are corrected as soon as they are detected.

The user of the program is solely responsible for the applications. We strongly encourage the user to test the
correctness of all calculations at least by random sampling.

Front Cover
Project: Queensferry Crossing | Photo: Bastian Kratzke
 Contents | BEAM

Contents

Contents i

1 Task Description 1-1

2 Theoretical Principles 2-1

2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.2 Cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.3 Geometric model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.3.1 Smoothing and Reducing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
2.3.2 Linear Moment Redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
2.4 Loadcase Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2.5 Ultimate limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.6 Serviceability limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.6.1 Crack control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
2.6.2 Checking deflections by calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
2.7 Reinforcement detailling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

3 Design according EN 1992-1-1 3-1

3.1 Ductile Moment Redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.2 Crack Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
3.3 Checking deflections by calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

4 Design according DIN EN 1992-1-1 4-1

4.1 Crack Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 Checking deflections by calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

5 Input Language 5-1

5.1 Input Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.2 CTRL – Control of calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
5.3 ECHO – Control of the Extent of Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
5.4 DSLN – Select Design Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
5.5 POS – Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
5.6 LPOS – Position along the beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
5.7 COMB – Load case combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
5.8 DESI – Control options for the Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
5.9 DELR – Ductile elastic redistribution of bending moments . . . . . . . . . 5-11
5.10 LRF – Line Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
5.11 SRF – Shear Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
5.12 DEFL – Calculation of deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
5.13 CRCK – Crack Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17

SOFiSTiK 2020 i
BEAM | Contents

ii SOFiSTiK 2020
 Task Description | BEAM

1 Task Description

BEAM analyzes and designs a continuous concrete beam in the Ultimate and Serviceability
Limit State. The design code EN 1992-1-1:2004 and DIN EN 1992-1-1:2011 (NA:2013) are
supported. If the standard code is not supported, then the design will be applied according to
EN 1992-1-1:2004.

The materials, cross sections and design curves are defined with the module AQUA. The
model and boundary conditions can be created with SOFIMSHC. The number of spans are not
limited, but the calculation time can increase with the number of spans. The definition of loads
will be applied through the module SOFILOAD. The beam is only considering uniaxial or biaxial
design without any torsional moments. If they are written in the database, the beam module
will neglect these kind of moments. The command reference describes the control CTRL AXIA
for uniaxial or biaxial bending. The calculation of the forces can be done with ASE or STAR2.

In general the BEAM works only with the so called design elements, which can be generated
by the module DECREATOR. The huge benefit is, that the design sections are independent of
a member’s finite element discretization. These so called design sections can be defined at
arbitrary locations to mark a shear cut, or to mark the face of a support condition. DECRE-
ATOR will interpolate the forces according to the defined design sections and store them in the
database. Hereby, it is possible to select specific loadcases or to transfer all loadcases to the
design elements.

The BEAM collects all information from the database and analyzes and designs the Ultimate
limit state and checks the Serviceability limit state. The result is a compact printout about the
required reinforcement and verifies the Serviceability limit state.

Additional features regarding a continuous beam design are implemented in BEAM (see
CTRL). The printout can be controlled through ECHO levels. The default setting ECHO FULL
YES represents the compact printout with all necessary informations.

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BEAM | Task Description

1-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

 A1 B1 C1 D1
+20.000 Theoretical Principles | BEAM

Dlt Achse A-C x

A 2z Theoretical Principles
B C D
6.500 2.500 6.500
0.150 0.300 0.300 0.150
6.200 2.200 6.200
2.1 Materials Unit: [m]
Support 15.500 M 1:120
The concrete and reinforced steel are defined with the modul AQUA. Every definition will have
eam No. 99 (schematic
an impact system
on the representation)
modul BEAM. For example the design curves can be chosen with a limited
or extended to infinite strains. There are some further restrictions regarding torsion and shear
upport situation
xis
deformation areas. BEAM
Support x
does not consider shear deformation areas and torsion. So it is
b Type
recommended to deactivate
[m] the shear deformation areas and the torsion. If it is activated, it
[mm]
1 A will be considered throughout
0.000 150.0inner
the forces.direct
Concrete Although, the verification for the Serviceability
1 B limit state will not6.500
be taken into300.0
account the shear
Concrete directdeformation areas.
1 C 9.000 300.0 Concrete direct
1 D 15.500 150.0 Concrete direct
2.2
Width of support situation Cross section
aterials The program BEAM currently supports the shape of a rectangle or a t-beam and they should be
MNo Type considered
Title as bending members. The modul AQUA offers the command SREC to define these
1 Concrete standard
C 25/30 cross sections. The definition of minimum reinforcement or custom reinforcement will
(EN 1992)
2 Steel B considered
be 500 B (EN 1992)
and used as a lower limit. The printout shows a schematic arrangement for the
reinforcement layers (see Figure 2.1).
ross sections

2400.0
65.0
y

z
650.0

65.0
Unit: [mm]

ross section no. 1 - B/H/Bw/Hf 2400/650/300/200 mm

Figure 2.1: Schematic cross section
ross section values
Ncs Mat bw[mm] b[mm] h[mm] hf[mm] a,z-[mm] a,z+[mm] E[MPa]
MRf BEAMA[m2]
uses the first Ay[m2]
and second layer. Hereby, the
Iy[m4] first layer is
yc[mm] arranged I-1[m4]
ysc[mm] on the lower part and
G[MPa]
the second layer is defined
Az[m2] on the upper
Iz[m4] part. If there
zc[mm] is a third layer,
zsc[mm] which could
I-2[m4] be defined
1 1 as constructive
300.0 reinforcement,
2400.0 then it 650.0
will be considered
200.0 in the design
65.0 analysis.
65.0 31475.80
2 6.1500E-01 1.501E-02 2.314E-01 13114.92
Hint 2.314E-01 -68.5 1.501E-02
he design is created using the gross sectional area
at Material No. If there is a different reinforcement layer definition, then the programme behaviour is un-
b width of upper or lower edge
w width of cross section
predictable.
hf height of flange
,z-,a,z+ Distance between the reinforcement from the upper and lower edge
Young's modulus
Rf Reinforcement material number
cross sectional areaThe T-Beam has an extra option to activate shear cuts in each flange part. This option can be
y,Az transverse shear deformations
activated through AQUA with the command SREC and the parameter SPT. It will be recognized
y,Iz bending moment of intertia
c,zc ordinate of elastic centroid
and carries out the shear flange design. There will appear two different tables in the printout.
sc,zsc ordinate of shear centre
The first will be the design of the web and the second table shows the shear flange design.

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-1

BEAM | Theoretical Principles

The following example shows how to activate shear cuts:

+PROG AQUA
HEAD "Material and Cross section"
NORM DIN EN1992-2004
CONC 1 C 25
SSLA EPS ULTI SIG 1.5 TYPE LIM
STEE 2 B 500B
SSLA EPS ULTI SIG 1.15 TYPE LIM
SREC 1 H 650 B 300 HO 200 BO 2400 SO 50 SU 50 SS 50 MNO 1 MRF 2 SPT 5
END

Hereby, the shear flange design will be divided in ranges depending on the design code. The
design code EN 1992-1-1 in Ch. 6.2.4 (3) describes the maximum for Δ x, that should be
the maximum range between the moment of zero and the maximum span moment has to be
divided in two sections. If a detailed shear flange design is requested, then it is recommended
to set an higher division factor for these intervals, which can be increased with the command
DESI and the parameter FDX.

Serveral cross sections and materials can be defined. If they are linked with the design ele-
ments, the beam module will take into account these discontinuity areas between the cross
sections. Additional features like smoothing or reducing the forces is currently for several cross
sections limited.

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 Theoretical Principles | BEAM

2.3 Geometric model

The geometric model and the boundary conditions can be created with SOFIMSHC or
SOFIMSHA. It is also possible to work with QUAD elements in SOFIMSHA and transfer the
QUADs to the design elements (see manual DECREATOR).

Before using the DECREATOR, the loading and calculation should be carried out first. The se-
lection of several structure lines represents one continuous beam the so called design element.
The design element generates per default several internal sections, which can be adjusted with
the command DSLN and the parameter HDIV. The support condition is represented with three
different literals with the command DSLC for the main bending direction TYPM HFAC (hinged),
IFAC (indirect) and CFAC (clamped). These commands defines the face of the support situa-
tion. There is no need to set up some explicit design section at the support axis.

Additional design sections are TYPM SHEA and SECT. The explicit shear section marks, that
the shear force can be reduced to the support axis. Of course, it depends what kind of support
situation is defined.

The Figure 2.2 shows for an one span beam member, that the definition of the shear cut at the
SOFiSTiK AG * Bruckmannring 38 * 85764 Oberschleißheim Seite 1
location of 1.2 [m] is considered as a decisive shear section and it reduces the shear force to
SOFiSTiK 2018 BEAM 11.12.2018
System
the support axis. Position:
Design Code: DIN EuroNorm EN 1992-1-1:2004 (NA:2013) Concrete Structures

View of the beams

+PROG DECREATOR 0.000

HEAD "Design Element" A

z
x
B
8.000
DSLN 99 HDIV 0.25 0.200
7.600
0.200
Unit: [m]

DGEO SLN 1 Support 8.000 M 1:62

Beam No. 99 (schematic system representation)

DSLC REF STRT S 0.2 TYPM HFAC -383.63

DSLC REF STRT S 1.2 TYPM SHEA

DSLC REF STRT S 4.0 TYPM SECT
DSLC REF STRT S 6.8 TYPM SHEA
SOFiSTiK AG - www.sofistik.de

xA B
z
DSLC REF STRT S 7.8 TYPM HFAC
END VzEd [kN]
383.63
8.000 M 1:62

Design Forces VzEd - x-z plane

Support situation
Axis Support
Figure 2.2:
x
Reduced
b Type
shear force
[m] [mm]
A 0.000 200.0 Masonry
B 8.000 200.0 Masonry
2.3.1 Smoothing and Reducing b Width of support situation

Materials
MNo Type Title
The smoothing can be activated or deactivated with the command CTRL. It depends on what
1 Concrete
2 Steel
C 25/30 (EN 1992)
B 500 B (EN 1992)

kind of support situation is defined with the DECREATOR. The column moments at an hinged
Cross sections

support situation will be reduced by an amount ΔMEd as shown in equation 2.1 according to EN 400.0
60.0

1992-1-1, Ch. 5.3.2.2. The curve of the inner forces is smoothed with a parabola. Because the y
800.0
faces of a support situation is only defined with two design sections, the smoothing appears as z

a linear function (see Figure 2.3): 60.0

Unit: [mm]

Cross section no. 1 - B/H = 400 / 800 mm

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-3

K 2018 Durchlaufträger Bemessung
Wommelsdorf Kap. 7.9
fträger BEAM | Theoretical Principles

A B

FEd, 
MEd,y,red = MEd,y − (2.1) -528.75
8

Figure 2.3: Smoothed bending moment

If the support
0.0 condition is clamped, then the decisive bending moment is at each face of the
nring 38 * 85764 Oberschleißheim
ufträger Bemessung support. When the bending moments are reduced, it will be checked, if the minimum bending
momentDlt according
Achse A-C to ENx 1992-1-1, Ch. 5.3.2.2 is below the allowed moment. If there are two
ap. 7.9 z
different bending moments, then the moments will be connected through a linear function.

A B C

363.65
-547.56
363.65

8.00 8.00

0.0
A1 B1
Dlt Achse A-C x
z

317.16
350.90
MyEd [kNm]
M 1:128

8.00 8.00

A1 B1 C1

Figure 2.4: Reduced bending moment

The indirect support condition can also be reduced, but it depends if the cross section is a
bearer or upstand t-beam. If it is an upstand t-beam, then the inner lever arm is smaller. BEAM
will only apply a parabola smoothing instead of a linear reduction.

If there are shear design sections in the design element, then the force will be constant until
the support axis. If there are no shear forces defined, then automatically there will be defined
some shear design sections at each face of the support.

Except the cross section is defined as bearer cross section in combination with a indirect
support condition, then the shear force will not be reduced.

2.3.2 Linear Moment Redistribution

The ductile elastic redistribution will be applied according to the standard 1992-1-1, Ch. 5.5.,
when an uniaxial design is requested. First it will be checked, if the crack moment is reached

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 Theoretical Principles | BEAM

for each design combination. The maximum bending moment represents the upper limit and
the decisive design combination, which will be redistributed. All the other design combinations
will be redistributed in the range of the decisive redistributed combination. The command
DELR controls the redistribution parameters. Hereby, it is possible to select an automatic
redistribution or to give an explicit position along the beam.

+PROG BEAM
HEAD "Moment Redistribution"

DELR DELT 0.85 TYPE X 8.0

DELR DELT 0.85 TYPE ALL
END

2.4 Loadcase Combinations

The different combinations have to be assigned to the Limit States. The Literal (D) stands
for the design in Ultimate Limit State. The Serviceability limit state currently considers the
permanent (P), frequent (F) and rare (R) combination.

All the combinations will be stored in the database. If the design case is biaxial, then BEAM
will take into account Mzk and Vyk. It is also possible to deactivate and neglect these forces
through the command CTRL Axia UNIA, which neglects the impact of Mzk and Vyk.

There are two variants to provide loadcase combinations for BEAM:

a) Manual input of loadcase combinations with the command COMB

b) Superposition with the module MAXIMA.

If the loadcase combinations are generated with MAXIMA, the feature of elastic redistribution
is deactivated. Because the associated loadcases can not be evaluated. BEAM recognizes it
automatically and deactivate the ductile redistribution. The following example shows a Teddy
Input for using the MAXIMA workflow.

+PROG MAXIMA
HEAD "Superposition"
COMB 101 DESI TYPE DESI
ACT G
LC 1
ACT Q
LC 2,3
SUPP 101 EXTR MAMI ETYP DSLN TYPE VZ,MY
END
END

+PROG BEAM
HEAD "Superposition with Maxima"
COMB LC ALL TYPE (D)
END

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-5

BEAM | Theoretical Principles

The printout will list every characteristic forces, because the superposition information is miss-
ing with the approach using MAXIMA.

In the printout it will list every characteristic forces, which can be found in the database. The
design combination rules are missing, when using the MAXIMA engine. BEAM will read every
superposition combination with the correct assigned action type.

If the loadcase combinations are explicit defined, then it is also possible to assign a different
loadcase to an other action type. For example there is a loadcase defined with the action type
NONE, then it is possible to assign the dead load or a new definition of an action type. It will
not change anything in the database, except the loadcase combination will be written with the
new associated name or already existing action type.

+PROG BEAM
HEAD "Excplicit Design Load Combinations"
COMB LC 1001 TYPE (D) TITL "1.35G(1)+1.5Q(2)"
COMB LC 1002 TYPE (D) TITL "1.35G(1)+1.5Q(2+3)"
END

2.5 Ultimate limit state

The programme evaluates the decisive loadcase combinations for the main bending moment
MyEd. The other forces Mz and Vy will be listed associated to the decisive My without any
further investigation of their impact. The design is calculating the requiered reinforcement and
writes the reinforcement distribution in the database. For the shear force, there is also a second
design regarding shear flange design. Hereby, the shear cuts have to be activated by AQUA.

2.6 Serviceability limit state

If there is no reinforcement defined with the commands LRF, SRF, then there will be applied a
simplified reinforcement distribution. It will take the maximum span and column reinforcement
and distributes it along the beam axis associated withe the bending moment limit curve.

The Serviceability Limit State is checking the crack control and the deflection according to EN
1992-1-1, Ch. 7.3 and 7.4. If there is no reinforcement distribution, then the programme will
take the maximum span reinforcement and the maximum reinforcement over the column and
distributes it over the total element length.

2.6.1 Crack control

The first check is to calculate the minimum reinforcement to control crack areas where tension
is expected. The second crack control is a simplified check, which is calculating a limit diameter
and compares these with the selected diameters. If there is no reinforcement distribution ap-
plied with the commands SRF and LRF, then it will use the diameter, which is defined through
AQUA.

The third crack control is calculating the reinforced steel stress and calculates the resulting
crack width, which has to be smaller than the given crack width according to EN 1992-1-1,
Ch. 7.3.4. The factor kt is a factor dependent on the duration of the load. The value kt = 0.4
represents a long term loading and will be used in the calculation.

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 Theoretical Principles | BEAM

2.6.2 Checking deflections by calculation

BEAM implemented the deflection by calculation according to the EN 1992-1-1, Ch. 7.4.3. It is
calculating the linear and nonlinear curvatures in uncracked and fully cracked state. The equa-
tion EN 1992-1-1, 7.4.3 (7.18) interpolates the curvatures and then calculates the deflections
by numerical integration.

Hint
The nonlinear curvature is simplified and assumes a linear strain distribution.

Creep and Shrinkage can be considered by the effective creep coefficient ϕeƒ ƒ and the total
shrinkage strains εcs according to the EN 1992-1-1, Ch. 3.1.4, Eq. (3.8). Especially the creep
effects are considered through an effective elasticiy Modulus with the equation 2.2:

SOFiSTiK AG * Bruckmannring 38 * 85764 Oberschleißheim Seite 18

Ecm
SOFiSTiK
E 2018 = BEAM
c,eƒ ƒ (2.2)
12.12.2018
(1 + ϕ )
Projekt:Mehrfeldträgereƒ ƒ
Durchlaufträger

Hereby, the assumption about the distributed shrinkage are shown in the Figure 2.5, which
includes implicit the creep effects through the effective elasticity modulus.

-9.48

1010
u-Z-ζ
x
z A B C D E

29.61 32.98
70.24 Unit: [mm]
6.000 4.000 8.000 8.000 M 1:187

Deflection (Zeta-Process)
SOFiSTiK AG - www.sofistik.de

6.000 4.000 8.000 8.000

Figure 2.5: Schematic distribution of creep and shrinkage
Curvature for creep and shrinkage (Test Plot)

Bending Stiffness EIy in State I and II

The green and
The effects basedred curveand
on creep represents the considered
shrinkage are state I (uncracked) and the
with an effective state IImodulus
elasticity (fully cracked).
The assumption
according is a parabola
to EN 1992-1-1, Ch. 7.4 function
(7.20). with the maximum shrinkage curvature in the middle
of the beam span. If the model has several spans, then it evaluates the maximum deflection
and the parabola function will be scaled for 324004each span with a factor from 0.0 to 1.0. These
curvatures will be integrated two times for the final deflections based on the shrinkage effects
EIy,I
in both states.
44483 EIy,II
22555 29949 24799 25028 25028 29949 34046 22555
x Unit: [kNm2]

z A B C D E M 1:187

Bending Stiffness EIy in State I and II

SOFiSTiK 2020 2-7
Bending Stiffness in State I and II along the beam
x As,z+ As,z- Iy,I Iy,II EI,y,I EI,y,II
BEAM | Theoretical Principles

The BEAM module will only plot the decisive deflection curves, if there are more than 3 load-
cases. It will filter the maximum and minimum deflections in every span.

2.7 Reinforcement detailling

The calculation in the Serviceability limit state requires a reinforcement detailling. If there is
no reinforcement defined with the commands LRF and SRF, then BEAM will apply a simplified
reinforcement distribution according to the bending limit curve.

It is recommended to use only the layers from 1-2 for the longitudinal reinforcement. The shear
reinforcement is not considered in the Serviceability limit state.

As a first step, the defined reinforcement will be compared with the required reinforcement
calculated in the Ultimate limit state.

2-8 SOFiSTiK 2020

 Design according EN 1992-1-1 | BEAM

3 Design according EN 1992-1-1

The design code EN 1992-1-1:2004 is implemented with a lot of recommendations. If the

selected design code is not supported by the BEAM, it will take the general design code EN
1992-1-1:2004.

The following sections describe the differences:

3.1 Ductile Moment Redistribution

The equation 5.10a and 5.10b will be checked, if the rotational capacity δ are respected to the
boundary conditions. The recommended coefficient k1 to k4 will be used.

3.2 Crack Control

The adjusted maximum bar diameter is using the equation (7.6N) according to EN 1992-1-1,
7.3.3.

kc · hcr
ϕs = ϕ∗
s
· ƒct,eƒ ƒ / 2.9 (3.1)
2 · (h − d)

The maximum bar diameter is calculated based on the following equation, which represents
the maximum bar diameter according to the EN 1992-1-1, 7.3.2, Table 7.2N. The stress in the
reinforcement is calculated based on the current strain and stress distribution.

k · 3.6 · ƒct,eƒ ƒ · Es
ϕ∗
s
= (3.2)
0.6 · σs

3.3 Checking deflections by calculation

The design code EN 1992-1-1 recommends to use the permanent combination for the deflec-
tion by calculation.

SOFiSTiK 2020 3-1

BEAM | Design according EN 1992-1-1

3-2 SOFiSTiK 2020

 Design according DIN EN 1992-1-1 | BEAM

4 Design according DIN EN 1992-1-1

The German design code has a lot of changes regarding EN 1992-1-1:2004. The BEAM im-
plemented the National Annex DIN EN 1992-1-1/NA:2013 and the recommendation according
to Heft 600 DafStb.

4.1 Crack Control

The German National Annex EN 1992-1-1/NA:2013 is recommending to adjust the depth hc,eƒ
with an factor according to the diagram NCI 7.3.2 Picture 7.1N.

The Heft 600 DafStb has further recommendations based on experience and allows to set a
lower k value to 0.5 and an upper limit to 0.8.

The adjusted maximum bar diameter is using the equation (7.7.1DE) according to EN 1992-1-
1:2013, 7.3.3.

σs · As ƒct,eƒ ƒ
ϕs = ϕ∗ ·
s 4 (h − d) · b · 2.9
≥ ϕ∗
s
· (4.1)
2.9

4.2 Checking deflections by calculation

The Heft 600 DAfStb recommends to analyze also the frequent and rare combination for the
Zeta-interpolation method according to the EN 1992-1-1, Ch. 7.4.3.

If the permanent combination does not reach the crack moment or it is in the range of 1.3 Mcr,
the Heft 600 recommends to use the rare and frequent combinations for the interpolation factor
Zeta.

BEAM is calculating for each combination the Zeta Values. These values will be used as
an upper limit for the further analysis with the permanent combinations. Herewith it will be
guaranteed, that the deflection calculation in the span location is fully in cracked conditions.

What kind of combination will be used for the Zeta-method can be controlled with CTRL. The
default will always use the permanent combination with the additional inverstigation of rare and
frequent combinations. If an explicit request is given, then the Zeta-method can be calculated
with the rare or frequent combination. The additional inverstigation according Heft 600 DAfStb
will be deactivated.

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5 Input Language

The input is done in a free format with the CADINP input language (see the general manual
SOFiSTiK: ’FEA / STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics’).

Three categories of units are distinguished:

mm Fixed unit. Input is always required in the specified unit.

[mm] Explicit unit. Input defaults to the specified unit. Alternatively, an explicit as-
signment of a related unit is possible (eg. 2.5[m] ).

[mm] 1011 Implicit unit. Implicit units are categorised semantically and denoted by a cor-
responding identity number (shown in green). Valid categories referring to the
unit ”length” are, for example, geodetic elevation, section length and thickness.
The default unit for each category is defined by the currently active (design code
specific) unit set. This input default can be overridden as described above. The
specified unit in square brackets corresponds to the default for unit set 5 (Eu-
rocodes, NORM UNIT 5).

BEAM is generating a whole printout with the design in ULS and SLS. Internal design calcula-
tion will be applied with AQB or simplified nonlinear calculations.

5.1 Input Records

The following record names and keqwords are defined:

Record Items
ECHO OPT VAL
CTRL OPT VAL
DSLN NO
POS TITL PLAC TEXT KOTE
LPOS X TITL
COMB LC TYPE TITL
DESI TETA TYPE FDX
DELR DELT TYPE VAL
LRF LAY X1 X2 AS D MRF
SRF LAY X1 X2 ASW SW D NRFB
MRF
DEFL PHI EPCS T RH TEMP T0 TS
BETA
CRCK WK FCTE

The records HEAD, END and PAGE are described in the general manual SOFiSTiK: FEA /

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STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics?.

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5.2 CTRL – Control of calculation

CTRL

Item Description Unit Default

OPT SMOO Smoothing of column moment YES

YES Consider reducing or smoothing
NO No reducing of column moment
AXIA Use all kind of forces UNIA
UNIA Uniaxial design
BIAX Biaxial design
NETT Design with gross area NO
YES Design with net area
NO Design with gross area
PICT Control picture of bending and shear forces AREA
AREA Fill area with colour
LINE Paint only outer lines
DEFL Plot additional deflection curves (P)
I Plot linear elastic deflection
II Plot nonlinear deflection
(P) Use permanent combinations
(F) Use frequent combinations
(R) Use rare combinations
EPCS Consider creep and shrinkage YES
NO Deactivate creep and shrinkage

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BEAM | Input Language

5.3 ECHO – Control of the Extent of Output

ECHO

Item Description Unit Default

OPT FULL Results for all decisive sections LT YES

MAT Material LT YES
NCS Cross section LT YES
YES Plot
FULL Plot and table
EXTR Plot and detailed table
SYST System and Plot LT YES
ULS Design of Ultimate Limit State LT YES
FACT Factors for Action Design LT YES
COMB Design loadcase combinations LT YES
YES List of decisive loadcase combi-
nations
FULL Results in decisive sections
EXTR Results in all sections
FORC Characteristic forces LT YES
YES Plot
FULL Plot and table with decisive sec-
tions
EXTR Plot and table with all sections
RFC Results of required reinforcement LT YES
YES decisive sections
FULL decisive sections
EXTR all sections
CRCK Crack Control YES
YES compact crack table
FULL compact crack table
EXTR crack table with stresses and ta-
ble with minimum reinforcement
DEFL Deflection Control YES
YES Decisive sections with figure
FULL Decisive Sections with figure
Table continued on next page.

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Item Description Unit Default

EXTR All sections with figure

VAL NO Abort the printout
YES standard printout (only decisive design
cuts)
FULL full printout (all design cuts)
EXTR extended printout with additional
graphics and tables

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BEAM | Input Language

5.4 DSLN – Select Design Element

DSLN

Item Description Unit Default

NO Identification of the design element -

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5.5 POS – Position

POS

Item Description Unit Default

TITL Position No. LT

PLAC Place and Axis
TEXT Component Description
KOTE Elevation of beam [m] 1001

It will only have an effect for the system plots, if they match with a support location.

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BEAM | Input Language

5.6 LPOS – Position along the beam

LPOS

Item Description Unit Default

X Coordinate in X direction m
TITL Location/ Axis LT

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5.7 COMB – Load case combinations

COMB

Item Description Unit Default

LC Load case number -

ALL Use Superposition load cases from
MAXIMA
TYPE Type of load combination LT (D)
(D) default design
(P) permanent
(R) rare
(F) frequent
TITL Title of load case combination

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BEAM | Input Language

5.8 DESI – Control options for the Design

DESI

Item Description Unit Default

TETA Compression strut angle deg/ LT VAR

VAR Optimize compression strut angle LT
VAL Set a compression strut angle deg
TYPE Part of crossection LT WEB
WEB Compression strut for the Web LT
FDX Factor for difference longitudinal forces − 2

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5.9 DELR – Ductile elastic redistribution of bending moments

DELR

Item Description Unit Default

DELT The ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic − 1.0

bending moment

TYPE Kind of location LT ALL

X Coordinate X from start of the beam [m] 1001
ALL All valid locations

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BEAM | Input Language

5.10 LRF – Line Reinforcement

LRF
Distribution of reinforcement along the beam axis. Several calls of one layer will add the
additional reinforcement.

Item Description Unit Default

VAL1 LAY Number of layer (0-9) − 0

X1 Start point along the beam axis
X2 End point along the beam axis m
AS Reinforcement area cm2
or count of bars [−]
D Diameter of reinforcement bar mm
MRF Material No of reinforcement −

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5.11 SRF – Shear Reinforcement

SRF
Distribution of reinforcement along the beam axis. Several calls of one layer will add the addi-
tional reinforcement.

Item Description Unit Default

VAL1 LAY Reinforcement Layer 1

X1 Start point along the beam axis 0.0
X2 End point along the beam axis m 0.0
ASW Reinforcement area cm2/ m
SW Distance of bars m
D Diameter of reinforcement bar mm 12
NRFB One or several reinforcement bar cuts − 1
MRF Material No of reinforcement −

Example to set up a reinforcement distribution:

+PROG BEAM
HEAD "Two span beam"

ECHO FULL FULL

CTRL SMOO YES
CTRL ACHS UNIA

DSLN NO 99

POS TITL "Dlt Achse A-C" PLAC "5.OG" KOTE +20.0

LPOS X 0.0 "A1"
LPOS X 7.0 "B1"
LPOS X 14.0 "C1"

COMB 1001 (D) "1.35G(1)"

COMB 1002 (D) "1.35G(1)+1.5Q(2)"
COMB 1003 (D) "1.35G(1)+1.5Q(3)"
COMB 1004 (D) "1.35G(1)+1.5Q(2+3)"

COMB 1005 (P) "1.0G(1)+0.3Q(2)"

COMB 1006 (P) "1.0G(1)+0.3Q(3)"
COMB 1007 (P) "1.0G(1)+0.3Q(2+3)"

LRF LAY X1 X2 AS D MRF

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BEAM | Input Language

1 0.0 14.0 2[-] 20 2

1 0.0 14.0 2[-] 12 2
1 3.5 10.5 2[-] 20 2
2 0.0 14.0 2[-] 12 2
2 0.0 3.5 2[-] 14 2
2 10.5 14.0 2[-] 14 2
2 3.0 11.0 3[-] 25 2
2 4.0 10.0 3[-] 25 2

SRF LAY X1 X2 ASW D NRFB MRF

1 7.0 14.0 3.14[cm2/m] 8 2 2
1 0.0 7.0 3.14[cm2/m] 8 2 2
1 3.5 10.5 3.14[cm2/m] 8 2 2
END

The following example is using the distance between the stirrup reinforcement bars. It will
distribute the reinforcement per meter with the coordinates X1 and X2.

+PROG BEAM
HEAD "Example Beam reinforcement"

ECHO FULL FULL

CTRL SMOO YES
CTRL ACHS UNIA

DSLN NO 99

POS TITL "Dlt Achse A-C" PLAC "5.OG" KOTE +20.0

LPOS X 0.0 "A1"
LPOS X 7.0 "B1"
LPOS X 14.0 "C1"

COMB 1001 (D) "1.35G(1)"

COMB 1002 (D) "1.35G(1)+1.5Q(2)"
COMB 1003 (D) "1.35G(1)+1.5Q(3)"
COMB 1004 (D) "1.35G(1)+1.5Q(2+3)"

COMB 1005 (P) "1.0G(1)+0.3Q(2)"

COMB 1006 (P) "1.0G(1)+0.3Q(3)"
COMB 1007 (P) "1.0G(1)+0.3Q(2+3)"

LRF LAY X1 X2 AS D MRF

1 0.0 14.0 2[-] 20 2
1 0.0 14.0 2[-] 12 2
1 3.5 10.5 2[-] 20 2
2 0.0 14.0 2[-] 12 2
2 0.0 3.5 2[-] 14 2

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2 10.5 14.0 2[-] 14 2

2 3.0 11.0 3[-] 25 2
2 4.0 10.0 3[-] 25 2

SRF LAY X1 X2 SW D NRFB MRF

1 0.0 7.0 0.32 8 2 2
1 7.0 14.0 0.32 8 2 2
1 3.5 10.5 0.32 8 2 2
END

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BEAM | Input Language

5.12 DEFL – Calculation of deflection

DEFL

Item Description Unit Default

PHI Final creep coefficient 1.8

EPCS Free shrinkage strain o/ oo 0.20
BETA Duration of loading − 0.5
short term loading 1.0
long term loading 0.5
RH Relative air humidity o/ o 80
TEMP Temperature degrees 20
T Duration of period dys 3650
T0 Minimum age for loading dys 28
TS Age at start of drying dys 7

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5.13 CRCK – Crack Control

CRCK

Item Description Unit Default

WK Crack width [mm] 1001 0.3

FCTE The mean value of the tensile strength of [MP] 1092 3.0
the concrete

SOFiSTiK 2020 5-17