Certificate

This is to certify that Master Purushottam Sinha of class

XII-‘SCIENCE’ of Maharishi Vidya Mandir-4, roll no
________ has successfully completed his physics project
file. He has taken Proper care and utmost sincerity in
completion of his project. All the works related to the
project was done by the candidate himself. The approach
towards the subject has been sincere and scientific.
I certify that this project is upto my expectation and as per
the guidelines issued by the CBSE.

…..……………………
External Examiner

Principal PGT Physics

 Acknowledgement
I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my chemistry
teacher …………, PGT (Physics) for her able guidance and
vital support in completing my project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to our lab assistant

for providing me with all the facility that was required.

PURUSHOTTAM SINHA
XII SCIENCE
ROLL NO.
 Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage
(transfers energy between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic induction). Transformers range in size
from small RF transformers a cubic centimeter in volume
to large units interconnecting the power grid weighing
hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer designs is
encountered in electronic and electric power applications.
Since the invention in 1885 of the first constant potential
transformer, transformers have become essential for the
AC transmission, distribution, and utlization of electrical
energy.
 Principle
It is based on the principle of mutual induction. A varying
current in the transformer's primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic
field impinging on the secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. The primary and secondary windings
are wrapped around a core of infinitely high magnetic
permeability[e] so that all of the magnetic flux passes
through both the primary and secondary windings. With
voltage source connected to the primary winding and load
impedance connected to the secondary winding, the
transformer currents flow in the indicated directions.
 Step-down transformer
In our project step-down transformer is used: This
transformer converts high voltage at alternating current
into low voltage alternating current. Instep-down
transformer the number of turns in primary coil remains
large as compare to secondary coil. Step down
transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage.
Their primary voltage is greater than their secondary
voltage. This kind of transformer "steps down" the
voltage applied to it. For instance, a step down
transformer is needed to use a 110v product in a country
with a 220v supply.
Step down transformers convert electrical voltage from
one level or phase configuraton usually down to a lower
level. They can include features for electrical isolaton,
power distribution, and control and instrumentation
applications. Step down transformers typically rely on the
principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert
voltage and/or current levels.
 Construction

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated

with each other by insulated material and wound on a
common core. For operation at low frequency, we may
have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining
thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is
called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.
 Theory
Suppose, the number of turns in the primary coil is NP
and that in the secondary coil is NS. The resistance of the
coil is assumed to be zero. Let dq /dt be the rate of change
of flux in each turn of the primary coil. If Ep be the e.m.f.
in the primary circuit then,
EP = –NP (1)
We suppose that there is no loss of fux between the
primary and secondary coils. Then, the induced e.m.f. in
the secondary coil will be:
ES= –NS (2)
From equations (i) and (ii), we fnd: Ns/Np= K is called
transformer ratio or turn ratio.
For step up transformer K>1
For step down transformer K < 1
That is for step-up transformer NS> NP, therefore
ES>EP.
For the step down transformer NS< NP therefore ES< EP
Efficiency:
The efficiency of the transformer is given by:
 Energy Losses in Transformer

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always

less than the input energy, because energy losses occur
due to a number of reasons as explained below .
1.Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils
is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux
produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the
secondary coil.
2.Eddy Current Loss: In actual iron cores inspite of
laminaton, Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of
eddy current may, however be small. And a part of energy
is lost as the heat produced in the iron core.

3.Heat Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to
the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetizaton. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
 Index
1. Acknowledgements
2. Introduction
3. Principle
4. Step-Down Transformer
5. Construction
6. Theory
7. Energy Loses in Transformer
8. Bibiliography
 Bibliography
1) Internet-
(a) www.wikipedia.com,
(b)www.encylopedia.com
2) NCERT Physics Textbook