OBJECTIVE

a) To determine the enthalpy change (∆H) of three exothermic reactions.

b) To relate the three exothermic reactions with Hess’ Law.

SUMMARY

The conducting of experiment 1 is to determine the enthalpy change of three

exothermic reactions and relate them with the Hess’ Law. To determine their
enthalpy change, first all the data must be recorded and calculated before analysed
in calculation. In Part A, was to determine the heat of change of NaOH with a
distilled water solution. 0.5g of solid NaOH was added into Erlenmeyer flask
containing 25ml of distilled water. The heat change was seen as the temperature
rose from initial of 25°C to 27°C. Heat absorbed (q) by water which is released by
NaOH was -0.209kJ. The enthalpy change resulted was -16.077kJ/mol which means
16.077kJ/mol is produced from elements of sodium and hydroxide, Na+(aq) + OH-
(aq). In Part B is to determine the heat of neutralization of NaOH. For this part, 25ml
of 1M NaOH solution is added to Erlenmeyer flask filled with 25ml of 1M HCl.
Initially, the temperature is 25°C but the reaction increases it by 6°C to 31°C. The
enthalpy change of neutralization is always negative, so this results in -50.2kJ/mol.
Part C was to test the heat change between solid NaOH and HCl solution. First, 0.5g
of solid NaOH was transferred into Erlenmeyer flask with 25ml of 0.5M HCl. The
temperature recorded an increase of 6°C from 24°C to 30°C. Heat absorbed (q)
released by NaOH was -0.6402kJ. The enthalpy change resulted was -66.277kJ/mol.
Hess’ Law stated that change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction is independent of
the pathway between the initial and final states. (Initial and final condition must be
same). Hess’ Law is also the sum of enthalpy between two or more reactions.
(∆H¹=∆H² + ∆H³) In this experiment, the equation of part C is actually a combination
of equations from part A and part B. Thus, the equations can be used to verify Hess’
Law.
INTRODUCTION

The energy involve in a chemical reaction is expressed in terms of the amount of

heat released or absorbed during the reaction. Thus heat or reaction (∆H) is
measured in kilojoule per mole. ∆H of an exothermic reaction (heat is released) has
a negative sign. ∆H of an endothermic reaction (heat is absorbed) has a positive
sign.

In this experiment, 3 related exothermic reaction involving sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

has to be studied. In the first reaction, solid NaOH will dissociate into water (H2O),
the heat produced by the reaction (∆H) is called the heat of NaOH solution. In the
second reaction, an aqueous solution of NaOH will react with an aqueous solution
hydrochloric acid (HCL). The heat of this reaction (∆H2) is called the heat of NaOH
neutralization. In the third reaction, solid NaOH will be reacted with an aqueous
solution of HCL. This reaction is the combination of the both previous reactions. The
solid NaOH will dissociate into its ions as it dissolves in the acid solution before
neutralized by the acid. Thus, the heat of the reaction (∆H3) could be equal to (∆H1
+ ∆H2). By using the calculations of data collection in the experiment, the additive
nature of reaction heat might be verified.

MATERIAL

1. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solid

2. 1m NaOH solution
3. O.5M acid 1M hydrochloric acid HCL
4. Distilled water(H2O)

APPARATUS

1. Analytical balance
2. Pipette
3. Spatula
4. Thermometer
5. Erlenmeyer flask 50ml
6. Small beaker
7. Glass rod
PROCEDURE

PART A: Heat of NaOH solution (solid NaOH + distilled water)

1. 25ml of distilled water was pipetted into a 50ml Erlenmeyer flask until room
temperature obtained.
2. The temperature of distilled water was measured and recorded as Ti
3. A spatula was used to weight exactly 0.5g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
4. NaOH was added into the Erlenmeyer flask. A glass rod was used to stir the
mixture until the NaOH completely dissolved. The changes of the temperature
in the flask were observed while stirring. The highest temperature was
recorded as Tf
5. The solution was discarded and the thermometer was rinsed off

PART B: Heat of NaOH neutralization (NaOH solution + HCL solution)

1. 25 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid (HCL) was pipetted into a 50ml Erlenmeyer

flask. The acid was allowed to stand until it reached the room temperature.
The temperature was recorded as Ti.
2. 25 ml of 1M NaOH solution was added into the flask. By using a glass rod, the
solution was stirred. The changes of temperature were observed and the
highest temperature was recorded as Tf.
3. The solution was discarded and the thermometer was rinsed

PART C: Heat of NaOH solution (solid NaOH + HCL solution)

1. 25 ml of 0.5M hydrochloric acid (HCL) was pipetted into a 50ml Erlenmeyer

flask. It was allowed to stand until the room temperature was reached. The
temperature of HCL was measured and recorded as Ti
2. A spatula was used to weight exactly 0.5g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
was transferred into the Erlenmeyer flask.
3. A glass rod was used to stir the mixture until the NaOH completely dissolved.
The changes of the temperature in the flask were observed while stirring.
4. The highest temperature was recorded as Tf
5. The solution was discarded. The thermometer was rinsed and safely kept.
RESULTS

Initial Final Change in

Temperature(°C) temperature(°C) temperature(°C)

A 25 27 2
B 25 31 6
C 24 30 6

DISCUSSIONS
CONCLUSIONS

In a nutshell, what we can conclude from this experiment is the three exothermic
reaction can be relate to Hess’ Law and the enthalpy change of these exothermic
reaction can be determine. Besides, all of this 3 experiment release heat where we
know it is an exothermic reaction. From the experiments that been carry out, there is
an increment of heat from initial to final. The enthalpy change for part A is -16.079
kJ/mol. For part B, the enthalpy change is larger than part A which is -50.2 kJ/mol
and for part C is -66.2769 kJ/mol. These reactions obey Hess’ Law because the sum
up of enthalpy change for part A and B is equal to enthalpy change for part C.

RECOMMENDATIONS

To improve the quality and calculation of this experiment, several precautions need
to be conducted. First, we should use digital thermometer instead of simple
thermometer so that we can get a more precise reading of temperature. Next, the
handling of solid NaOH need to be done quickly since it melts easily. Last but not
least, to prevent heat loss, make sure there are no wind in surrounding experiment
place. By carrying out this precaution steps, an accurate reading may be obtain
without difficulties.
LABORATORY QUESTIONS

Pre-lab question

1. Define the term “calorimeter”?

Calorimeter is the apparatus use to measure the heat of chemical reactions or

physical changes as well as heat capacity

2. State the unit usually used to measure heat?

Joules (J)

3. Explain the concept of Hess Law?

Hess law state that when reactants are converted to products, the change in
enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in the series of
steps.

POST LAB QUESTION

1. Write all the ionic question for the three reaction in the experiment?

PART A= NaOH(s) Na (aq) + OH (aq)

PART B=NaOH(s) + H (aq) + Cl (aq) Na (aq) + Cl (aq) + H20

PART C=NaOH(s) + H (aq) + Cl (aq) + OH(aq)Na(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2O

2. List down the all possible sources of error of this experiment?

In every experiment, there are parallax errors and zero errors. The errors are eyes
are not meniscus when reading the pipette measurement, malfunction of the
analytical balance and thermometer, surrounding conditions and lack of
understanding of procedure of experiment.
REFERENCES

Websites

https://chemistry.tutorvista.com/physical-chemistry/thermochemistry.html

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