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When an electron releases energy, it jumps to a higher orbital.

Metals (Groups I -13), Non-metals (Groups 14-17), Noble gases (Group 18).
Metals have less than 4 valence electrons, low electronegativity and low ionization energy.
Non-metals more than 4 valence electrons, high electronegativity and high ionization energy

The ability of the atom to attract toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond is known as electronegativity
The capacity of an atom to form chemical bonds is known as valency
When an electron is added to or removed from an atom, the atom becomes an ion
In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation
In ionic bonds, the nonmetal accepts electrons to become a negatively charged anion

Ionic bonding - involves complete transfer of electrons.

- takes place between metal and non-metal with electronegativity difference of greater than 1.9.
Examples:
- A metallic element like sodium(Na) transfers an electron to a non-metallic element like fluorine (F)
- NaCl (Sodium Chloride) – table salt
- CaCl2 (Calcium Chloride) – rock salt
- Fe2O3 – (Iron Oxide) - rust
Ionic compounds - is the type of compounds conduct electricity when they are soluble or dissolved in water
- is the type of compounds form crystal lattices rather than amorphous solids

Covalent bond - is the type of bond was formed if the bond occurs primarily between non-metals
- It takes place when atoms share electrons with one another.
- Properties of covalent compounds are low melting point, low boiling point and more flammable
o Example: Silicon and Oxygen react to form Silicon Dioxide. This compound will have low melting
point, insoluble in water, doesn’t conduct electricity even when molten
Non polar covalent bond – the value of the covalent bond is between 0-0.4
- involves equal sharing of electrons.
- Examples:
o type of bond was formed between two Nitrogen elements to form Nitrogen gas
Polar covalent bond - the value of the covalent bond is between 0.5-1.9
- involves unequal sharing of electrons

The moving electrons in metals are called “sea of electrons.”.

The moving electrons in metals are attracted to positively charged protons
The particles present in metals are tightly packed in a lattice (3D structure). Metals are dense.
Examples of metals lithium, silver, iron, aluminum, copper, gold

Metallic Property Explanation

Luster
Malleability/ malleable
Ductility / ductile
Good Conductor of electricity
Good thermal conductor
Metals are lustrous because when light strikes the surface of the metal,
the free valence electrons reflect the light giving the metal a shiny
appearance.
Metals can be flattened or can be formed into sheets when being
hammered because of the ability of the metal atoms to slide over one
another without breaking the metallic bond.
Metals can be formed into fine wire because of the free moving
electrons which enable the metal atoms to slide over each other.
Metals are good conductors of electricity because the electrons are free
to move within the metal.
Metals are good conductors of heat because the positive metal nuclei are
close together and can easily transfer the heat. The motions of the moving
electrons also transfer heat.

Uses of Metals
Metal Uses
copper Electrical wiring, metal sculpture and component of jewelry
aluminum Cookware, housing and building materials
gold Jewelry
iron Manufacturing of machine and equipment;housing and building materials
nickle Production of alloy
silver Jewelry
Organic compounds are group of compounds that contain the element carbon.
The maximum number of bonds can a carbon atom form is 4.
Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen combined with other elements namely oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorous, sulfur, and halogens
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Hydrocarbons such as
methane, ethane and butane are components of natural gas. Hydrocarbons are grouped into families namely,
alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

The hydrocarbons that contain single bond is called alkane

Alkanes are hydrocarbon compounds that only have single bonds in the compounds. Alkanes are also known as
saturated hydrocarbons because additional hydrogen atoms can no longer bond in the compound. The first
alkane is methane, CH4, and the second member is ethane, CH3CH3, which are common alkane compounds.
The name of the compounds in this group all end with -ane.

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon double

bonds in their structures. The name of alkene compounds end in –ene.
The simplest alkenes are ethene, CH2CH2, and propene, CH2CHCH3.

The hydrocarbons that contain triple bonds is called alkyne

The most common alkyne compound is ethyne or acetylene.

The organic compound used as solvent and nail polish remover is acetone
Formalin or formaldehyde is used to preserve an animal.
Kerosene and ethyl alcohol. Flammable liquids such as kerosene is used as fuel for lamps (gasera) and portable
stove (kusinilya). Although ethyl alcohol is also flammable, it is not used as fuel for stoves or lamps only. It is
also used as a component of biofuels for vehicles, as an ingredient for liquors, and as a disinfectant.

6.02 1023 particles is equal to 1 mole

One mole of different kinds of substances has the same number of particles but different masses.

Importance of mole:
It is useful when converting between grams and atoms or molecules
It can be applied to any type of object: molecules, atoms, ions, etc.
It gives us a convenient way to express large numbers
Mole concept can be useful for environmentalists - they use mole in quantifying the amount of pollutant-particles
released in the atmosphere.

Ways can you make use of the concept on percentage composition are:
- preparation of food (baking and cooking)
- preservation of food
- production of paste, paint, and alloy