BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 3-

A RESEARCH ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF

PUTRAJAYA INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION
CENTRE (PICC)

BY
CHUA CHIN YEE 183020446
NANTIINI A/P K.JAYASELAN 172018776
INTRODUCTION
The Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) is the main convention centre in

Putrajaya, Malaysia. It is located on the peak of Taman Puncak Selatan in Precinct 5.

It was constructed from 2001 to September 2003. Its first conference was the 10th Organization

of Islamic Conference in October of the same year. It was renamed from the Putrajaya

Convention Centre in October 2004 to its present name to reflect its international status on par

with conference centres in worldclass cities such as London, Tokyo and Paris. It is a precinct

landmark that grew out of an idea from a truly inspirational man, Malaysia’s fourth Prime

Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Bin Mohamad.

The PICC covers an area of 135,000 square meters, or approximately 1.3 million square feet.
FLOOR PLAN
The Convention Centre, designed to incorporate and reflect 135,000 sqm contiguous of space and occupied a site

of nearly 1.3M square feet, making it one of Malaysias largest Convention Centres, is the perfect choice for having

differing types of events, functions or corporate meetings. Be it large or small scale agendas, we have vast range

of spaces that will cater to your specific needs.

FOUNDATION (PILING)
This is a famous multi storey international convention centre in Malaysia. Piled foundation is the best choice for

constructing this centre because it is suitable used in multi storey building. Besides that, there are 3 types of load,

dead load, live load and wind load. Dead load is the intrinsic in variable weight of a structure and includes any

permanent loads attached to the structure. For example, walls, floors, roof, and other permanent components of

the building. It also called dead weight compared with live load. Live load is the weight of everything

superimposed on, or temporarily attached to, a structure. For example, people, machinery and equipment, furniture

and appliances. Wind load is the horizontal load used in the design of a structure to account for the effects of wind.

Piled foundation is the deepest foundation compared with the others, such as pad foundation, strip foundation,

trench foundation and raft foundation. Piled foundation is formed by a group of piles made from steel or reinforced

concrete and sometimes timber to support a superstructure. Piling is transmitted load through weak and unstable

soil condition. Basically, piles are classified as end-bearing piles (where most of the friction is developed at the

toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer) or friction piles (where most of the pile-bearing capacity is developed by

shear stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers are too deep). Most piles use some end-

bearing and some friction, in order to resist the action of loads. There are many advantages of piled foundation.

Piled foundation can be precast to the required specifications. Piles of any size, length and shape can be made in

advance and used at the site. As a result, the progress of the work will be rapid. Moreover, a pile driven into

granular soil compacts the adjacent soil mass and as a result the bearing capacity of the pile is increased. The work

is neat and clean. The supervision of work at the site can be reduced to a minimum. The storage space required is

very much less. Driven piles may conveniently be used in places where it is advisable not to drill holes for fear of

meeting ground water under pressure. Drivens pile is the most favored for works over water such as piles in wharf

structures or jetties. However, there are many disadvantages of piled foundation too. Precast or prestressed

concrete piles must be properly reinforced to withstand handling stresses during transportation and driving.

Advance planning is required for handling and driving. It requires heavy equipment for handling and driving.

Since the exact length required at the site cannot be determined in advance, the method involves cutting off extra

lengths or adding more lengths. This increases the cost of the project. Driven piles are not suitable in soils of poor

drainage qualities. If the driving of piles is not properly phased and arranged, there is every possibility of heaving

of the soil or the lifting of the driven piles during the driving of a new pile. Where the foundations of adjacent

structures are likely to be affected due to the vibrations generated by the driving of piles, driven piles should not

be used. In conclusion, piled foundation is a deep foundation. It is suitable to construct the multi storey building.
Therefore, the building will be a very steady and stable building. Piled foundation classified as end-bearing piles

and friction piles. The end-bearing piles and friction piles is used in depending the condition of soils.
SUSPENDED CONCRETE SLAB
The decision of type of slab for a specific floor relies on upon numerous variables. Economy of development is

clearly a critical attention, yet this is a qualitative controversy until particular cases are examined, and is a land

variable. The design loads, required spans, serviceability requirements, and strength requirements are all important.

Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) definitely will choose the best suitable slab for its floor depends

on the suitability, economic and aesthetic.

Serviceability necessities must be considered, and diversions are some of the time hard to control in the floor.

Vast live loads and little breaking points on passable avoidances may drive the utilization of substantial segment

capitals. Negative-minute splitting around segments is at times an issue with level plates, and again a section

capital may be valuable in its control.

Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) mostly apply suspended concrete floor slab to its floor. A

suspended concrete floor is a floor slab where its perimeter is, or at least two of its opposite edges are, supported

on walls, beams or columns that carry its self weight and imposed loading. The floor spans between supports and

will normally turn aside under load to a dimension that is limited by the design used. The prestressing of a concrete

floor slab can get rid of its usual deflection below support level. This is achieved either by pretensioning, where

precast floor units are used, or by post tensioning with steel wire tendons incorporated in an in-situ concrete slab.
Suspended slabs are above-ground level slabs which are not directly made contact with with the earth. They are

commonly used to create floors for the upper storeys of building but can also be sat on top of pre-constructed

walls to form a ground floor. They are normally built to the multi-storey buildings as it can bear high uplift force.

Suspended concrete slabs are made of concrete but sometimes it will still have with steel mesh, the same as a

ground slab. They are normally brought by the transport of truck and will prefabricate offsite. Some slabs even

have unfilled conduits sprinting through them and these 'hollow core slabs' are used to help reduce weight, and

also to allow cabling and piping to be run through the slab. Suspended floors can be constructed in three basic

forms as wholly of reinforced in-situ concrete, as a floor consisting of reinforced or prestressed precast concrete

units, usually spanning in one direction and as a floor comprising reinforced or prestressed precast concrete units

overlaid by an in-situ concrete layer formed in such a way that it acts compositely with the precast concrete units.

There are plenty of advantages of using suspended floor slab which one of the advantages is it is easy to install

once the support and great machinery is ready for it. Then, it is more effective than the joist sub-floors in blocking

out noise from upper floors and allows access to under floor access. Although suspended is easier, it must have

crane to access. If there is an issue of lacking this machinery, the process of the construction will be delayed and

there will be a possibility of extra charging.

Precast concrete floor slab is one of the types of suspended floor slab. In the point of view of us, we saw this

building mostly apply precast concrete floor slab to it. Precast concrete slabs are made off site and extended into

spot, either in completed structure or with an extra thin spill of cement crazy. They can be produced using

customary or post-tensioned fortified solid, or from autoclaved circulated air through cement (AAC).
Individual precast solid units may be built and incorporated with a floor, ordinarily, to compass one-path between

supporting parts.

The floor section is precast in the precast concrete segment production line under perfect conditions, and contains

the torsionally hardened support that is obliged to give firmness once introduced, and the flexural strain

fortification, lengthways and crossways, that is needed for gathering and the last state. The floor chunk is made

into a strong and solid strengthened solid floor by utilizing blend in-situ cement that is spilled at the development

site. The thickness of the completed floor chunk is somewhere around 12 and 30 cm, contingent upon the compass

and the stacking. The jutting truss fortification and the cement surface itself give the obliged tying down,

guaranteeing great holding and attachment between the completed part and the mix in-situ cement.
COOPER ROOF

Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) is an award winning building and landmark in Putrajaya. The

roofs of Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC) are made of copper. Roof is the uppermost part of a

building and its main purpose is to protect the building from weathers, notably rain, and also heat, wind, sunlight.

However there are more to be concerned about when choosing the perfect roof for a building, first of all would be

the corrosion resistance. As an architectural metal, copper provides excellent corrosion resistance. Copper surfaces

form tough oxide-sulfate patina coatings that protect underlying copper surfaces and resist corrosion for a very

long time. The durability of copper roofs is undeniable. Copper roofs are extremely durable in most

environments. They have performed well for over 700 years, primarily because of the protective patina that forms

on copper surfaces. Properly designed copper roofs minimize movements due to thermal changes. Copper’s

low thermal expansion, 40% less than zinc and lead, helps to prevent deterioration and failure. Also, copper’s

high melting point ensures that it will not creep or stretch as some other metals do.
For buildings like PICC which has roof that is hard to access for maintenance, copper is a good choice because

copper does not require cleaning or maintenance after installation. Unquestionably copper is a light metal which

is a good quality to be considered when choosing the suitable roof. When used as a fully supported roof covering,

copper is half the weight (including substrate) of lead and only a quarter of tiled roofs. This generally provides

savings in supporting structure and materials costs. Copper cladding offers additional opportunities to reduce the

weight of copper structures. Lightning strike protection minimizes damage to buildings during lightning

terminations, so lightning protecting quality of a roof should also be take in account too. Copper effectively

facilitates the transmission of lightning energy to the ground because of its excellent electrical conductivity. Also,

it bends easily compared to other conductor materials.

Broad worldwide tests have proved that uncoated copper and copper alloys for example brass, bronze, copper

nickel, copper-nickel-zinc, have strong intrinsic antimicrobial properties with efficacies against a wide range of

disease-resistant bacteria, molds, fungi and viruses. After years of testing, the U.S. approved the registration of

over 300 different copper alloys (copper, brasses, bronzes, copper-nickels, and nickel-silvers) as antimicrobial

materials. These developments are creating markets for antimicrobial copper and copper alloys in interior

architecture. To meet the design needs for building surfaces, structures, fixtures, and components, antimicrobial

copper-based products are available in a wide range of colors, finishes, and mechanical properties. From the

aspect of performance, maintenance, service life, and recovery costs from recycling, copper is a material with

high cost effectiveness compared to other materials. Although the initial cost of copper is higher than some other

architectural metals, it usually does not need to be replaced during the life of a building. Due to its durability, low

maintenance, and ultimate salvage value, the additional cost for copper may be insignificant over the life of a

roofing system.

As a conclusion, copper one of the most suitable material for building with low accessibility and big roof surface

from the aspect of corrosion resistance, durability, thermal expansion, maintenance, weight, lightning protection,

antimicrobial and cost effectiveness.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
The main building consists of 6 levels of functioning space:

(a) Lower ground (on the raft, housing the Banquet Hall);

(b) Ground Floor (Head of States Hall);

(c) 1s t Floor (main entrance to the Plenary Hall and meeting rooms);

(d) 2nd Floor (Plenary Hall and meeting rooms);

(e) 3rd Floor (Plenary Hall, meeting rooms and viewing decks); and

(f) 4th Floor (Mechanical rooms).

The shape of the building is circular hence the structural grid is also circular on plan. The inner ring is 70m in

diameter, the middle ring is 100m and the outer ring is 130m. The inner 2 rows of columns (Ring A and B) were

2.0m in diameter and the outer most row (Ring C) consists 900mm2 columns. The lower ground floor housed the

c o l u m n - f ree Banquet Hall. The span between the column is 70m and above the Banquet Hall is the Head of

States hall and the Plenary Hall. To support the loadings from the Plenary Hall, an innovative radiating portal

frame (F1 frame) was developed. The F1 frame is part of the inner most row column (Ring A). The horizontal
member of the F1 frame reached out 20m towards the centre. The depth of the horizontal member was 3.9m. All

the horizontal member of the F1 frame stop at the compressing ring beam. Within the compression ring beam (900

x 2700) was a system of grillage beams 250 x 2000mm (30m diameter).

THE F1 FRAME

Above the ground floor the structural system consisted of composite columns, structural steel frame and reinforced

concrete composite slab with shear connectors. The steel beam was on a radial and circumferential arrangement.

The majority of the beams were constructed of Grade 43 steel built-up sections (using plate thickness up to 40mm)

and UB steel beams of up to 388kg/m, acting compositely with the concrete floor slab. The outer most row column

(Ring C) stopped at the grou n d floor and the inner row column (Ring Aand B) continued to the roof at 15°

inclination outward from first floor onwards. The columns were composite columns with steel plate with thickness

from 20mm to 40mm infilled with concrete . The design for structural continuity at the column had created a

challenge. An innovative design was carried out on the column node using the STRAND 7 program . To achieve

a rigid connection between the radiating beam, the steel column was fabricated into two halves and the radiating

beam slotted in between and welded. Each of these column nodes weighed approximately 10 ton and were

fabricated off site. A 200T capacity crawler crane was used to erect the nodes. For the erection of the steel member ,

one unit of 150T and 200T capacity crawler cranes and four tower cranes with 2.5T tiploads we r e used. Erection

of beam was done in such a way to form a square closed loop for stability of the structure.
The Plenary Hall was formed using built-up steel beam raked and shaped in two (2) directions. Precast planks

with structural topping were used to form the seats.

The fabrication and erection of the roof truss was most challenging as it involved extensive welding and tight

distortion control . A high degree of accuracy in fabrication was required such that the individual components

were aligned properly during erection. In order to catch up with the tight construction schedule, the fabricator had

to produce 300 tons of steel per week. The most challenging in the erection process was the erection of the spine

truss. The spine truss was analysed in stages to represent the sequences of erection supported by temporary towers.

The temporary towers were 55 m.

CONCLUSION

The completed Putrajaya Convention Centre is not just a landmark but an icon building in the Federal

Administration Centre of Putrajaya. The teams of engineers, arc h i t e c t , p roject managers and contractor have

been delighted with the way in which the ideas that the team developed have been transformed on site at Putrajaya.

The completion of Putrajaya Convention Centre on time and on budget has not only made the Malaysian

Government proud but has also shown that local contractors and engineers are able to deliver a mega project

within twenty-two months. It has become a masterpiece, a marvel of engineering and the pride and glory of the

Malaysian engineering sector.