Training Needs AnalysisTraining

Needs Analysis
In Depth InterviewIn Depth
Interview

Respondent ID IS-06
Gender Male
Age 38
Qualification Post Doctorate
Province Islamabad
I Sir kindly tell me the name of your institute please.

R: Quid-e-Azam University

I: and your department is Microbiology?

R: Yes my department is Microbiology but my area of interest is food and nutrition

microbiology.

I: Ok fine sir and what is your designation sir?

R: Ok by the wayI am promotedas Associate Professor but still due to process, I am still
assistant professor

I: Ok sir, please tell me about your role and responsibilities in your department?

R: My prime objective and role is teaching and I use to teach 2 to 3 courses in every semester
focused on the micro biology, nutrition microbiology, and along this, our rule is research
supervision of M.Phil and Ph.D. students.

I: Ok fine sir; please tell me how many faculty members you have in your department?

R: In our department, there are total 11 faculty members working.

I: And sir what is male female ratio among faculty?

R: There are 4 females and all others are male

I: Ok sir

I: Sir what is the standard qualification requirement for your faculty?

R: Ph.D.

I: Ok sir in what areas, your department is conducting a research right now?

R: I am only working because my degree was in food and nutrition and before that my Mphil.
was in Food Technology then I went to France for Ph.D. so then my focus was on
microorganisms’ role in the food and ultimately their impact on the nutrition side. Like
whenever microorganism act on the food it changes its nutritional value. And number two, my
focus is on the micro probiotic and you knowmicro biome and probiotic and gut microbiome
are very important factors in nutrition in order to balance the hunger, digestion of the food,
food detoxification and they have multi-level roles. Our total focus is on this.

I: Sir what are the areas in which research should be conducted but still there is no research
done on them?

R: In Pakistan?
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I: Yes.

R: In Pakistan, I designed the course for the first time and only I am teaching this to the
M.Philand Ph.D. level students but we do request toandI think in some time we submit our
paper forpublication on microbiome and it will be published by one of my students. Actually the
issue in Pakistan is international guidelines. In which the consumption of food and processing is
totally different from our country. So this is not true that research is notbeing conducted but
actually researches are being conducting in scattered form and there is no National Nutrition
Policy or other things like that. Like if there are specific deficiencies that exist here what are you
doing for this? And the 2nd thing is that there is another issue that if we impose here the
guidelines of West so this will be difficult for us. For this purpose, high level survey is needed.
And also there is new trend herethat if you are taking a lot of food, that food will not be
absorbed until or unless you have healthy microbiome, in this regards we don’t have any
research work and we started it 1st time here and what results we get here, are different from
the other countries like Europeans, Chinese countries and others.

I: Sir kindly tell, has any gender and nutrition related research been conducted in your
department?

R: You are talking about gender and nutrition?

I: Yes

R: Yes it is going on. Recently we conducted a study and we checked the intermittent fasting
impact on the male and female so the results were different and even gut microbiome in male
and female is different and of course we consider the representation of both. Male and female
nutritional requirements are also quite different.

I: Ok what do you think how much researches related to nutrition are important for the
development of your department?

R: One thing is that this is our interest and secondly we are nutritionally deficient country and
there is no doubt and if you see the slogan of food security is notthat does not mean that there
is a shortage of food but the food is not nutritious like junk foods and the processed food,is
how much loss occurs during the food processing?and such things are needed to be focused. So
one thing is that our we are growing in this regard and but the 2nd thing is and we have projects
on this and we have also included animal nutrition in this because you canot only our nutrition
isnnot separate animal nutrition from human nutrition and they are directly linked with
eachotherwe work as cooperative and we are directly link with this. For example you are giving
unhealthy food to the poultry and victim of this is ultimately is human. And also if you are using
some preservative in food than then the victim will also be a human. And if I specificallyy I
answered your question thean yes it is very important. Due to this human developmenting is

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going on and we haveare producedingtwo PhDswhichand we are also focuseding on nutritional
side. And also there are my 2, 3 students who have submitted their thesis and also working on
the other areasside of nutrition which haves directly impacts on humans. And anmy other one
of my students has worked on glutenintolerancenutrition and you know gluten intolerance is a
very prevailing issue.

R: oh sorry I was talking about gluten intolerance.

I: Yes sir it’s ok.

R: And it’s a big issue and has impact on human’s life so that is also in our focused and recently
on that and we have recently published our paper on that.

I: Ok sir how you share the finding of your researches externally and who are the major stake
holder?

R: Ooh yes now I have 2 projects and from themn, oneof themmy focused is on animal nutrition
like milk composition and modify because healthy cattle are rare and ultimately so that impacts
on the human nutrition and secondlywe attached with the industry and they partially supports
us financially and provide support for 3 or 3 million for animals. Along other they contribute in
their feed so our focus was to develop some nutritional supplement for the animal and second
my project is going on diary project and also in this project there is an industry, that is attached
with us and they are partially supporting us and from that we can move forward to
commercialization but it is far, it wills take some time. But on the other side which we are
publishing in international journal and in international conferences and what student use in
their studies also disseminate. And also these finding are available online at our websites. So
like this we share our researches and some time I go for the talklecture in conferences.

I: Sir how will you define the level of research conducteding in your institute, what is the level
of research, either the research is average, below average or above average?

R: Yes if I see more scientifically then off course these are good but if I compare with the
international scenario then it will get excellent. Like we take a local wheat product and take
local yogurt which your 96 percent population is taking and define its nutritional value the
microorganism that are dominating, effects on human, to check this, is our next step. So I will
say that it is on the excellent level because it is implementing in the community. And the next
aspect is that , it will be beneficial for the economy in the coming years so it is not even on
average and the reason of this is we need of the involvement of other stake holder and the
government and we required the policy and might be you can commercialize itd. We are
importing the things and we don’t have local productionavailability, also don’t have local
promotion so that’s why we don’t have good effect. But yes regarding publication we are
publishing in excellent journals. And another aspect of these is whatever we did, it was done

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and what data we published is evaluated by the foreigner evaluator from the top ranked
countries from Europe and America and number two, what we do in Ph.D. thesis, this is also go
to foreign refereesnce and until they doid not approve itokay we can’t award the degree so that
is the thing which is evidence that this is of international standard.

I: Ok fine sir

I: Sir, kindly tell me how many trainings you attended on research methodology while working
in this institute?

R: Yeah training on research methodology, I did postdoc for 8 month and before that I was also
Ph.D. but living in France for 8 month it was great exposure. At this level with the time being
our workshop is going on different topics like statically tools and we attend such sortought of
workshops. But during my PhD I attended several trainings but now my focus is on
commercialization and industrial problems and I also by myself organizeddone a conference on
Bbuilding and Iinnovating Pakistan in Quid-e-AzamUniversity and it was on 14 February.Along
all these I also conducting training for example labs related and this I done this training in
France for one weeak also. And yes your grooming is also going on.

I: Sir as you told about the session, how frequently these sessions are being conducted?

R: Yes regarding research there is a lacking and might be the reason of this is the office of
research innovation and commercialization’s poor interest is involvedsbut there was a law and
order problem existed in our university for last six month but we are ttrying our best that we
must conduct our trainings. Although these are not so frequent but 3 to 4 training we conduct
within one year and now we are trying to focus on this.

I: Ok sir and what is the duration of these trainings?

R: Yeah it depends. Here there are two types of trainings. One is student level training and
these are conducted in large quantity and when student comes to us we trained in lab for week.
And other training is formal and official training which is not needed such as. For example if
some student join for M.Phil. So I attached him with already trained PhD’s. so he or she will be
undertraining for one year. If we talk about the Mphiltraining so this is actually one year
ongoing training and when he went to 1st day so we will trained even in picketing. But these are
not like announced and official trainings. And every person is needed to be work in their own
lab because work is different for everyone and we required more trainings in chemical handling
like the student of microbiology chemistry might notdon’t needed such training in
maximumquantity but we require thatd, so we trained our students in our own lab. But the
official training for teachers are fewlessened, we have lacking in these.

I: So you told for those formal training which are annually conducted within a year?

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R: Yes53 to 64arehave conductedor more

I: Mean average you can say three to four?

R: Average or might be more than 3 to 4 it might be 5 like now 2 training are going on end note
and statistical analysis so you can write down 5 to 6 trainings.

I: Ok sir and sir can you tell me the average duration for these trainings?

R: These can be of 1 or two days

I: Ok sir can you tell me that who are they trainee and trainers for these trainings?

R: Yeah the trainers are off course the experts who are organized these trainings and if we talk
about the audience so of course, they are teachers and students also including Ph.D. students

I: Ok sir so all the trainersare belongs to your institute or comes from outsides?

R: It depends. Trainers comes from outside and even foreigners trainers are also come, last
week one of Pprofessors from Italy cameomes to us and he conducted a seminar and you can
take that seminar as research trainings. That seminar was only even for 2 hours but we learnt a
lot regarding researches of food Mmicrobiology.

I: Ok sir how can would you insure quality of trainers (external trainers)?

R: Yes let’s see those who are former foreigners, as you know already they are stamped (of
perfection) and other thaen that we must recruit some reputed professors for our trainings. In
local trainers, yes we can be doubtful but we try our best to select best people and still we did
not face any problem.

I: Ok sir and who decided the content of training?

R: Yyes this is decided by organizerOrganizers decide this on the basis of need,. tThat either can
be helpful for people or other of course,for researches. Tthe trainer will decide this according
to their expertise and secondly, we can do modify these trainings according to our needs.

I: Ok, as sir you mentioned that there is not any specific way, you use for evaluation, so how
you can measures the outcome of trainings?

R: Yeah it’s a difficult question. We take feedback by filling out the Performa that either this
training was beneficial for you or not. Are you satisfied or not? And your audience gives their
feedback. We get some rough estimate from their feedback. So (result is) mostly people are
satisfied and does not feel bored. like in IP training and in intellectual copy rights trainings
where teacher are involve and these trainings have copy rights so we get feedback by these.

I: So, evaluation Performa exists?

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R: yes of course, not for each training but mostly we try to have it to get feedback.

and it is commonly put in the trainings for getting their feedback.

I: Sir as you told me about the publication, can you tell me, how many of researches your
institute published annually?

R: Yes! If we talk about the last years, only mine was almost 12 to 13 publications.

I: MashaAllah sir!

R: And in this year till now, we have done 4 to 5 publications and more are in process.

I: ok sir and what is the ratio of these publications, being published in high impact factor
journals?

R: Now we are moving towards high impact factor journals. In past we published in low impact
factor journals but now we moving towards high impact factor journals.

I: This year’s , all studies are were all published in high impact factors?

R: Yes.

I: Sir what do you think, what are the nutrition related issues that , can be catered by capacity
building trainigs?

R: One thing is that in Pakistan, the dietary patterenspatterns are so haphazard that we
havecan’t fix the basic thingsit till now. Like if you see, we still don’t know that what are the
nutritional values of our routine food items and as my focus is on specific makeable content but
they have impact. Like permitted foods we have traditionally and they are very popular to be
neutraceutical . On the other hand our policy is made without any knowledge for example milk
and raw milk is the nutritional milk. in Tthe whole world, people are moving towards raw milk
and because here we have strong “Gawala” system and the food safety is saying that we are
eliminating the raw milk and there is no permission of raw milk. I think you are not taking things
rationally and might be you are making the policy under the influence of media and industry.,
you are making policy. So, there are many areas in local nutrition where we must do,
nutritional profiling, even we don’t know on the cooking matters andmethods after that food
has lost its value.

I: ok.

R: and there are a lot of aspects and in our side the dietary requirement is not as per usual, for
this there is not goof favorable temperature, we have allot assertion and also stress. So these
are the things from which you make a policy,. for policy making these things are very important.
Then you can distribute the topics that what area you need to be worked but the basic level

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questions are unresolved that what is your nutritional profile, so if we consider all these things
researches are very limited. For nutrition we need more researches, although scattered type
research is going on.

I: Sir! Kindly tell me, how research topics are identified in your institute?

R: Yes this is interesting and as I am working here since 8 years, I can only tell about my side,
don’t know about the others methods, so one things is , must see burning related issues and
community related problems which is not done in Pakistan might be it has been done in the
other world, so these things must be focused to identify research topics.

R:To look such noble things number one. And even then under this umbrella we must check the
interest of the researchers. If someone said himself that I have to do work in this area and this
topic, although we don’t specify the topic. You are doing a little work even you are resolving a
minor problem. We have a much focus on capacity building, human resource building is more
dominant,. sSo with this regard we are giving preference to such students. So they decide
themselves.

When sStudents enrolls to me, I inform them that this is my domain. So what in your thoughts
are those topics, burning issues having an impact on economy, for which more people are
suffering like Alfratopsin, here in my knowledge more than 60%.or70%-80% reported these
incidents!

There is a need to work on that topic definitely. Check its genetics, how does it enter the food
chain and how does it even impact human physiology? Look mean focus is on, Iit is multi-
directional or said to be multi-dimensional approach. You are having an eye on student’s
interest, if he is not interested in it, he does not work on it. To develop interest, it is important
to aware him about its importance. Does it is a crucial problem and does it really suffer a lot of
masses? And what is it impact on economy and will it be some impact on economy,. sSo these
are the things keeping in view while deciding a topic.

I: Right. Sir let me know what in your thoughts, the influence of different methodologies used
and use of different software in effective planning and implementation of Nutrition extent?

R: You are asking about software and methodology?

I: yeah. About methodologies and software!

R: I have to tell you something very important regarding last question that I missed. We don’t
consider about facilities, economics and financial. We don’t conduct that research for which we
don’t have finance or we don’t conduct those researches whose facilities are missing in my labs.
But still if we have finance, we can carry this out from somewhere else by sent samplingsending
a sample. And if we have our own capacity, but even not enough expense for consumables, so

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definitely we have to emit it out and to settle for classical methods. So your next question is
connected with it, so I added it here. And regarding to your question, software and
methodology both are very important. You have known this that the way science understands
nature or if science focus on research problem,; it will be methodology based. The way you
have gone through it, it will be seen in that sense. You have results in that manner.

So methodologies are very important and accredited methodologies are missing in our labs so
as check and balance is missing. For example the accreditation of labs and methods are very
important. We have neglected it too in my view.

In Europe and America, accreditation of methods and calibration of instruments is done on

regular basis. If our instruments are not calibrated, the results are will be fake. And this is a
genuine issue that we are facing right now because of in recent era, a lot of investments are
made on instruments. I myself ordered from foreign because you know that prices are same.
Even China has not repute in science. This is obvious there is no way of calibration of those.
Methodologies are effective when they are accredited. Obviously, Researchers will have
different results by changing methodologies of their own choice because if you see a thing with
four different aspects then results will be different Researchers have different results by
changing methodologies of their own choice. aspects so results will be different You have
different results of a single view if you work from four different aspects, four different methods.

Secondly about software, we are using the software. Even right from the review of literature,
you should have an idea about it that if a person used end notes and one doesn’t, so you must
be efficient in handling the literature. If yYou have results and latest software’s and statistical
themes available online and some special software’s available online that analyze your data
precisely but you don’t used it, so ultimately you don’t have focus. So software’s are even
available in your mobile phone where you can easily handle data. Precise it and have a
database. So it has very special importance.

I: Fine. Sir what are the major facilitators in the trainings held in your institute?

R: Some funds are given by HEC and PSF on financial level. Secondly, local authorities and
thirdly we arrange things by our own resources. But there is only human resource
development, and we as an institution, scientific institutes focused those in universitiesas focus
of research institutes and universities are different. They have not regular research trainings.
Even right now in my lab, students of M.Sc are performing practical. So this is the part of the
training. They are taught from the beginning about DNA extraction, Protein extraction and
similar stuff. That is also the part of their practical training. It is obvious in that facilitation is
provided by the university and even students are involved in it as a trainee. This happens as we
have the similar objective and class room is a part of training so it is in routine practice here.
And also we have scientific helping staff available here.

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I: What are the major barriers faced by your institute while conducting nutrition focused
training?

R: In my view there is no such barrier except your motivation (motivation is the only barrier).
You have to arrange time for it. You have to disseminate that you have to face many audiences,
disseminatione of information is very necessary. And thirdly also some finances must available
for it. And finally, some outcomes, that are not highlighted in the media. These things are not
focused because in our media these issues are sensitized. These real issues are not discussed as
they are not able to gain such air-time. So these are the barriers and they can’t didn’t reach the
market. In my thought communication is much spread for larger community consensus. this,
although some specific but still a larger community consensus on this. Television is now an
effective way as it is in every house as you know, so. iIf message is conveyed through it to
community in a simple way it is will be much effective. Because this is the ultimate objective, if
you have trained someone so that we he should focus on it and having anafter that ultimate
effect should be on community.

I: right. Sir tells me that if training is designed on nutrition focused research and you have to
nominate someone from your institute to attend that training as a master trainer and who will
serves back to your institution. Who will be nominated by you and what is the reason?

R: Master trainer . . . what is the level of training. I will try to nominate students, if it is related
to their studies but for student the problem, is that short time for student to obtain degree and
they will go from here.shortage of time (in getting degree and involvements in such trainings is
difficult)

I: Sso if anyone from faculty?

R: Sso if only one faculty member is to be nominated so there is only me working on nutrition

I: So, you will nominate yourself?

R: Yes I will, because there is no stop in it, you i always have requirement because learning
never stops but it also depend on the area of training, if I am lacking in that particular area, I
will definitely go for this. So if not then, some other will also be nominated.

I: Hhow would you ensure that the master trainer will trickles down the information with junior
staff and students that is obtained via training while maintaining that quality and standard?

R: Of course we can hold that training sessions again here in university. It is obvious that to we
will definitely ensure that training is conducted here so too( in university) as to disseminate
what you they have learned from the trainings.

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I: Sir in your views what should be the ideal content of that training designed for the nutrition
research?

R: It is a difficult question because it depends on the thing that what is the focus. If you are
discussing about nutrition, so right, start from challenges we have in nutrition. There are so
many multiple challenges that in my view they are notcouldn’t be resolved with a couple of
trainings. Because we have, even right from the nutrition profile of the product, dietary
pattern, even in the school no training is given about what to intake and what to not. They have
open canteens without any checks. Now there is some focus on Punjab side about beverages
and soft drinks. But on the other side, children are not trained about the quantity of vegetable
or food intake.

So this in my view, it is will be much focused if it is initiate from school level. We couldn’t
neglect the adults as well. adults are not ignored similarlywe can done this universitie similarly
by designing a training regarding, how to handle the dietary patterns, also must be aware about
the latest research evidence and about , why you have a lot of fiber in your food. One thing is to
tell them about the food that iif you intake this food result will be ins in that way and other
thing is to tell them is, the evidence of the research.but the other is that they have to be
informed about the same thing with the modern research carried on it and the effects of it.
Like this research is conducted in 2018 and this is the result.

Nowadays classical nutrition is change into modern nutrition, so as modern nutritional patterns
are quite different. There are so many things in classically, like butter is linked with
cardiovascular disease in classical nutrition. Now butter is the nutritionist product, if you
remove butter from it then nutrition is zero in my point of view. Latest research is included in
the training whatever the level of training is, it depends, if community-based it is something
that they understands, if it is in school it is of very basic level, children will to be educate about
what to intake and what to leave. And they have to teach on some other level, that are on the
research papers but to brief them as lay man about Pros and Con but if it is for researchers
training, enlighten about policy and devices. Discussion must be included about nutritional
policy on national level and how to handle it. Then it must be disseminate because people will
intake what they have. If government bans the particular substances like the biggest problem
with food items is that they are very cheap for business purposes. Like if someone is dropped
from school, he will go for food business. It has ultimately a massive impact on society because
what you are intake it has impact on your health, wealth gain, physiology. It depends what
content you are including. It must be accordingly.

I: Yes, of course. We are talking about the training that is titled for researchers on nutritional
research.

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R: The major focus should be on population for training of nutritional researchers. The
problems that to be highlighted must be looked that thisey is are relevant here to us or not(for
particular area). After the identification ofalso identify them about the academics problems, .iIt
is important to inform them that they must focus regarding their local environment considering
that the impact and nutrition value of the diet consumed here. And ultimately bring close to the
modern model as it is much lacking. You can easily work on 1, 2 nutrients as the international
review of that available but if you are working on local products then it is obvious that you have
to make a proper planning for it. There are more challenges involved in it as you have not done
it.

I: Rright. Sir what do you say about the duration of trainings as you have mention that 1 day
training is not enough?

R: In my opinion, these should not be more than one day, as teachers have problems, they have
to continue teaching.

I: Ook training is of 1 day and what is the timings for that training?

R: It is of any time.

I: Should it be 9-5, 9-2 or 9-3?

R: It should be 9-5or at some time in afternoon.

I: what is your preference about the timings?

R: I have preference that I do have fewer classes at that timings or otherwise it could be in
summer, when classes are off. We have some issues with our classes as we don’t miss our
classes. Bbut it is at any time. oObviously you have to spare some time for special things.

I: Right. So you have not issues with timings otherwise.

R: No not at all.

I: Fine. Sir what do you thinks about the number of participants in each training?

R: If you are talking about researchers so in my views, they should not be more than 10-15. As
there is are a lot of issues arise,. Yyou can’t conduct such trainings in huge gatherings. If you are
conducting it for public awareness so it does not matter if number of participants reaches more
than 100 or 200.

I: But right now all the discussion is related to researchers.

R: right. It should not be more than 10-15, if it is for researchers.

I: All right and the number of trainers in each trainingwhat should be the number of trainers?

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R: Yeah on area you selected, you can make it 1 or 2. It is ok with 2-3.

I: So 2-3 trainers are included. Sir what in your thoughts that if a female trainer is included in
this training, is there a different outcome generated?

R: I personally do not discriminate between male and female regarding research. I treat them as
students when they approaches me, whether male or female it does not count but female
participation is important.

I: Ok. But In your opinion, there is not any other difference if female trainer is included.

R: If you are asking me about that their inclusion impacts, so it depends on expertise of that
person if it will be male or female. If a female is exceptional, so she has an impact on it but if
male are doing it nicely so no problem. There is no discrimination. It only depends on
availability. If a good trainer is female so it is not necessary to include male.

I: Right. Sir let me know that is there any consideration of gender equality in your institution,
while nominating trainees or trainers?

R: Look it is not gender based, research can’t be on gender bases. Yes, females are should
participated. Let me tell you one thing, I have completed more than 50 thesistheses and if I
count then it include not even 10 male in it. Still in my lab 90% are females are there and may
be 90% females in my class as well. This is what the level is, so there is no gender wise
discrimination.

Even now I feel that males have to be given participation. Believe it, In PhD some topics are
related in which we have to handle the animals,. wWe have to find out the males, so that he
can do this.

Look still we have not achieved that level in Pakistan that I will sent female in Lahore and will
asked her to live there and do whatever you want do it but males are assigned like this. It does
not make mean that we are biased. Both are equally important. Females are more focused, may
be exceptional in writing as well as obedient compare to males.

So it is not a problem. I think if they do not consider it, it does not matter. The reason is that the
one who is expert will come out.

I: Right, Sir is there any policy exists in your institution regarding gender equality?

R: I inform you about the policy related to gender equality that we have students enroll here, so
more than 90% or may be 80% in sciences, labs and in classrooms are females.

I: That’s right. Sir what would you proposed how to deal with gaps in training of faculty
development in nutrition research?

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R: Awareness is what all. Need to done have athe focus on researchers. Efforts needed
necessarily about the identification of the areas. Need of having a discussion having together, a
much focus discussionThere is a need of having a focused discussion together. So if there is any
platform provided, it will be good. Otherwise scattered work is going side b side. Government
does not want to doworry about that, they have not focus. Ministry of food and Education may
be exists or not, I don’t knowfood security and nutrition something like that. Even we don’t
have a science minister. Sso these are the issues.

I: Right. Sir let me know, if an online sharing portal will establish for SUNAR members, what the
features you are willing to have in that.

R: You are talking about online features for researchers?

I: For researchers? For the entire member of SUNAR, if there is an online sharing portal, so what
should be the features of that portal?

R: In this there could be discussions. For features you are asking about what type of content?,
Iit could be a discussion forum. Mostly people don’t participle much online, on such discussion
and online therey may behave very least impact argument. People still are trying to do such
online things but there are still flaws such as to arrange meetings and to access the outcome so
it may not be very effective.

I: Right. And what should be the features included except this, what should be the information
included?

R: There is necessity of focus area in my view, I think there must be some focused area,so the
people may have some guidelines. The guideline people have is must beto about the major
issues in Pakistan and how to justify them and if you think that you can add some links of
funding agencies on the portal then it may be helpful if you think it necessary you might go for
specific funding or the links of special funding agencies as it is helpful because as I told you
earlier that many researches are compromised in Pakistan. as Tthe funds that are released by
government just for over-generalized topics not for focused study. Then researcher by his will,
considering his facility, knowledge and interest, he performs the study. As we have not bound
them. As, it is a global practice that, if you have been given funding so, you are bound to do
that. Here if funding is given by agencies so these are the areas like in Biology it includes marine
biology, even astronauts biology is there. In astrology, there is a lot of biology included. Simply
they does not guide that this is the specific area and you have to work on it. Then ultimately it
remains quite open-ended thing. It can just make a research publication ultimately but there is
not any final outcome on economy. This is a reason possibly.

I: Right, Sir you have informed me your qualification as Post Doc? Have you done Post Doc?

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R: Yes I have done it in 2015.

I: Ok. Sir kindly tells me about your age?

R: My age is 38; ask me about my date of birth that is 26 December 1980 so you can calculate
by yourself.

I: Ok. Thank you so much sir. Allah hafiz.

R: Thank you.

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