Effect of COD and BOD level produced by Textile

Processing Industry effluent on Environment, How we can

reduce it?
Table of Contents
TITLE: ...........................................................................................................................................................................1
EFFECT OF COD AND BOD LEVEL PRODUCED BY TEXTILE PROCESSING INDUSTRY EFFLUENT ON
ENVIRONMENT, HOW WE CAN REDUCE IT? ......................................................................................................2
1. ABSTRACT: ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
2. INTRODUCTION: ...............................................................................................................................................2
5. CLASSIFICATION OF EFFLUENTS .................................................................................................................3
5.1. INORGANIC SUBSTANCES .............................................................................................................................. 4
5.2. ORGANIC SUBSTANCES .................................................................................................................................4
5.3. COLOR: ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.4. TDS AND TSS:..............................................................................................................................................4
5.5. TOXIC METALS: .............................................................................................................................................5
5.6. SULFUR AND SULPHIDE: ................................................................................................................................ 5
5.7. OIL AND GREASE: ..........................................................................................................................................5
5.8. RESIDUAL CHLORINE: ...................................................................................................................................5
5.9. PH: ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
5.10. BOD AND COD: ...........................................................................................................................................6
6. TEXTILE EFFLUENT TREATMENT PROCESSES: ........................................................................................ 6
6.1. EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT: ....................................................................................................................6
6.2. NEUTRALIZATION .........................................................................................................................................9
6.2.1. Sulfuric Acid Neutralization: ...............................................................................................................9
6.2.2. Hydrochloric Acid Neutralization: ......................................................................................................9
6.2.3. Hydrofluoric Acid Neutralization:.......................................................................................................9
6.2.4. Nitric Acid Neutralization: ..................................................................................................................9
6.3. BACTERIA KILLING PROCESS: ...................................................................................................................... 10
6.4. REMOVAL OF COD BY A SPIRAL PERIPHYTON BIOREACTOR: ..................................................................... 10
6.5. BOD AND COD REMOVAL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2): ........................................................................ 10
7. CONCLUSION:.................................................................................................................................................. 14

Title:

1
Effect of COD and BOD level produced by Textile Processing Industry effluent on Environment,
how we can reduce it?

1. Abstract:
In the textile processing industry, water plays an important role for all the processes. all the
processes such as pre-treatment, dyeing, finishing etc. used a large amount of water. so that
contaminants and pollutants quantity also increase in the water and also increase carbon foot print,
COD and BOD level which is producing harmful effect impact on environment so there is need to
reduce these harmful effects for the safety of humans, aquatic life and for our next generation.

2. Introduction:
There are lot of water consumption in textile processing. There are lot of chemical use in different
process like, pre-treatments, dyeing, printing and finishing. These are producing effluent in which
there are lot of chemicals which are harmful for environment and their COD and BOD level also
so high. That’s why we are trying to make these processes sustainable and save humans as well as
aquatic life from harmful effects. For these purposes, we are using different techniques.
Water is recycled from effluents from the textile and chemical industries using a series of
operations, namely coagulation, flocculation, aeration and filtration techniques, mainly reverse
osmosis. The effluent product contains high BOD, COD, pH, TSS, TDS and Color materials. It
has been identified that the automation and use of very substantial dyes during the dyeing and
printing stages in a textile plant greatly reduces the amount of effluent produced. The effect of
different mesh sizes of coagulants was also studied for the mixing speed of the conjugation. It was
noted that the use of polyphosphazene membranes instead of polyamides for reverse osmosis
plants because they have better resistance to high pH and temperature.
The effluent treatment plant is designed to treat effluents from different areas of the plant. The
treatment of different effluents varies according to the type of effluent. Different manufacturing
processes are used for different types of textiles. The fabrics then undergo various wet processes,
including buckling and scrubbing. This process uses a lot of water. Dyeing is one of the most
important steps in the wet process, which involves changing the color of the spun textile with dyes.
Finishing is the final step in manufacturing and uses chemicals such as HS-ULTRAPHIL,
ECODESIZEPS-10 and Amino Silicone to treat tissue to improve quality (Wang et al., 2002).
Thus, the different manufacturing steps, such as design, mercerization, bleaching, neutralization,
dyeing, printing and finishing in the textile industry consume a huge amount of dyes and chemicals
as well as a large amount of water and also produces large volumes of textile wastewater effluents.

4. Water uses in industry:

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A total of 92 modern associations are enrolled at WASA-Faisalabad including enormous buyers,
for example, material, synthetic compounds and preparing units. Among the 92 associations, not
many buyers (enterprises) are being charged by metered volume. This class of buyers should
represent a greater part of charges being gathered by WASA-Faisalabad. Almost around 443
mechanical associations are enlisted with WASA Faisalabad as spring connections withdrawal of
groundwater by modern and business area is charged by
WASA-Faisalabad as "Spring Charges" set in its duty system. For the most part, WASA-
Faisalabad gives water supply to people in general on need premise under restricted supply
conditions while the majority of the mechanical units have set up their private tube wells inside
their premises to meet their water supply necessities. Be that as it may, the extraction of
groundwater isn't free notwithstanding for exclusive tube wells/sources and charged by WASA-
Faisalabad under "Spring Charges”. [1]
4.1.Areas of supply water:

Figure 1 : Areas of supply water

5. Classification of Effluents

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Textile wastewater is the main source of organic contamination with regard to pollution in the
textile industry. The amount of water consumed by different types of fabrics varies from one
industry to another depending on the dyeing process and the type of fabric produced. In fact, it has
been found that 38% of the water is used during the bleaching process, 16% in dyeing, 8% in
printing, 14% in boiler and 24% for other uses. There are different types of effluents which are
categorizes in the following substances:

5.1. Inorganic substances

• Oxidizing agent
• Reducing agent
• Salts
• Acids
• Alkalis
5.2. Organic substances

• Dyes
• Organic acids
• Thickeners
• Finishing agents
• Detergents
• Textile auxiliaries
The different manufacturing stages in the textile industry, such as desizing, mercerization,
bleaching, neutralization, dyeing, printing and finishing, were followed by the following colour.
5.3. Color:
A major contribution to color in textile wastewater is generally dyeing and post-dyeing operations,
which can release up to 50% of the dye in the effluent (Joshi et al., 2004). The textile dyes are
mainly cationic, anionic and nonionic dyes. The chromophores in the anionic and nonionic dyes
are mainly azo groups or anthraquinone types. Reactive cleavage of the azo bond is responsible
for the formation of toxic amines in the effluents. The presence of color in wastewater is one of
the main problems of the textile industry. Anthraquinone-based dyes are the most resistant to
degradation due to their aromatic melt structure and therefore remain long-colored in textile
wastewater. The colors are easily visible to human eyes, even at very low concentration. Therefore,
the color of textile waste is of considerable aesthetic importance. Most dyes are stable and have
no effect of light or oxidizing agents.

5.4. TDS and TSS:

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Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic
substances contained in a liquid in the form of molecular suspension, ionized or microgranular
(colloidal sol). TDS is used as an indication of the aesthetic characteristics of drinking water and
as an overall indicator of the presence of a wide range of chemical contaminants. TSS are solid
materials, particularly organic and inorganic, which are suspended in water. TDSs are difficult to
treat with conventional treatment systems. Removal of effluents with high TDS may result in
increased groundwater and surface water TDS. TSS in effluents can also be harmful to vegetation
and limit its use for agricultural purposes.
5.5. Toxic metals:
Textile wastewater is not free of metals. There are mainly two sources of metals. First, the metals
can be present as impurities with the chemicals used in the treatment, such as caustic soda, sodium
carbonate and salts. Second, the metal source could come from dyes such as metallized biting dyes.
The metal complex dyes are mainly based on chromium. A number of metals, including cadmium,
chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, nickel and zinc. Many metals, which are generally
naturally present in minute quantities in the environment, can be toxic to humans, plants, fish and
other aquatic life.

5.6. Sulfur and sulphide:

Textile dyeing uses large amounts of
sodium sulphate and other sulfur-
containing chemicals. The textile
wastewater will therefore contain
various sulfur compounds and once in
the environment, the sulphate is easily
converted to sulphide when the oxygen
has been removed by the effluent BOD.
5.7. Oil and grease:
This includes all oils, greases and
waxes, such as kerosene and lubricating
oils. Oil and grease cause unpleasant
dandruff on open water and have a
negative impact on aquatic life. They
can also interfere with biological
treatment processes and cause
maintenance problems as they cover the
surface of FTE components.
Fig 2: Sources of effluent

5.8. Residual chlorine:

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The use of chlorine compounds in the treatment of textiles, the residual chlorine is found in the
waste stream. Wastewater (if removed without treatment) depletes dissolved oxygen in receiving
waters and, as a result, aquatic life is affected. Residual chlorine can also react with other
compounds in the wastewater stream to form toxic substances.
5.9. pH:
pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in wastewater and gives an indication of
the acidity or alkalinity of the wastewater. This parameter is important because aquatic life, like
that of most fish, can only survive in a narrow pH range of about 6 to 9.

5.10. BOD and COD:

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen required by
aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to decompose organic matter in a given water
sample at a given temperature (20 ° C) over a given period (5 days)). BOD can be used to evaluate
the efficiency of treatment plants. COD is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the chemically
oxidized organic material in the reaction and is determined by adding dichromate to an acid
solution of the wastewater.

6. Textile Effluent Treatment Processes:

Several cleaning processes can be used to remove organic pollutants from textile wastewater. In
general, we distinguish between physical methods (adsorption, filtration methods, coagulation and
flocculation processes), chemical methods (oxidation, advanced oxidation, Fenton reagent) and,
more recently, more attractive biological treatment (anaerobic, aerobic) inexpensive discoloration
of the effluents. Non-destructive physical techniques only transfer pollutants to other media
(sludge, concentrated in filtration techniques) and generate secondary pollution. Many
technological processes for eliminating pollutants have been developed in recent decades to treat
textile wastewater. The treatment process is chosen according to the composition, characteristics
and concentration of the material present in the effluents. These processes are pretreatment or
preliminary, primary or physicochemical, secondary, tertiary or combination treatments,
depending on the type, sequence and method of removal of harmful and unacceptable constituents.
The most commonly used processes are discussed below:[1]

6.1. Effluent Treatment Plant:

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 Primary filtration

Cooling & Mixing

Neutralization by acid/alkali dosing

Chemical coagulation

Setting & separation of sludge

Bio-degradation

Again setting & separation of sludge

Sludge pit

Filtration

Discharge to drain

(a) Preliminary treatment:

Its objective is the physical separation of large contaminants. For example, fabric, paper, plastics,
wood logs, etc. This level/process includes:

• Screening: This is the first unit operation that occurs in wastewater treatment plants. A
screen is a device with uniform openings and its purpose is to eliminate large floating
solids.
• Sedimentation: This is a physical process of water treatment using gravity to remove
suspended solids from the water.
• Sandpit: Wastewater entering the sandpit removes dense inorganic solids such as gravel,
metal fragments and sand that have entered the sewers. Gravel removal can prevent pump
damage and operational difficulties.
• Clarifiers: These are tanks built with mechanical means to continuously remove
sedimented solids before biological treatment.

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(b) Primary Treatment:
Its purpose is to eliminate floating and settling materials such as suspended solids and organic
matter. In this treatment, physical and chemical methods are used. He understands:

• Flocculation: Flocculation is a physical process that does not result in the neutralization
of the charge. This involves adding destabilized particles together in large aggregates in
order to separate them easily from the water.
• Coagulation: A process in which coagulants are added in order to rapidly deposit tiny
solid particles into a liquid in a larger mass. It allows the removal of particles by
sedimentation and for filtration.
• Neutralization: The main objective of this process is to maintain the pH range from 6 to
9 in order to meet the requirements of the different treatment units of the ETP system.
• Primary Clarifiers: These are used to slow down the speed of water until the organic
solids settle to the bottom of the tank and contain equipment to remove suspended solids
and grease.
(c) Secondary or biological treatment:
This treatment aims to continue the treatment of effluent from primary treatment to remove
suspended solids and organic residues. at this stage, biological and chemical processes are
involved.[2]
• Process for the treatment of activated sludge: It is used to treat industrial wastewater
using air and a biological floc composed of bacteria.
• Aerated lagoons: It is a treatment basin with artificial aeration to promote the biological
oxidation of wastewater.

Figure 3 Effluent Treatment Process

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 • Runoff Filters: Runoff filters, also known as sprinkler filters, are commonly used for
biological treatment of domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater.
• Rotary Biological Contactor: This consists of allowing the wastewater to come into
contact with a biological medium in order to eliminate pollutants in the wastewater before
discharging treated wastewater into the environment.

(d) Tertiary / Advanced Treatment:

Tertiary treatment is intended to provide a final treatment stage to enhance the quality of effluent
before it is reused, recycled or released into the environment.
• Chemical coagulation and sedimentation: It is used to increase the elimination of solids
in effluents after primary and secondary treatment.
• Filtration: The clarified wastewater first passes through the adjacent filtration plant, which
contains large filter blocks to ensure high quality water.
• Reverse Osmosis: In this process, the pressure is used to force the effluent through a
membrane that holds contaminants on one side and allows clean water to flow to the other
side.
• UV disinfection: It is considered an ideal disinfectant for industrial wastewater. It does
not leave any disinfectant residues in the water while ensuring the quality of the water. It
does not produce any disinfection by-product.
6.2. Neutralization
6.2.1. Sulfuric Acid Neutralization:
Sulfuric corrosive is one of the most normally delivered synthetic concoctions on the
planet and, therefore, is the single biggest wellspring of corrosiveness in mechanical
wastewater streams. The balance of sulfuric corrosive is very like any of the mineral acids,
be that as it may, it isn't without potential risks.
6.2.2. Hydrochloric Acid Neutralization:
Hydrochloric corrosive (HCl) is a typical corrosive that is utilized in almost every industry
and is experienced in numerous pH change applications. The balance of HCl is very like
any of the mineral acids, be that as it may, it isn't without potential risks.
6.2.3. Hydrofluoric Acid Neutralization:
Hydrofluoric corrosive (HF) is a typical corrosive that is conspicuous in numerous
businesses especially semiconductor. Because of the intense lethality of HF and free
fluorides care must be taken when taking care of and killing fluoride bearing streams.
Notwithstanding the balance of HF the expulsion of fluorides is frequently required.
6.2.4. Nitric Acid Neutralization:
Nitric corrosive (HNO3) is an exceptionally regular corrosive that is utilized in numerous
businesses. The balance of HNO3 is very like any of the mineral acids, be that as it may, it
isn't without potential risks particularly inferable from its solid oxidative properties.

9
 6.3. Bacteria killing process:

Bright (UV) Disinfection Systems give cleaning using UV-C beams without adding synthetic
substances to the water. These beams degrade the DNAs of the microorganisms in water upon
contact through photo oxidation and killing them. Key parts of Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection
Devices include: exceptional UV lights that create UV-C beams with 254 nm wavelength, and
extraordinary quartz glasses with high light transmittance rates that counteract contact of the
previously mentioned lights with water, the two of which are contained in the UV reactor that
involves the fundamental body of the instrument. Activity times of the UV lights are checked by
means of the time counter on the control board of the UV Device so the lights can be supplanted
with new ones toward the part of the arrangement lives. In certain models, the light force is
estimated online by the UV sensor in the UV reactor. Sometimes, for example, reduce in light
power, and so on. Quartz glass envelopes might be cleaned utilizing a programmed quartz cleaning
framework whenever wanted.[3]
6.4. Removal of COD by a Spiral Periphyton Bioreactor:
A spiral periphyton bioreactor (SPR) was developed to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD)
from water. The COD removal capability and the associated microbial communities were
investigated during the domestication of the SPR to increasing COD loading and decreasing
temperature. The results indicated this SPR can be easily backwashed to stimulate periphyton
growth and efficiently remove COD at temperatures ranging from 4°C to 30°C. The species
richness and evenness of the periphyton community fluctuated greatly during the domestication
process, but its functional diversity and organic carbon metabolic vitality were higher 30 days after
domestication than without domestication.[4]
6.5.BOD and COD Removal Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2):
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been used to reduce the BOD and COD of industrial wastewaters
for many years. While the cost of removing BOD and COD through chemical oxidation with
hydrogen peroxide is typically greater than that through physical or biological means, there are
nonetheless specific situations which justify the use of hydrogen peroxide. These include:
Predigestion of wastewaters which contain moderate to high levels of compounds that are toxic,
inhibitory, or recalcitrant to biological treatment (e.g., pesticides, plasticizers, resins, coolants, and
dyestuffs);

• Pretreatment of high strength / low flow wastewaters – where biotreatment may not be practical
– prior to discharge to a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW);
• Enhanced separation of entrained organics by flotation and settling processes; and
• Supply of supplemental Dissolved Oxygen (DO) when biological treatment systems experience
temporary overloads or equipment failure.

As indicated by these examples, H2O2 can be used as a stand-alone treatment or as an

enhancement to existing physical or biological treatment processes, depending on the situation.

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Direct Chemical Oxidation Using Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide can be used alone or with catalysts – such as iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+), UV light,
ozone (O3) and alkali – to oxidize BOD/COD contributing compounds in wastewaters. The type
of oxidation needed depends on the type of BOD/COD present. This relationship is present in the
figure below.
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oxidant Type A Type B Type C
System (Sulfide, Thiosulfate, (Phenols, Cyanides, (BTEX, TOCl,
Sulfite) Amines) Paraffins)
Type A
H2O2 X
Type B
H2O2 / OH- X X
H2O2 / M+ X X
H2O2 / H+ X X
Type C
H2O2 / Fe X X X
H2O2 / O3 X X X
H2O2 / UV X X X
Note: Whether an oxidant system will degrade a specific pollutant (i.e., affect its COD) will
depend on the oxidant system and the pollutant. Type A oxidants react only with Type A
pollutants; whereas, Type C oxidants, being more reactive, react with most any pollutant.
However, Type C oxidants generally react preferentially with Type A pollutants.[5]
If a large fraction of the BOD and COD is contributed by inorganic reduced sulfur compounds
such as sulfides, sulfides, or thiosulfate, then hydrogen peroxide alone is typically effective.
Depending on the wastewater pH, the oxidation of these compounds by H2O2 yields sulfate or
colloidal sulfur, neither which contribute to BOD and COD. If the primary contributors to BOD
and COD are dissolved organics, then a more reactive oxidation system is needed. Moderate
activation of hydrogen peroxide can be achieved by: 1) alkali (generating the perhydroxyl ion ,
OOH- – the active agent in peroxide bleaching systems); 2) certain transition metals (e.g.,
tungstate, vanadate, molybdate) which form reactive peroxometal complexes in-situ; and 3) certain
mineral acids (e.g., sulfuric) which form reactive peroxyacid derivatives such as
peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro’s Acid) ex-situ. For the more recalcitrant organics such as
chlorinated solvents, extremely reactive free radical systems (termed Advanced Oxidation

11
Processes) are needed. A generalized reaction using Fenton’s Reagent for reducing BOD and COD
can be expressed as follows:

With Fe+2
Step-1: BOD/COD + H2O2 ---> partially oxidized species
With Fe+2
Step-2: partially oxidized species + H2O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + inorganic salts

The extent of oxidation (and therefore the degree of direct BOD/COD reduction) typically depends
on the amount of hydrogen peroxide used. The theoretical hydrogen peroxide requirement is about
2.1 lbs (as 100%) per lb-BOD and COD oxidized. In many cases, however, complete digestion of
the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water is not needed. Partial oxidation to intermediate
compounds minimizes chemical consumption and often results in substantial reductions in BOD
and COD and toxicity.

i. Enhanced physical separation of BOD and COD with Hydrogen Peroxide

Enhanced physical separation of BOD and COD with hydrogen peroxide may occur is two ways.
In the first case, partial oxidation of organic contaminants results in more polar (charged)
substances which are more amenable to adsorption onto coagulants and flocculants. As illustrated
in the example below, this allows BOD and COD removal efficiencies with less than
stoichiometric hydrogen peroxide doses.[4]

12
In the second case, enhanced physical separation (flotation) of fats, oils and greases (FOG) is
provided by H2O2. This occurs by the natural decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and
water, i.e., hydrogen peroxide will supersaturate the wastewater with oxygen, which results in the
formation of evenly dispersed microbubbles which scavenge FOG constitutents as they rise to the
surface of the water. In some cases, this can increase BOD removal through dissolved air flotation
cells from e.g., 50% to 90-95%. Typical doses are 25-100 mg/L H2O2, the cost for which can
often be offset against savings in coagulant use – a polyelectrolyte polymer is generally still
needed.[6]

ii. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) as a supplemental oxygen source

The BOD removal efficiency of aerobic biological treatment processes depends on a number of
factors including (but not limited to): influent BOD loading, F:M ratio, temperature, nutrient
levels, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. Many biological treatment facilities use
hydrogen peroxide to supplement DO levels when oxygen limited conditions in aeration basins or
lagoons result in poor BOD removal. These conditions can be brought about by unexpected peaks
in influent BOD loading; seasonal variations in BOD loading (e.g., fruit and vegetable processing);
and hot weather – which reduces the efficiency of oxygen transfer by mechanical aeration
equipment (i.e., O2 solubility decreases as temperature increases). These conditions may or may
not be accompanied by filamentous bulking (see Municipal Wastewater Applications :
Filamentous Bulking Control).

When hydrogen peroxide is used to supplement DO, it is metered directly into the aeration basin
of a biological treatment system to provide an immediate source of DO. The conversion of
hydrogen peroxide to DO in an activated sludge mixed liquor proceeds according to the following
reaction:

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 (Catalase enzyme)
2 H2O2 ---> O2 + 2 H2O

Theoretical hydrogen peroxide requirement: 0.48 lbs H2O2 (100%) per mg/L DO

Catalase enzyme is a natural decomposition catalyst for hydrogen peroxide, and is found in all
activated sludge mixed liquors, being produced by most aerobic organisms. Because this
enzymatic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is very rapid, the oxygen supplied by hydrogen
peroxide is immediately available for uptake by the aerobic organisms.
The above reaction shows that two parts of hydrogen peroxide will yield one part of DO. Therefore,
the amount of hydrogen peroxide required to oxygenate the wastewater is surprisingly small. For
example, the theoretical amount of hydrogen peroxide required to increase the DO by 1 mg/L in a
treatment plant that averages 5 MGD flow is about 17 gpd-50%. In actual practice, the requirement
may be higher due to inefficiencies in oxygen uptake and side reactions with oxidizable
compounds.
Note: When measuring the BOD or COD of hydrogen peroxide treated wastewaters, it is important
to determine the residual hydrogen peroxide concentration (if any) prior to analysis. This is
because H2O2 will interfere with both of these analytical methods. In the standard BOD test,
residual hydrogen peroxide in the sample will liberate oxygen over the test period, resulting in a
"false low" BOD value (1 mg/L H2O2 = 0.5 mg/L DO). In the standard COD test, residual
hydrogen peroxide will react with the potassium dichromate reagent, resulting in a "false high"
COD value. For methods to remove residual hydrogen peroxide prior to BOD and COD analysis,
or to mathematically account for the residual H2O2, see Interferences with Analytical Methods.

7. Conclusion:
All the contaminants, effluents which are drained by textile processing industries mentioned above
causes water pollution and their COD and BOD level is so high. To make the land water free from
pollutants or reduction of COD and BOD level effluent treatment plants and other techniques are
using in industries and on Govt level which make the waste water to reuse or good for marine life.
The different process occurred in ETP which make the water clean in different stages. In the end,
water is free from contaminants.

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 8. Reference:
[1] M. Yamin, A. Awan, M. Sultan, W. I. Wan Ismail, R. Shamshiri, and F.
Akbar, “Impact of Sewage and Industrial Effluents on Water Quality in
Faisalabad, Pakistan,” Adv. Environ. Biol., vol. 9, pp. 53–58, 2015.
[2] B. Marrot and N. Roche, “Wastewater treatment and reuse in textile
industries, a review,” Res. Adv. Water. Res, vol. 3, no. 01/01, pp. 41–53,
2002.
[3] “Floating Treatment Wetlands:” [Online]. Available:
https://iisd.org/story/floating-treatment-wetlands/. [Accessed: 02-Nov-2019].
[4] Y. Wu, “Removal of COD by a Spiral Periphyton Bioreactor and Its
Associated Microbial Community,” 2017, pp. 351–366.
[5] “BOD and COD Removal Using Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 | USP
Technologies.” [Online]. Available:
http://www.h2o2.com/industrial/applications.aspx?pid=104&name=BOD-
COD-Removal. [Accessed: 02-Nov-2019].
[6] J. Houtmeyers, R. Poff�, and H. Verachtert, “Hydrogen peroxide as a
supplemental oxygen source for activated sludge: Microbiological
investigations,” Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 295–305, 1977.

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