Chapter 5. Example 1.

A 4.00 m pin-ended column supports a beam with a reaction of 100 kN permanent load and 150 imposed load.
Assuming the beam reaction to be applied 75 mm from the face of the flange. Check the adequacy of a 203 x 203 x
46 UC grade 430 steel profile.

Solution:

Step 1: Applied axial forces and moments.

Partial safety factor Factored load

Permanent load 100 kN 1.30 130 kN
Imposed load 150 kN 1.60 240 kN

Moment (beam is connected to the flange of the column).

M y , Sd = 370(0.2032 2 + 0.075) = 65.34 kN − m

Step 2: Effective length of column.

Since both column ends are hinged, the effective length is l = 4.00 m.

Step 3: Select the trial section. (Section are given).

Step 4: Check the classification of the cross-section; check the section local buckling. If necessary determine the
effective cross-section and its properties.
c 203.2 2
a) Flanges. = = 9.24 < 11ε = 11 235 275 = 10.2 (Limit for Class 2.)
tf 11.00
d 160.9 66ε
b) Web (assuming α = 1) (web generally). = = 22 < = 60.70
tw 7.4 0.4 + 0.6
(Web is Class 1).

The whole cross-section is Class 2.

Step 5: Check the first condition:
N Sd k y M y , Sd k z M z , Sd
+ + ≤ 1 . Since there is no bending about the minor axis, Mz,Sd = 0.
χ min Af y / γ M 1 W pl , y f y / γ M 1 W pl , z f y / γ M 1

Determination of the parameters:

5.1 – Determonation of χmin
5.1.1 – Buckling about y-y axis.
400
Slenderness ratio: λy = = 45.4
88.1
λy 45.4
Relative slenderness: λy = = = 0.523
λ1 235
93.9
275
h 203.2
= = 1 < 1.2 ; Thus, buckling curve b has to be used (see Table 4.11) and χy = 0.8763.
b 203.3
5.1.2 – Buckling about z-z axis.
400
Slenderness ratio: λz = = 78.3
51.1
78.3
Relative slenderness: λ z = = 0.906
93.9 x0.92
h
= 1 < 1.2 ; Thus, buckling curve c has to be used and χz = 0.5962 (is the critical value for this case).
b
Therefore χ min = 0.5962

5.2 – Determination of ky.

µ y N Sd
ky = 1 − ≤ 1 .5
χ y Af y
W pl , y − Wel , y
µ y = λ y (2 β My − 4) + ≤ 0.90
Wel , y

β M , y = β M ,ψ +
MQ
∆M
(β M ,Q − β M ,ψ )
Where:
ψ is the ratio of the end moments (is = 0 in our case).
β M ,ψ = 1.8 − 0.7ψ
MQ is the maximum moment from the lateral load.
β M ,Q = 1.3 for uniformly distribuited lateral load and
= 1.4 for a central lateral point load.
∆ M is the maximum span moment, to which the maximum end moment is added if the sign of the
diagram changes.

Thus:
ψ = 0 and β M ,ψ = 1.8
MQ = 0 (no lateral load between top and botton of the column).
β M , y = 1.8
λ y = 0.523 (refer to step 5.1.1)

∴ µ y = 0.523(2 x1.8 − 4 ) + (497 − 449 ) = −0.1023 < 0.9 OK

449
− 0.1023 x370 x103
ky = 1− = 1.026 < 1.5
0.8763x5880 x 275
5.3. Substituting into the interaction equation for first condition:
370 x103 1.025 x65.3 x106
+ = 0.420 + 0.540 = 0.96 < 1 OK
0.5962 x5880 x 275 / 1.1 497 x103 x 275 / 1.1
Thus, the section is adequate to carry the combined compression and bending.

Step 6: Check for the second condition. (If λ LT > 0.4 ).

π 2 EW pl , y
6.1 - λLT = for all the cases.
M cr .
C1π 2 EI z I w L2GI t
M cr = +
L2 I z π 2 EI z
Value of C1 – See Table 4.2; for ψ = 0 and k = 1; C1 = 1.879
1.879 ∗ π 2 ∗ 210000 x1540 x10 4 1.42 x105 40002 x0.39 x 22.3 x104
M cr = +
40002 1540 1540 x104
M cr = 5.07 x108 N − mm
π 2 x 210000 x 497 x103
λLT = = 45.07
5.07 x108
235
λ1 = 93.9ξ = 93.9 = 86.8
275
45.07
λ LT = = 0.519 > 0.4 . Then, check the second condition is valid.
86.8
6.2 – The interaction equation for Class 2 section is:
N Sd k LT M y , Sd
+ ≤1
χ z Af y / γ M 1 λLT W pl , y f y / γ M 1
µ LT = 0.15λ z β M , LT − 0.15 β M , LT = 1.8 as in step 5.2
µ LT = 0.15 x0.906 x1.8 − 0.15 = 0.0946
µ LT N Sd 0.0946 x370 x103
k LT = 1 − = 1− = 0.964 < 1 OK
χ z Af y 0.5962 x5880 x 275
Value for χ LT :
For rolled sections, curve a is used; the corresponding value for λ LT = 0.519 is χ LT = 0.9178(Table 4.9 ) .
6
370000 0.964 x65.34 x10
Finally: + = 0.422 + 0.552 = 0.974 < 1
0.5 x5880 x 275 / 1.1 0.9178 x 497 x103 x 275 / 1.1

Therefore the section is satisfactory in respect of lateral-torsional buckling and axial compression.