ANSI/ASHRAE 26-1996

(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE 26-1985)

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Mechanical
Refrigeration and
Air-Conditioning
Installations
Aboard Ship
Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee Febru-
ary 21, 1996; approved by the ASHRAE Board of Direc-
tors February 22, 1996; and approved by the American
National Standards Institute July 1, 1996.

ASHRAE Standards are updated on a five-year cycle; the

date following the Standard number is the year of ASHRAE
Board of Directors approval. The latest copies may be
purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie
Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329.

Ó1996 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Con-

ditioning Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

ISSN 1041-2336
 ASHRAE STANDARD PROJECT COMMITTEE 26-1985R
Cognizant TCs: TC 9.3, Transportation Air Conditioning, and TC 10.6, Transport Refrigeration
Standards Project Committee Liaison: Thomas W. Dekleva

A Bruce Badger*, Chairman Roy Hunter Bleiberg*

Ross H. Albright* David C. Bowman*
M. Kent Anderson William J. Hannett*
Benjamin A. Bailey* William V. Richards*

* Denotes members of voting status when 26-1996 was approved for publication
ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 1995-96
Max H. Sherman, Jr., Chair Merle F. McBride
Sally A. Hooks, Vice-Chair William E. Murphy
Richard L. Beck, Jr. Bjarne Olesen
Herman F. Behls Elizabeth A. Parke
W. David Bevirt William V. Richards
Michael R. Bilderbeck Gaylon Richardson
Gordon F. Clyde Ganesan Sundaresan
Thomas W. Dekleva Michael W. Woodford
Thomas A. Gilbertson George S. Yamamoto
Allen J. Hanle Grenville K. Yuill
Peter J. Hoey Donald G. Colliver, ExO
Daniel Int-Hout James E. Wolf, CO
Jim L. Heldenbrand, Manager of Standards

SPECIAL NOTE
This American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached
by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.”
Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.
ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public
review.
ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The
Project Committee Chairman and Vice-Chairman must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be
ASHRAE members, all must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned
interests on all Project Committees.
The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:
a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,
b. participation in the next review of the Standard,
c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard,
d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.

ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS

ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of
testing for rating purposes, by suggesting safe practises in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions
of this equipment, and by providing other information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards
and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely voluntary.
In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either
stated or implied, that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.

DISCLAIMER
ASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available
information and accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance
of any products, components, or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards or Guidelines
or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.
This foreword is not part of the standard and is provided
for information only.
FOREWORD
This new version of the standard for refrigeration and air-con-
ditioning installations aboard ship incorporates the use of new
refrigerants defined in ANSI/ASHRAE 34-1992 and safety
changes specified in ANSI/ASHRAE 15-1992.
New requirements for ventilation, leak detection, self-
contained breathing apparatus, refrigerant use, piping, com-
pressors, and system installations are included in the stan-
dard. Commonly used and appropriate practices for marine
applications as well as the requirements of the U.S. Coast
Guard, American Bureau of Ships, Lloyd’s Register, and other
marine societies are also included.
This standard provides both recommendations and
requirements for the service and operation of equipment
installed aboard ship. While many individual sections are
detailed and precise, others are quite general. It is intended
that this standard not only prescribe but promote the safe and
efficient operation of air-conditioning and refrigerating sys-
tems aboard ship. It is not a document that precludes the
application of common sense and first-hand experience but,
rather, a logical listing of requirements and specific examples
that guide the reader toward the proper installation and use of
a vital ship’s utility system.
Committee Chair Badger wishes to recognize the hard
work of Committee Secretary William Hannett, Vice-Chair
Benjamin Bailey, David Bowman, Roy Bleiberg, William Rich-
ards, Kent Anderson, and Ross Albright.
1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this standard is to provide the minimum gen-
eral requirements for the design, construction, installation,
operation, inspection, and maintenance of mechanical refrig-
erating and air-conditioning equipment aboard ship to permit
the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of such systems.
2. SCOPE
2.1 This standard covers
(a) refrigerating and air-conditioning systems that are
an integral part of the main mechanical plant of
merchant, fishing, and seafood-processing ships and
(b) refrigerated seawater and brine-chilling systems that
air condition and dehumidify passenger and cargo
spaces, chill or freeze perishable cargoes, or main-
tain storage of chilled or frozen cargo.
2.2 This standard does not cover
(a) details of system designs or applications;
(b) small, self-contained units that are not an integral
part of the ship’s main mechanical plant, such as
electric water coolers, reach-in refrigerators, and
room air conditioners;
(c) cargo containers with self-contained refrigerating
systems; and
(d) liquefied gas ships.
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
2.3 Exceptions to the literal details of this standard may be
used when approved by the authorities having jurisdiction when
equivalent safety, efficiency, and reliability are achieved.
3. DEFINITIONS
Definitions given below are compiled for the purpose of clari-
fying this standard only.
accessible: easy to approach for service or use.
aft: toward the stern of the ship.
air conditioning: in enclosed spaces, the combined treatment
of the air to control, as specified, temperature, relative humid-
ity, velocity of motion, and radiant heat energy level, with
consideration of the need for removal of airborne particles and
contaminant gases. Some air conditioners may not accomplish
all of these controls and are selected for their capability to con-
trol specific phases of air treatment.
Air conditioning is applied on board ships for passenger
and crew accommodations.
ambient air temperature: when used in connection with
machinery, temperature of air in the engine room or refrigera-
tion machinery compartment surrounding such machinery.
When used in connection with refrigerated compartments,
temperature of the surrounding air outside the ship or in adja-
cent spaces.
approved: acceptable by the authorities having jurisdiction,
such as the Classification Society, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S.
Department of Transportation, and Maritime Administration.
auxiliary machinery space: a compartment assigned to
machinery, generally other than main propulsion equipment.
azeotrope: a mixture of liquids whose vapor and liquid phases
in equilibrium have identical compositions (the boiling point
is constant).
brine: a secondary coolant that is a solution of salt and water.
brine chiller: a colloquial term for a heat exchanger used to
refrigerate a secondary coolant.
brine, electrolytic: any brine capable of causing chemical
decomposition of one of two dissimilar metals by electrolysis
or galvanic corrosion.
bypass: a pipe or duct, usually controlled by valve or damper,
for conveying a fluid around an element of a system.
capacity of refrigerating system: the cooling effect produced
by the change in enthalpy between the refrigerant liquid enter-
ing the expansion valve and the vapor leaving the evaporator,
generally measured in Btu per hour (kW or tons of refrigera-
tion).
cargo, chilled: cargo maintained at an assigned temperature
above its freezing point.
cargo, frozen: cargo maintained at an assigned temperature
below its freezing point.
cargo, refrigerated: cargo maintained at an assigned tempera-
ture by means of mechanical refrigeration.
classification society: an agency that, when requested by the
ship’s owner or authorized design agent, will carry out surveys
to ensure compliance with the agency's rules for machinery
and insulation related to carrying refrigerated cargo. Examples
include American Bureau of Shipping, Lloyd’s Register of
Shipping, etc. The agency will then certify the vessel as suit-
able for carrying refrigerated cargo and will publish this in the
agency’s Registry or Record.
1
coil, cooling: a coil of pipe or tube, not enclosed in a pressure
vessel, that can be used either with refrigerant or secondary
coolant.
coil, evaporator: an evaporator constructed of pipe or tube,
not enclosed in a pressure vessel.
coil, expansion: a coil used in direct refrigeration method.
compartment: an enclosed subdivision within the ship (corre-
sponding to a room).
compressor: a machine used to elevate the pressure of refrig-
erant vapor.
compressor, centrifugal: a nonpositive-displacement compres-
sor that depends, in part, on centrifugal forces for pressure rise.
compressor, reciprocating: a positive-displacement compres-
sor that changes internal volume of the compression cham-
ber(s) by the reciprocating motion of one or more pistons.
compressor, rotary: a positive-displacement compressor in
which the change in internal volume of the compression
chamber is accomplished by the rotary motion of a positive-
displacement member(s).
compressor, screw: a positive-displacement rotary compressor
that produces compression with two intermeshing helical rotors.
condenser: a heat exchanger that liquefies vapor by removal
of heat.
condenser, receiver: a water-cooled condenser with the tubes
or pipes grouped in the upper portion of the shell, leaving the
lower section of the shell for use as a receiver.
condenser, water-cooled: a condenser that removes the heat
of the refrigerant by water flowing inside condensing surfaces.
cooler: a thermally insulated enclosure kept at a reduced tem-
perature by refrigeration.
cooler, brine: a heat exchanger for cooling brine with an evap-
orating refrigerant.
cooler, oil: a heat exchanger that can be cooled by air, brine,
water, or refrigerant vaporization, to cool oil in a lubrication
system.
cooler, unit: an assembly of cooling coils with drain pan, fan,
and enclosure.
corrosion: rusting or deterioration of a substance (usually a
metal) because of a reaction to its environment.
defrosting: the process of removing unwanted ice or frost
from a surface.
dehydrator: a device for removing moisture from refrigerant
or other substances.
design pressure: the maximum pressure for which a part of
the refrigerating system has been designed.
DIM: abbreviation for distributed isolation material. Pads cut
from sheets of this material, usually cross-ribbed oil-resistant
neoprene, placed between the deck and mounting surfaces of a
heavy machine to isolate vibration.
direct drive: driver and driven equipment with positive con-
nections for rotation at the same speed.
efficiency: the ratio of the energy output to the energy input of
a process or a machine.
engine room: a compartment containing the ship’s propulsion
machinery and auxiliaries.
environmental conditions: natural or controlled conditions of
air and radiation prevailing around a person, an object, a sub-
stance, etc.
2 ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
evaporator: that part of a refrigeration system in which the
refrigerant evaporates by absorbing heat from the contacting
fluid.
filter: a device for separating dirt and other solid matter from
refrigerant, oil, or air.
fin: a thin piece of metal attached to a pipe, tubing, or other
surface to increase the heat transfer area.
fore: toward the bow end of the ship.
fore and aft: along the centerline from bow to stern or parallel
to the centerline.
freezer: an insulated room kept below 32°F (0°C) or any
device for freezing perishables.
gage glass: device for showing liquid level.
heat exchanger: a device to transfer heat between two physi-
cally separated fluids.
high-pressure side (high side): that portion of a refrigerating
system operating at approximately the condenser pressure.
hot gas line: a line used to convey discharge gas from the
compressor to the evaporator for the purpose of defrosting.
joint, brazed: a gas-tight joint obtained by the joining of metal
parts with alloys that melt at temperatures higher than 1000°F
(538°C) but less than the melting temperatures of the joined parts.
joint, mechanical: a gas-tight joint obtained by the joining of
metal parts through a positive holding mechanical construc-
tion (such as flanged joint, screwed joint, flared joint).
joint, soldered: a gas-tight joint obtained by the joining of
metal parts with metallic mixtures or alloys that melt at tem-
peratures below 1000°F (538°C).
joint, welded: a gas-tight joint obtained by the joining of metal
parts in the plastic or molten state.
leak detector: device used to detect refrigerant leaks in a
refrigerating system.
low-pressure side (low side): that portion of a refrigerating
system operating at approximately the evaporator pressure.
machinery room: a space that is designed to safely house
compressors and pressure vessels.
manufacturer: for the purpose of this standard, a company or
organization that evidences its responsibility by affixing its
name or nationally registered trademark or tradename to the
refrigerating equipment concerned.
maximum working pressure: design pressure.
merchant vessel: a ship that carries cargo or passengers on a
commercial basis.
noncondensable gas: gas that cannot be liquefied at normal
operating pressures and temperatures.
oil-charging pump: a hand- or electrically operated pump for
forcing oil into the compressor crankcase.
oil separator: a device for separating oil and oil vapor from the
refrigerant, usually installed in the compressor discharge line.
oil still: a device to separate oil from refrigerant by a distilla-
tion process.
piping: the pipe or tube used to interconnect various parts of a
refrigerating system. Piping includes pipe; flanges; bolting;
gaskets; valves; fittings; the pressure-containing parts of other
components such as expansion joints, strainers, and devices
that serve such purposes as mixing, separating, snubbing, dis-
tributing, metering, or controlling flow; pipe-supporting fix-
tures; and structural attachments.
port: an anchorage or land-based facility used to load or dis-
charge passengers, crew, or cargo. The left side of a ship when
looking toward the bow (forward). An opening, orifice, or access.
pressure, design: the maximum pressure for which an appara-
tus has been designed.
pressure, operating: the pressure occurring at a reference
point in a refrigerating system when the system is in operation.
pressure, suction: operating pressure measured in the suction
line at the compressor inlet.
pressure-limiting device: a pressure-actuated mechanism
designed to automatically stop the operation of the compressor
or other pressure-producing component at a predetermined
maximum or minimum pressure.
pressure-relief device: a pressure-actuated, not temperature-
actuated, valve or rupture member designed to automatically
relieve excessive pressure.
pressure vessel: any refrigerant-containing receptacle of a
refrigerating system, other than evaporators (each separate
section of which does not exceed .5 ft3 [.014 m3] of refrigerant-
containing volume), evaporator coils, compressors, condenser
coils, controls, headers, and piping.
purging: removing of noncondensable gases from the system.
purging device: an automatic, semiautomatic, or hand-oper-
ated device that collects gases from the condenser or receiver,
condenses the condensable refrigerant therefrom, and releases
the remainder to the atmosphere.
readily accessible: capable of being reached safely and
quickly for operation, repair, and inspection without requiring
those to whom ready access is required to climb over or
remove obstacles or resort to the use of portable equipment.
receiver: a vessel in the refrigerating system designed to
ensure the availability of adequate liquid refrigerant for proper
functioning of the system and to store the liquid refrigerant
when the system is pumped down.
recovery unit (refrigerant recovery unit): a machine that
removes refrigerant from a refrigerating system, preventing
refrigerant discharge to the environment.
refrigerant: the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating
system, which absorbs heat at a low temperature and a low
pressure of the fluid and rejects heat at a higher temperature
and a higher pressure of the fluid, usually involving changes
of the state of the fluid.
refrigerating machinery compartment or space: see machin-
ery room
regulatory bodies: agencies whose rules are mandated by
law or by owner’s specification. Examples include the U.S.
Coast Guard, American Bureau of Shipping, and U.S. Public
Health Service.
rupture disc: a safety device that will rupture at a predeter-
mined pressure.
safety head: in a compressor, a cylinder head held in place by
a spring of such strength that it will not be compressed during
normal operation but will be compressed by solid matter or
liquid coming between it and the piston, thereby protecting the
compressor.
seal cap: a gasketed secondary containment cover for valve stems.
secondary coolant: any liquid used for the transmission of
heat, without a change of state, and having no flash point or a
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
flash point above 150°F (65.5°C) as determined by the Ameri-
can Society for Testing and Materials D93.
shall: where shall or shall not is used for a specified provi-
sion, that provision is intended to be mandatory.
ship’s stores: material stowed aboard a ship for use or con-
sumption by crew or passengers.
should: should or it is recommended is used to indicate pro-
visions that are not mandatory but are recommended as good
practice.
sight glass: a device for direct visual indication of the pres-
ence, level, flow, or condition of a confined fluid.
starboard: the right side of a ship when looking toward the
bow (forward).
strainer: a device for withholding foreign matter from a flow-
ing liquid or gas.
subcooler: a heat exchanger for cooling liquid refrigerant
below its condensing temperature at a given pressure.
suction trap: a device placed in the suction line ahead of the
compressor for the purpose of preventing slugs of liquid
refrigerant or oil from damaging the compressor.
system, direct: refrigerating system in which the evaporator is in
direct contact with the refrigerated material or space or is located
in air-circulating passages communicating with such spaces.
system, indirect: refrigerating system in which secondary
coolant cooled by a refrigerant is circulated to the material or
space to be cooled or is used to heat or cool circulated air.
system, mechanical refrigerating: a refrigerating system
employing a mechanical compression device to remove low-
pressure refrigerant enclosed in the low-pressure side and
deliver it to the high-pressure side of the system.
valve, back pressure (evaporator pressure regulator): an auto-
matic valve located between the evaporator outlet and the com-
pressor inlet that responds to its own inlet pressure to prevent
the evaporator pressure from falling below a selected value.
valve, expansion, hand: a manually operated needle-type valve
for controlling the flow of liquid refrigerant to an evaporator.
valve, expansion, thermostatic: a controlling device for regu-
lating the flow of volatile refrigerant into a cooling unit, actu-
ated by changes in evaporator pressure and superheat of the
refrigerant leaving the cooling unit.
valve, float: a valve that operates due to changes in liquid level.
valve, king: solenoid or stop valve between receiver and liq-
uid main.
valve, pressure relief: a valve, held closed by a spring or other
means, that automatically relieves pressure at and in excess of
its setting; also called safety valve.
valve, purge: a device to allow noncondensable gases to flow
out of a system.
valve, solenoid: a valve that is closed (or opened) by gravity,
pressure, or spring action and opened (or closed) by the move-
ment of a plunger due to the magnetic action of an electrically
energized coil.
valve, stop: a device used to shut off the flow.
valve, water regulating: an automatic valve that controls the
flow of cooling water through a condenser to maintain a set
condensing pressure.
zeotrope: blend comprising multiple components of different
volatilities that, when used in refrigeration cycles, change vol-
3
umetric composition and saturation temperatures as they evap-
orate (boil) or condense at constant pressure.
4. GENERAL SHIPBOARD DESIGN
CONDITIONS
4.1 Configuration Requirements. Marine refrigerating sys-
tems and their components shall be designed and configured to
occupy a minimum of vessel space commensurate with cost and
reliability. Machinery foundations shall be so arranged that when
a component or piece of equipment is removed the remaining
structure will be self-supporting. Condensers, coolers, drip pans,
tanks, etc., shall have their long dimension fore and aft where
possible. Swash plates or similar flow retarders shall be consid-
ered where internal construction (e.g., baffles, tube support
sheets, etc.) does not minimize the adverse effect of vessel
motion. Horizontal refrigerant-containing components (e.g.,
evaporators, condensers, and receivers) shall have provisions to
ensure satisfactory refrigerant flow regardless of vessel trim and
motion. Flooded chillers shall be designed to prevent liquid
refrigerant carryover to the compressor. (See 9.5.3.) Each com-
ponent shall be selected to properly interface with all others and
to deliver the required performance during both pulldown and
holding at the conditions stated in 4.4.
4.2 Access Requirements. Plans for the equipment shall
clearly define the minimum space required for removal of tubes
in shell-and-tube equipment. In general, the structure and layout
of marine mechanical refrigerating equipment shall be readily
accessible. Clear headroom over the machinery should be pro-
vided, allowing the maximum possible clearance. Clearance pro-
vided around the machinery shall be sufficient to ensure safe,
efficient operation and maintenance of the system. In addition,
provision shall be made for the removal of machinery compo-
nents by the safest and most efficient manner possible. All elec-
trical components, cabinets, controls, etc., shall be mounted on
(or in) an accessible substructure that can be removed from the
primary machinery or foundation by means other than a torch or
metal-cutting device, unless such electrical equipment is pro-
vided for remote mounting.
4.3 Materials and Workmanship. All materials used in the
construction of marine mechanical refrigeration installations
shall be suitable for the particular marine service intended, and
spare parts for essential equipment, including sufficient spare
refrigerant charges, shall be readily available aboard the vessel
(see Section 11). All materials shall be of good commercial qual-
ity, conforming to the applicable specifications required for vari-
ous vessel designs. All materials shall be free from imperfections
of manufacture and from defects that adversely affect safety,
appearance, and serviceability. Sharp edges or projections that
constitute a personnel safety hazard shall be removed. Equip-
ment and materials shall also be fabricated and installed with the
principles of good human factor engineering practice in mind to
the maximum extent possible that is compatible with economical
and other design considerations. Every effort consistent with
good marine practice shall be made to select components of like
size, capacity, type, and design to ensure maximum interchange-
ability and standardization.
4 ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
4.4 Environmental Requirements. All refrigerating
machinery, structure, and associated equipment shall be designed
to function properly when operating in a marine environment.
4.4.1 Dynamic Conditions. The refrigerating machin-
ery shall withstand a 22.5-degree roll (each side) for a full 10-
second period and a 7.5-degree pitch (bow up to bow down)
for a full 10-second period.
4.4.2 Static Conditions. The refrigerating machinery
shall withstand a 15-degree list (either side) and a 5-degree
trim (by bow or stern).
4.4.3 External Forces and Deflections. Provision
shall be made to ensure that all machinery components be
secured to their foundations in such a manner that in an emer-
gency condition of list or trim, no refrigerating system
machinery, component, or spare part shall break loose from its
foundation or stowage space.
4.4.4 Temperature and Humidity. Mechanical refrig-
erating systems, complete with all controls and components,
shall be capable of continuous operation in an ambient tem-
perature environment of 40°F to 122°F (4°C to 50°C) and
humidity conditions of from 0% to 95% relative humidity.
4.4.5 Corrosion. The materials of construction of all
components of the system shall be suitable or suitably treated
to withstand the corrosive effects of sea air and seawater
while maintaining safe continuous operation in such an envi-
ronment.
4.5 Vibration. Special attention shall be directed in the
design and construction of marine refrigerating equipment
toward the minimization of vibration. Every effort shall be made
by the manufacturers and the installers of the equipment to locate
and correct unsatisfactory vibratory conditions during test and
trials and, subsequently, during the guarantee period (if speci-
fied). The system shall be designed so that there will be no dele-
terious vibration within the entire operational range of the
equipment. Machinery shall not exhibit excessive torsional, lat-
eral, longitudinal, or other forms of vibration under the above
operational conditions. All piping for refrigerating systems shall
be adequately secured so as not to vibrate harmfully or rattle.
4.6 Noise. The design of refrigerating machinery and machin-
ery spaces and the installation of equipment in the spaces shall
enable the structure-borne and airborne noise criteria for the ves-
sel to be met. This may require the application of acoustical
treatment to surfaces in the compartment and, in some cases, to
the equipment as well. Where refrigerating machinery is located
near living spaces, consideration should be given to the use of
DIM pads or other vibratory mounting systems. Suitable flexible
lines must be used between vibratory mounted machinery and
fixed connecting points on the vessel. Monitoring or measure-
ment of noise levels in machinery compartments shall be done in
accordance with ARI Standard 575-87.2
4.7 Insulation and Refrigerated Space Criteria. Insulation
thickness and construction of refrigerated spaces should be in
accordance with SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin No.
4-4, Report on Ship’s Stores and Installed Cargo Refrigerated
Boxes,3 and with the rules of the classification society. (See Part
4, Section 12 of Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels 4
or Part 6, Chapter 3 of Rules and Regulations for the Construc- 5.2 Use of Refrigerants. New installations, or revisions to
tion and Classification of Steel Ships5 as applicable.) existing installations that include a change in refrigerants, shall
conform to these requirements.
4.8 Electrical Requirements. In general, all electrical com- 5.2.1 The restrictions of Section 7 of ANSI/ASHRAE
ponents of the refrigerant system shall conform to the applicable 15-19927 are interpreted for shipboard applications in 5.2.1.1
regulations of the regulatory body and the classification society and 5.2.1.2. The intent is to recognize the unique aspects of
and be in accordance with IEEE No. 45-1983.6 shipboard systems, including the difficulty of evacuating pas-
sengers in case of a refrigerant-related incident.
4.9 Ventilation. The machinery space used to contain the Note: For this standard, machinery room Rules 4, 7, and 8
refrigerating equipment shall be freely ventilated with forced, (construction, ventilation, and leak detection) in subsection
mechanical exhaust sufficient to provide a complete air change 7.4.2 of ANSI/ASHRAE 15-1992 are superseded by similar
in the compartment at least once every 10 minutes under normal provisions in Sections 4 and 5 of this standard.
conditions. In the event of a refrigerant leak or activation of the 5.2.1.1 Ships Used in Passenger Service.
leak detection system (see 4.10), the mechanical exhaust system (a) Direct Systems—Only Group A1 refrigerants shall
shall be capable of at least one air change per minute. Additional be used. The allowable amount is governed by Rule
information and requirements are included in subsection 11.13.3 1 in 7.4.2 of ANSI/ASHRAE 15-1992.
of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-19927 and, for Class B refriger- Exception: For systems with one or more central cooling
ants, subsection 5.4 of this standard. coils—when the air duct system serves several enclosed spaces,
the permissible quantity of refrigerant in the system shall not
4.10 Refrigeration Leak Detection. All spaces having refrig-
exceed the amount determined by using the total volume of
erating equipment or refrigerant storage shall have leak detection
those spaces in which the airflow cannot be reduced to less than
or oxygen sensors as required in subsections 11.13.2.1 and
one-quarter of its maximum when the fan is operating.
11.13.2.2 of ANSI/ASHRAE 15-1992.7
(b) Indirect Systems—Either Group A1 or B1 shall be used.
5. REFRIGERANTS, CLASSIFICATION AND 5.2.1.2 Ships Used Only in Nonpassenger Service.
APPLICATION (a) Direct air conditioning and ship’s stores systems—All
provisions of 5.2.1.1 for direct systems shall apply.
5.1 Classification (b) Indirect air conditioning and ship’s stores systems—
5.1.1 Refrigerants are classified by ASHRAE Standard Selection of refrigerants shall be limited to Groups
34-19928 into safety groups illustrated in Figure 1. A1, B1, and B2.
Single-component refrigerants and azeotropic blends are (c) Direct and indirect cargo or process refrigeration sys-
listed in ASHRAE Standard 34-19928 along with the criteria tems—Selection of refrigerants shall be limited to
for classification. Groups A1, B1, and B2.
5.1.2 Zeotropic blends are classified by worst-case 5.2.2 All refrigerant stowed on board, except that con-
composition of fractionation as follows: tained in the system, shall be kept in containers conforming to
For refrigerants that may change in flammability or toxic- the requirements of CFR Title 49, Transportation, Part 178.9
ity, such as by fractionation of zeotropes, a dual rating, sepa- Any refrigerant withdrawn from the system for whatever pur-
rated by a solidus (/), shall be provided. The first rating shall pose or duration shall be stowed only in such containers. Care
be the classification of the refrigerants as formulated. The sec- shall be taken not to fill containers beyond the rated capacity.
ond rating shall be the classification of the worst-case compo- 5.2.3 It is recommended that materials such as warning
sition of fractionation. agents, antifreeze solutions, etc., not be added to any primary
refrigerant system.
Higher 5.2.4 Carbon dioxide shall not be used in an atmo-
A3 B3
I F Flammability spheric free state unless proper precautions are taken to pre-
N L
C A Lower vent hazard to life through a deficiency of oxygen (see 4.10).
A2 B2
R M Flammability 5.2.5 All cylinders, whether portable or stationary, shall
E M
A No Flame
be secured by a storage rack permanently fixed to one of the
A
S B
A1 B1 ship’s bulkheads and/or decks. Cylinders not stored in a suitable
Propagation
I I machinery space (see 4.9 and 4.10) shall be stored on a deck
N L
I
exposed to the weather but away from ventilation air intakes.
G
T 5.2.6 Machinery compartments containing a Class 2 or
Lower Higher
Y
Toxicity Toxicity
3 refrigerating system shall be fitted with an automatic fire-
extinguishing system using water sprinklers.

5.3 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus. Two self-con-

tained breathing apparatus shall be provided and stowed in a
INCREASING TOXICITY
clearly marked cabinet outside the refrigerating system
machinery space.
Figure 1 5.3.1 The self-contained breathing apparatus shall be
fitted with filled cylinders immediately after use.

ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996 5

 5.3.2 Self-contained cylinders shall be inspected and
refilled or replaced per the fire protection standard of the
United States Coast Guard.10
5.3.3 Masks, harnesses, and fittings shall be inspected
monthly and repaired or replaced per USCG regulations. This
shall be logged in the official ship’s log.
5.3.4 The date of inspection shall be clearly marked on
each cylinder.
5.4 Class B Refrigerants. Where Class B refrigerants are
used in new installations, as mentioned in 5.2 and 5.2.1, com-
pressors, condensers, high-pressure receivers, and interconnect-
ing piping between these high-pressure components shall be
confined in a gas-tight compartment provided with supplemen-
tary access, independent of crew’s quarters, passageways, or
other adjoining living or working spaces, and fitted with means
for continuously operating natural supply and forced exhaust
ventilation. The amount of such ventilation shall be computed on
the basis of 200 ft3/min (0.094 m3/s) for each 100 lb (45.36 kg)
of refrigerant charge up to 1000 lb (453.6 kg), plus 80 ft3/min
(0.038 m3/s) for each 100 lb (45.36 kg) by which the total charge
exceeds 1000 lb (453.6 kg). In no case shall the ventilation be
less than that described in 4.9. The ductwork from the fan outlet
shall terminate at a height above deck such as to prevent entry of
fumes into navigating and living quarters and any inlet openings
for ventilation air. The amount of ventilation shall be based on
the refrigerant charge of the largest system in the machinery
compartment. Controls for exhaust ventilation shall be located
outside the refrigerating machinery space.
The amount of Class B refrigerant carried in storage cyl-
inders within the refrigerating system machinery space shall
be added to the calculated amount of refrigerant in the system.
5.5 Ammonia Systems. The water spray from a water sprin-
kler system shall not be directed at vessels or storage cylinders
containing liquid ammonia since water sprayed on liquid ammo-
nia creates an exothermic reaction that propagates ammonia
fumes. It is recommended that the sprinkler system be directed to
provide the most effective mixing of the forced-air ventilation,
water spray, and ammonia vapor. For further information see the
USCG Navigation and Inspection Circular,10 SOLAS Chapter
II-2, Part A, Regulation 10 and Amendments,11 and ANSI/IIAR
2-1992.12
5.5.1 A separate CO2 dispersion system is recom-
mended in addition to a water sprinkler system. Where both
systems are installed, the CO2 shall be directed at the areas of
potential ammonia liquid release.
5.5.2 Where separate water sprinkler and CO2 systems
are provided, the CO2 system shall provide CO2 equal to at least
25% of the ammonia charge by weight (mass). (See also 5.4.)
6. COMPRESSORS
6.1 General Design. The performance, reliability, and ser-
viceability attributes typical of reputable commercial refrigerant
compressors are required. This subsection emphasizes aspects of
design that are of particular significance in marine systems.
6.1.1 Means shall be provided to ensure proper lubrica-
tion during pitching and rolling and permanent list and trim
(see 4.4). The lubricating system shall be of the forced-feed
6 ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
type, except screw machines may use high-to-low-side pres-
sure differential to provide lubricating oil feed. Adequate
lubrication for start-up and coast-down shall be provided by
the equipment manufacturer. The compressor oil sump shall
be electrically heated to minimize the accumulation of refrig-
erant in the oil during off-cycles. Except on welded hermetic
compressors, ports to enable the use of a low-oil-pressure (or
flow) safety device shall be provided.
6.1.2 Provisions shall be made for maintenance and
overhaul in the design and installation of all compressors.
Each system shall include provisions that enable the compres-
sor to be disassembled as necessary for servicing or removed
and replaced. For large machines where compressor service
valves are not practical, see 10.14. Large compressors (i.e.,
those not readily removed for repair or replacement) shall
have field-replaceable bearings.
6.1.3 Where a discharge valve is used, the requirements
of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-19927 for positive-displace-
ment compressor protection shall be met. Where a suction
stop valve is used, a port to connect a low-suction-pressure
device shall be provided in the compressor.
6.1.4 The requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-
19927 for the installation and use of pressure-limiting devices
shall be met.
6.1.5 Compressor pressure boundaries shall be
designed for not less than the applicable design pressure
shown in 7.1.1. Qualification and production testing shall
meet applicable requirements. Examples of requirements that
may apply are found in ARI 520-9013 and ARI 550-92.14
6.1.6 Welded and accessible hermetic machines shall
include means to sense and limit motor winding temperatures.
Centrifugal and large screw machines, more than 100 hp (75
kW), shall have a spare set of temperature sensors installed in
the hermetic motor windings.
6.1.7 Where an external-drive compressor is used, a
suitable guard shall be provided for the shafts and coupling or
belts (see 10.17). In addition, the compressor shall be dow-
eled to the base (at two opposite locations) after initial factory
alignment has been completed. Alignment shall be rechecked
after the equipment is mounted in the vessel in its final posi-
tion. The motor shall then be doweled to the base (at two
opposite locations).
6.1.8 Compressors and their bases shall be capable of
withstanding the structural loads that result from ship motion,
including shock and vibration. Where vibration isolators are
used with compressors or their bases, they shall be of the captive
type that prevents the possibility of the equipment coming adrift.
6.2 Application. The choice of compressor type (centrifugal,
reciprocating, rotary, screw, or scroll) and drive type (external or
welded or accessible hermetic) should be based on the service
(i.e., air conditioning or refrigeration), operating parameters
(e.g., capacity and suction and discharge pressures), and life-
cycle cost.
6.2.1 All compressor ratings shall conform to the
appropriate standard: Centrifugal compressor rating data
shall be established during water-chilling package tests done
in accordance with ARI Standard 550-92.14 Positive-displace-
ment compressors (reciprocating, rotary, and scroll) shall be
tested for rating in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard
23-1993.15 Rotary screw compressor rating data may be
established by either test method.
6.2.2 Compressor capacity data that include credit for
refrigerant subcooling shall be derated appropriately when
either or both of the following circumstances prevail: first,
when there is no special provision for condenser subcooling
(because of the use of double drains) or no separate water-
cooled subcooler and, second, when the liquid refrigerant
flows through a receiver that is vented to the condenser.
6.2.3 Compressor motors and condensers for low-tem-
perature applications, such as ship’s stores and refrigerated
cargo plants, shall be selected for the elevated suction pressure
experienced during pull-down operation. Credit will be allowed
for the motor service factor when making the selection. The
pull-down suction pressure may be governed by the maximum
operating pressure of the expansion valve(s) in the system or by
temporary refrigerant throttling. (A value of 25°F [−4°C] satu-
rated suction temperature is sometimes used.)
6.2.4 Compressor motors and condensers used for air-
conditioning applications shall be selected for the maximum
load expected in normal operation. During initial start-up of a
warm ship, methods for minimizing the load on the compres-
sor, such as adjusting the capacity control system to partly
unload the compressor and/or minimizing the flow of outside
air to the system, shall be employed.
6.3 Gauges and Controls. Equipment manufacturers may
recommend the use of safety devices and operating features in
addition to those required by this paragraph. In systems incorpo-
rating microprocessor control, sensors may be connected to the
refrigerating system in lieu of gauges and switches. The micro-
processor display module will substitute for gauges and the
input/output modules in the microprocessor for switches.
6.3.1 Compressors shall be provided with means to dis-
play discharge pressure, suction pressure, and oil pressure
(except on welded hermetic compressors). The gauges or sensors
shall be capable of being isolated for calibration or replacement.
6.3.2 Compressors shall be provided with motor con-
trollers that are in accordance with IEEE Standard 45-1983.6
6.3.2.1 Start and stop pushbuttons and all necessary
terminal block connection points shall be provided; they shall
be on the microprocessor if one is used or on the controller.
Controllers shall include safety devices to prevent excessive
compressor motor current. Hermetic motor overcurrent pro-
tectors shall use electronic logic or magnetic devices. Open
motors may have thermal trip devices. When a microproces-
sor with a low-voltage protection function is not used, a low-
voltage safety device (relay) shall be included. An elapsed
time meter to monitor compressor operating time is desirable
but not mandatory; it may be a function of the microprocessor
if one is used.
6.3.2.2 The control circuit shall incorporate protection
against the following compressor conditions: high discharge
pressure, low suction pressure (see 6.3.2.3), low oil pressure
or flow (except on welded hermetic compressors), rapid off-
on cycling, excessive motor current, high discharge tempera-
ture, and for hermetics, high motor winding temperature. If a
time delay relay is used to bypass an oil pressure safety
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
switch, one of its instantaneously closing contacts shall be
placed in series with the compressor motor contactor coil to
prevent compressor start-up in the event of a time delay relay
failure. A microprocessor function that senses motor current
may be used to supplement the overcurrent protector required
by 6.3.2.1. Provisions shall be made to prevent or stop reverse
rotation if it will result in equipment damage. Protection
against the following system conditions shall also be
included: low condenser water flow, low voltage, and, in the
case of chilling systems, low brine temperature and flow. The
compressor motor shall stop and not restart automatically if
any of the safety devices are activated; it must be restarted
manually. In large machines, especially with centrifugal and
screw compressors, all other safety features required by the
compressor manufacturer shall be incorporated.
6.3.2.3 The control circuit shall have the following oper-
ating provisions. When direct-expansion brine-chilling system
compressors shut down at light load, they shall pump out once
and remain off. Air-cooling systems shall have this arrangement
or automatic pumpdown. When the low-suction-pressure
switch is used as an operating device, its opening shall not
require manual restart. A momentary contact switch shall be
provided to permit manual bypass of the low-pressure switch for
pumping down the system for service work. If a king solenoid
valve is used, it shall close on the action of the leak detection
devices or oxygen depletion alarm devices. (See 4.10.)
7. PRESSURE VESSELS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
7.1 Pressure Vessels
7.1.1 The design, manufacture, and installation of pres-
sure vessels containing refrigerants are included in this section.
Design pressures shall be determined using 8.2 of ANSI/
ASHRAE 15-1992, except replace 104°F (40°C) in 8.2.1 (b)
with 122°F (50°C) as required in 4.4.4 of this standard.
7.1.2 All materials shall be suitable for the fluid used,
such as refrigerant, brine, water, and oil. No material shall be
used that will unduly deteriorate due to chemical action of
refrigerant, oil (or combination of both), brine, or cooling water.
7.1.3 Any combination of materials shall be carefully
selected by reference to their relative position in the electro-
motive series in order to minimize galvanic corrosion. Where
electrolytic brine is the refrigerant or where seawater is the
condensing medium, exposed materials shall be resistant to
galvanic corrosion. Anodes shall be provided where non-
noble metals are used (e.g., epoxy-coated cast iron water
boxes). Copper shall not be used in contact with seawater or
electrolytic brine.
7.1.4 Components shall be properly supported to pre-
vent damage during normal operations aboard ship. Such pro-
tective measures shall not interfere with operation.
7.1.5 All pressure vessels shall conform to the applica-
ble requirements of the U.S. Coast Guard16 and the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII.17 Pressure
vessels shall be stamped U or UM as appropriate, and copies
of ASME form U-1, Manufacturer's Data Report for Pressure
Vessels, shall be provided when further certification of com-
pliance is required.
7
 7.1.6 Internal surfaces shall be suitably finished and
cleaned by the manufacturer. When a refrigerating system is
piped and operational, it shall be operated to cause residual
foreign matter to be deposited in filters and strainers.
7.1.7 Each pressure vessel shall bear a nameplate with
at least the following information:
(a) U.S. Coast Guard or classification society symbol
and number assigned (where applicable),
(b) manufacturer’s name,
(c) serial number,
(d) design maximum allowable working pressure at
specific rated temperature, and
(e) year built.
7.1.8 Each liquid receiver shall have a sight glass or
suitable refrigerant level indicator. Where the sight glass is of
the external type, it shall be a flat glass type retained by a steel
cover, and self-closing valves shall be provided.
7.1.9 The high-pressure or controlled-pressure liquid
receiver shall have sufficient capacity to hold at least 120% of
the complete refrigerant charge required for the normal con-
nected load. In cases where there is insufficient space, a sep-
arate pumpdown vessel, with 120% of the volume required to
hold the refrigerant charge required for the normal connected
load, shall be permanently installed and permanently con-
nected to the system.
7.2 Condensers and Other Heat Exchangers
7.2.1 Condensers and other heat exchangers that are
pressure vessels (i.e., tube-in-shell, coil-in-shell, and U-tube
in shell) shall comply with 7.1. Head-to-tube sheet joints shall
comply with Title 46, CFR Parts 58.2018 and 54.16 Heads and
water boxes shall be designed to prevent short-circuiting of
fluid between passes.
7.2.2 Condensers and other heat exchangers of the
finned-tube type shall comply with Section 9.
7.2.3 Condensers and other heat exchangers, such as
plate-and-frame, tube-in-box, coaxial tube, and Baudelot
types, that do not fit the definition of pressure vessel, shall
comply with 7.1.2, 7.1.3, 7.1.4, and 7.1.6.
7.2.4 Adequate provision shall be made for venting,
draining, filling, and cleaning of the water side of all condens-
ers and secondary coolant side of all other heat exchangers.
7.2.5 Heat exchangers subject to damage through
freezing shall be fitted with at least one protective device that
is activated by flow or supply pressure in addition to the oper-
ating thermostat. It is recommended that low-temperature
heat exchangers (not applied in air-conditioning service) be
fitted with a hot gas supply to be utilized in event of partial
freezeup.
7.3 Pressure-Relief Devices
7.3.1 Requirements for pressure-relief valves and rup-
ture discs shall be determined in accordance with ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 15-1992.7
7.3.2 All relief valve discharges shall be piped to the
atmosphere and away from ventilation intakes. Relief valve
discharge lines shall be fitted with a means to prevent the
accumulation of seawater or condensation and fittings to
facilitate draining (see 10.6).
8 ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
8. PIPING
8.1 General. Design, manufacture, and factory tests of piping
systems for refrigerant, secondary coolant, and cooling water are
included in this section. All items defined as piping or mentioned
in this section shall conform to these requirements.19
8.2 Materials. All materials employed shall be suitable for
handling the refrigerant or fluid used. No materials shall be used
that deteriorate due to chemical action with refrigerant, oil, or
any combination of same. No materials shall be used that
become brittle at the lowest intended operating temperature. Any
combination of metals shall be selected by reference to their rela-
tive position in the electromotive series in order to minimize gal-
vanic action.
8.3 Design. Component parts of the refrigerant piping system
shall be designed in accordance with requirements of ANSI
B31.5-199319 or classification societies. (See 4.4 and 4.5.)
8.4 General Requirements for Piping. The number of
breakable joints used in refrigerant piping shall be kept to a min-
imum by the use of brazed joints or welded joints on valves and
fittings and by bending tubing or by combining units wherever
possible. Wherever piping extends through watertight bulk-
heads, decks, or tank tops, suitable fittings shall be installed. The
bulkhead plating shall not form part of the joint.
8.4.1 Whenever steel to copper joints are required, they
shall be flanged or made with suitable adapter fittings brazed
to the copper pipe and brazed to the steel pipe. Brazing mate-
rial containing phosphorous (other than a residual impurity)
shall not be used on ferrous material. Slip-type expansion
joints shall not be used. The faces of flanged joints shall be
parallel before being bolted together. Gaskets shall be of
material suitable for use with the refrigerant or fluid involved
(see 8.13). Soldered joints shall not be used.
8.4.2 Brass, bronze, or copper shall not be used when
temperatures of more than 400°F (204°C) may be encountered.
8.4.3 All bolts, nuts, studs, pins, screws, cap screws,
and other fastenings shall be of corrosion-resistant material or
treated in a suitable manner to render such parts resistant to
corrosion. All bolts and nuts shall be semifinished, of hexag-
onal shape, and in accordance with dimensions for the ANSI
Standards B18.2.1-8120 and B18.2.2-87.21
8.5 General Requirements for Valves. Valves shall bear
maker’s name or trademark and a reference symbol indicating
the service conditions and design pressure for which they are
intended, in accordance with Manufacturer’s Standardization
Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc., SP-25.22
8.5.1 All valves except wafer and ball valves shall be of
such design that the internal working parts may be removed
for inspection, repair, or replacement without breaking the
line connections. Manually operated valves shall be made to
close with a right-hand (clockwise) motion of hand wheel or
operating wrench when facing the valve stem end.
8.5.2 Automatic control valves shall be provided with
means for making necessary adjustments externally and shall
be provided with bypasses to permit manual operation or
repair of the system in case of failure.
8.5.3 All wearing parts of valves, such as seats, discs,
and stems, shall be of noncorrosive material under service
conditions. Only bronze and steel valves, 1½ in. nominal size
and smaller, may have screwed bonnets. They shall be of the
union-bonnet type or so constructed as to prevent the bonnet
slackening back or loosening when the valve is operated.
Valves having stem packing or stuffing boxes shall be of the
backseating type to permit repacking under pressure. Valve
stems, when provided with stuffing boxes, shall have formed
or string packing suitable for the intended service; they shall
be provided with a suitable gland and means of compressing
the packing wherever necessary to secure tightness.
8.5.4 Stop valves shall be of the globe, angle, ball, or
butterfly type for refrigerants; any of these plus gate and wafer
valves may be used for water or secondary coolant service.
8.5.5 All gate, globe, or angle valves shall be of the rising
stem type unless otherwise approved. All valves shall be suitable
for the refrigerant, pressure, and temperatures involved.
8.5.6 Castings shall be free from defects. No peening,
welding, or soldering shall be employed to repair porous
spots, sponginess, or cracks, except that defects in steel cast-
ings may be welded by an approved process after cleaning
down to solid metal.23
8.5.7 Gaskets shall be used on all seal caps.
8.5.8 Valves shall be installed so that the stems are up
(vertical) or horizontal or any angle between.
Exception: Globe and angle valves that trap liquid in the
upstream piping when valve stems are vertical shall be
installed with horizontal valve stems where possible.
8.6 Electrically Operated Valves. All electrically operated
valves shall conform to IEEE Standard 45-19836 or classifica-
tion society rules, except as noted herein.
8.6.1 Solenoid valves shall be of the packless type.
Replacement of solenoid coils shall be possible without
breaking conduit connections. Repair or replacement of inter-
nal parts shall be possible without breaking piping connec-
tions. Manual jacking stems shall be provided for all solenoid
valves.
8.6.2 All solenoid valves shall have coil housings of
drip-proof construction in accordance with section 27.4,
IEEE Standard 45-1983. A junction box with terminal block
or other suitable connections shall be attached to or incorpo-
rated in the coil housing.
8.6.3 Direct current solenoid valves shall be provided
with suitable means of surge protection. This shall be built
into the coil or located within the coil housing or attached
junction box.
8.6.4 Electric-motor-operated valves shall have a drip-
proof operating unit of ample capacity with enclosed gearing
and limit switches. Manual operation shall be possible. A suit-
able drip-proof control panel with indicating lights and line
disconnect switch shall be provided for each valve unit.
8.6.5 Solenoids and electric motors shall operate satis-
factorily at design voltage (±15%) when valves are subjected
to operating pressure. All terminals, bolts, nuts, and screws
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
shall be of nonferrous material or suitable corrosion-protected
material.
8.6.6 Valves shall be oriented in accord with the manu-
facturer’s recommendations; in the case of solenoid-actuated
valves, this is usually vertical (coil up) or horizontal or any
angle between.
8.7 Insulation. All refrigerant piping shall be adequately
insulated where required to prevent condensation or undesirable
heat transfer.
Piping insulation shall be adequately protected against
moisture by application of suitable sealing material. Provi-
sions shall be made to limit heat transfer between the cold pipe
and any metallic structure by which it is secured or supported.
Provision shall be made on all pipe hangers to prevent chafing
of the pipe.
8.8 Piping for Refrigerants Other Than Ammonia. No
piping smaller than ¼ in. nominal size shall be used in lines
where flow of refrigerant is involved to minimize the effect of
ship vibration (see 4.5).
8.9 Strainer and Dehydrator for Refrigerants Other Than
Ammonia
8.9.1 Strainers shall have mesh screen of noncorroding
material. The size of the wire used in construction of strainers
shall be such that the open area will be at least 30% of the total
screen area (see Table 8-1).
8.9.2 Dehydrators and strainers shall be so constructed
that the drying agent or screen may be removed and replaced
without breaking refrigerant line connections. The head con-
nections on the shells of dehydrators and strainers shall be of
the tongue-and-groove flanged type.
8.10 Valves and Fittings for Refrigerants Other Than
Ammonia
8.10.1 Stop valves shall be of the packless diaphragm
type or packed with a seal cap. Flanged valves shall have
tongue-and-groove flanges with ring gaskets.
8.10.2 All valves and fittings using brazed-joint-type
connections shall be provided with minimum-depth pipe
sockets in accordance with ANSI/AWS B2.2-91.24 The clear-
ances between the outside diameter of the tube and inside
diameter of the socket shall also be in accordance with ANSI/
AWS B2.2-91.24
8.10.3 Where copper tubing is used, all fittings shall be
made of wrought copper or other compatible material.
8.10.4 The use of brazed joints is encouraged in all copper
piping. Flanges with suitable gaskets (see 8.13) or O-ring face
seals shall be used where assembly and disassembly require
mechanical joints. Tapered pipe thread joints, flare fittings, or
compression tube fittings shall not be used except for lubrica-
tion, controls, gages, purge, relief, and drain connections.
8.11 Pipe, Valves, and Fittings — Ammonia (Design Pres-
sure 300 psi [2069 kPa])
8.11.1 Connections may be screwed, welded, or flanged
(retained gasket type). Screwed-type connections shall not be
used in sizes 1½ in. nominal and larger.
9
 Table 8-1 Strainers
Size Line Nominal Liquid Line Suction Line
Actual OD Size Minimum Screen Area Minimum Screen Area
* *
Max Max
in. (mm) in. in.2 (cm2) in.2 (cm2)
Mesh Mesh
1/4 (6.3) 1/8 100 2.5 (16.1) 50 2.5 (16.1)
3/8 (9.5) 1/4 100 5.0 (32.3) 50 5.0 (32.3)
5/8 (15.9) 1/2 100 11.0 (71.0) 50 11.0 (71.0)
7/8 (22.2) 3/4 100 20.0 (129.0) 50 20.0 (129.0)
1-1/8 (28.6) 1 100 23.0 (148.4) 50 23.0 (148.4)
1-3/8 (34.9) 1-1/4 100 30.0 (193.6) 50 30.0 (193.6)
1-5/8 (41.3) 1-1/2 100 40.0 (258.1) 50 40.0 (258.1)
2-1/8 (54.0) 2 100 50.0 (322.6) 50 50.0 (322.6)
2-5/8 (66.7) 2-1/2 100 60.0 (387.1) 50 60.0 (387.1)
3-1/8 (79.3) 3 100 70.0 (451.6) 50 70.0 (451.6)
4-1/8 (104.7) 4 100 80.0 (516.2) 50 80.0 (516.2)
5-1/8 (130.0) 5 100 90.0 (580.7) 50 90.0 (580.7)
6-1/8 (155.6) 6 100 100.0 (645.2) 50 100.0 (645.2)
*
Denotes 100 × 100 and 50 × 50 mesh openings per square inch, respectively.

8.11.2 Steel pipe shall be at least schedule 80 up to 1½
in. nominal and schedule 40 from 2 in. through 6 in. and stan-
dard schedule larger than 6 in.
8.11.3 Flanges and fittings shall be of cast or forged steel
or ductile iron.
8.11.4 Hand-operated stop valves shall be of rising stem
globe or angle type or quarter-turn ball, plug, or butterfly type
or with housing materials of fabricated, forged, or cast steel or
ductile iron. (See also 8.3 and 8.5.7.)
8.11.5 All parts of control mechanisms subject to refrig-
erant pressure shall have a factory test pressure of not less
than 25% above the design pressure.
8.11.6 Electrical features of control mechanisms shall
conform to the latest revision of IEEE Standard 45-1983.6
8.11.7 Controls shall be so designed that their proper
operation will not be affected by ship motion (see 4.4.1).
8.12 Piping—Electrolytic Brine (Design Pressure 125 psi)
8.12.1 Pipe, valves, and fittings shall be suitable for use
with electrolytic brine. Suitable pipe materials include steel,
wrought iron, cupro-nickel, and stainless steel.
8.12.2 It is recommended that no galvanizing be applied
to any part of any pipe, valve, or fitting in contact with elec-
trolytic brine.
8.12.3 Screwed joints may be used in sizes up to 1½ in.
nominal and flanged or welded joints may be used in all sizes.
8.12.4 Bronze valves with screwed connections shall not
be used with ferrous piping.
8.13 Gaskets
8.13.1 All gaskets for flanged joints shall be of materials
suitable for use with the refrigerant, secondary coolant, or
cooling water and for the pressures and temperatures involved
in the application.
8.13.2 The following gasket material criteria may be
used as a guide within any limitations imposed by the require-
ments of ANSI B31.5-9319:
(a) For cooling water service, plain or cloth-reinforced
synthetic rubber sheet packing, 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) thick.
(b) For refrigerants and secondary coolants with stan-
dard raised-face flanged joints, compressed sheet
packing, non-asbestos fiber with a suitable neoprene
or nitrile rubber binder, 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) thick. This
packing shall conform to the requirements of ASTM
Standard F104-92,25 line F712100A9B4E22K5M6.
(c) Gaskets shall not contain asbestos.
8.14 Thermometers and Gauges
8.14.1 Thermometers shall be provided for
(a) refrigerant discharge, liquid (leaving condenser),
and suction lines;
(b) refrigerant liquid leaving subcooler or liquid/suction
heat exchanger;
(c) refrigerated compartments;
(d) condenser water supply (minimum of one in each machin-
ery compartment) and each condenser outlet; and
(e) secondary coolant inlet and outlet (at the evaporator).
8.14.2 Pressure-indicating gauges shall be provided for the
(a) compressor (see 6.3.1),
(b) evaporator pressure regulator, and
(c) overboard discharge line between relief valves and
rupture discs (see 7.3).
8.14.3 Solid-state pressure and temperature indication
shall be permitted in lieu of gauges and thermometers (see 6.3).

10 ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996

It is recommended, however, that the pressure-indicating
gauges and thermometers specified in subsections 8.14.1 and
8.14.2 be provided in addition to the solid-state indicators. Note
the exception for welded hermetic compressors in 6.3.1.
9. EVAPORATORS AND COOLING COILS
9.1 This section defines the various types of evaporators and
cooling coils generally used and the acceptable materials of con-
struction.
9.2 The requirements of this subsection are applicable to all
evaporators and cooling coils covered in 9.3 through 9.5.1.
Requirements for other types of evaporators appear in 7.2, 9.5.2,
and 9.5.3.
9.2.1 The tube or pipe wall thickness of evaporators
and cooling coils shall be determined in accordance with
requirements of the United States Coast Guard,29 ANSI B31.5-
1993,19 or classification societies.
9.2.2 All hangers and supporting members shall be of
sufficient strength to absorb stress due to normal pitching,
rolling, and vibration (see 4.4.1 and 4.5).
9.2.3 All hangers and supporting members shall be pro-
tected against corrosion.
9.2.4 Tube joints shall be made as follows: copper—
brazed; steel—welded; aluminum—brazed or welded.
9.2.5 All coils, after assembly, shall be tested with dry
gas while under water at 1½ times the design working pressure.
9.2.6 For hot gas defrosting, the necessary valves and
devices shall be provided for bypassing the expansion valves
and orifices.
9.3 This subsection describes the various types of cooling
coils and evaporators used for ship’s stores applications.
9.3.1 Unit coolers shall consist of a cooling coil, drain
pan, and fan mounted in a suitable enclosure. Provisions for
defrosting shall be made when required and shall be electric,
hot gas, or water spray method. All unit coolers shall be rated
in accordance with ARI Standard 420-89.26
9.3.1.1 Unit cooler coils shall be of the direct expan-
sion, liquid overfeed, flooded, pressure recirculated, or pump
recirculated tube-and-fin type with copper tubes and either
copper or aluminum fins, except that coils constructed of alu-
minum tube and fins may be used when room temperatures
are maintained below 32°F (0°C). When coils are constructed
of copper tubes and copper fins, they shall be tin-plated before
fabrication or solder-coated after fabrication. Fin spacing
shall be consistent with good practice in regard to frost accu-
mulation and the temperature of the space. Fin spacing shall
not be closer than 4 fins per inch (25.4 mm) for space temper-
atures at or below 0°F (−18°C) and shall not exceed 6 fins per
inch (25.4 mm) in any case.
9.3.1.2 Fans for unit coolers shall be of the propeller,
axial, or centrifugal type and shall be direct or belt driven. Fan
blades shall be suitably guarded to prevent injury to personnel
and shall be of a material that will resist corrosion or other-
wise be coated to resist corrosion. Unit coolers may be fur-
nished with multiple fans. Unit coolers shall be selected with
a fan or fans that will circulate in one minute a quantity of air
approximately equivalent to the volume of the empty com-
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
partment, except for fresh produce coolers, where the air cir-
culated shall be half the volume of the empty compartment.
9.3.1.3 Unit cooler casings shall be constructed of
materials that will resist corrosion or otherwise be suitably
coated to resist corrosion. Casings shall be capable of sup-
porting any attachments under conditions of pitching, rolling,
and vibration. Drain pans shall be provided with drain con-
nections at both ends or shall be so pitched to permit drainage
under conditions of pitching, rolling, permanent list, or per-
manent trim (see 4.4).
9.3.1.4 Electric defrost elements for unit coolers shall
be of the sheathed type and of a corrosion-resistant material.
The defrost elements shall be so located within the unit to pro-
vide complete defrosting of the coil section and drain pan.
Separate heating tapes shall be provided to keep drain lines
from freezing.
9.3.1.5 Electric defrost shall be automatically con-
trolled. Where a timer is used, it shall initiate and terminate
the defrost cycle at predetermined times. The timer shall set
both frequency and duration of the defrost period. The defrost
cycle may be terminated by a thermostat that senses temper-
ature around the coil. A safety thermostat shall be provided to
prevent overheating of the coil. Provisions shall be made such
that it is possible to initiate and terminate defrosting manually
if it should become necessary or desirable.
9.3.2 Natural convection cooling coils shall be of three
types: finned tubes or prime surface (bulkhead-mounted ser-
pentine) or sets of heat exchanger plates suspended from the
overhead. The latter is normally used when controlled dis-
posal of defrost water or condensate is not required, since
overhead drain troughs may not be practical (see 9.3.2.5).
9.3.2.1 Finned gravity wall coils shall be serpentine
with elements constructed of either copper tubes and copper
fins electro-tin plated before fabrication or of steel tubes and
steel fins externally hot-dip galvanized after fabrication. Coils
shall be single row and provided with straps between tubes to
provide a rigid assembly and a means for supporting the coil
on a bulkhead. Straps shall be steel, hot-dip galvanized after
fabrication, and shall be isolated from the coil by plastic or
other material suitable for low-temperature service. Fins shall
be at least 0.020 in. (0.5 mm) thick to resist damage.
9.3.2.2 Prime surface wall coils shall be constructed of
steel pipe externally hot-dip galvanized after fabrication and
provided with straps to produce a rigid assembly and a means
for supporting coil on a bulkhead. Straps shall be steel, hot-
dip galvanized after fabrication.
9.3.2.3 Natural convection cooling coils shall be so
arranged within a compartment to provide coverage of all
bulkheads and ensure a uniform temperature throughout the
space. The number of coils in an individual refrigerant circuit
shall be limited to a maximum of 600 ft2 (55.7 m2) of coil sur-
face or a refrigerant pressure drop through the combined coils
not to exceed 2 psi (13.8 kPa).
9.3.2.4 Risers between coils in series shall be sized to
account for the quality of the refrigerant flowing in them to
ensure proper oil transport.
9.3.2.5 Sets of heat exchanger plates suspended from
the overhead shall be constructed of materials that meet sub-
section 8.2 of this Standard. They shall be fastened together so
11
that, when suspended from the overhead, the cooled plates
will have airflow downward in the space between them. The
refrigerant passages not used as inlet and outlet shall be joined
by return bends.
When plates with aluminum tubes are used, galvanic
action (corrosion) may occur, especially when there is expo-
sure to salt air environment as in fishing vessels. One protec-
tive measure is to configure connecting copper tubes so water
that gathers on them drains away from the aluminum. Another
is to apply air- and watertight seals over dissimilar metal joints.
9.4 This subsection describes the various types of cooling coils
and evaporators commonly used for refrigerated cargo plants.
Cooling of refrigerated cargo compartments may be accom-
plished by direct expansion, recirculation of refrigerant (over-
feed), flooded refrigerant feed, or the secondary coolant method.
9.4.1 Cooling, freezing, or blast freezing may be
accomplished by floor-mounted, ceiling-hung, or gravity wall
coils (see 9.3.2).
9.4.2 Unit coolers shall include propeller fans, centrif-
ugal fans, or axial fans driven by an approved type of marine
drip-proof (DPP), totally enclosed and fan-cooled (TEFC) or
totally enclosed air over (TEAO) motor. Unit casing shall be
of steel, hot-dip galvanized after fabrication, or of stainless
steel, and of sufficient strength to withstand the forces
encountered under conditions of pitching, rolling, and vibra-
tion (see 4.4 and 4.5). The coil may be without fan when the
fan is mounted in the duct. Doors shall be provided for access
to internal elements. Effective means shall be provided for
defrosting. Defrosting shall be accomplished by any one of
the following methods:
(a) electric heaters in the coil, drain pan, and drains;
(b) steam coils; and
(c) hot gas.
Coil face velocity shall not exceed 600 ft/min (3.05 m/s) in
coolers or 750 ft/min (3.8 m/s) in holding freezers.
9.4.2.1 Fins shall not be spaced closer than 4 fins per
inch (16 fins per 100 mm) for space temperatures of 35°F
(2°C) and below.
9.4.2.2 Secondary coolant coils used in unit coolers in
an indirect system shall be constructed of steel tubes and steel
fins externally hot-dip galvanized after fabrication, stainless
steel, or extruded aluminum. When the coolant used is other
than electrolytic brine, the coils may be constructed of copper
tube and copper fin elements electro-tin plated before fabri-
cation. All coil casings shall be of steel, hot-dip galvanized
after fabrication, or stainless steel. Provision shall be made for
venting and draining indirect cooling coils.
9.4.2.3 Refrigerant cooling coils used in unit coolers in
a direct system shall be constructed of steel tubes and steel
fins externally hot-dip galvanized after fabrication, stainless
steel, or extruded aluminum. When the refrigerant used is
other than ammonia, the coils may be constructed of copper
tube and copper fin elements electro-tin plated before fabri-
cation. All coil casings shall be of steel, hot-dip galvanized
after fabrication, or stainless steel.
9.4.3 When steam coils are used for defrost, they shall
be of the same materials of construction as their associated
cooling coil.
12
9.4.4 When electric defrost is used, the defrost ele-
ments shall be activated through approved types of marine
magnetic contactors. A temperature-limiting device shall be
provided to prevent elements from overheating.
9.4.5 Direct-expansion secondary coolant heat
exchangers used in indirect systems shall be of the shell-and-
tube, plate-and-frame, tube-in-box, or Baudelot type. Materi-
als and construction shall comply with Section 7 and 9.5.2 and
9.5.3 of this Standard.
9.5 This subsection describes the various types of cooling
coils and evaporators used for air-conditioning applications.
9.5.1 Direct-expansion coils and chilled water shall be
constructed of copper tubes with copper fins, unless otherwise
approved. Fins shall not be spaced closer than 14 fins per inch
(55 fins per 100 mm). Coil casings shall be of galvanized
steel, stainless steel, or other suitable material. Tubes shall be
expanded into fins. Coil headers shall be of copper or brass
material. Aluminum parts on coils exposed to a sea air atmo-
sphere shall be coated to resist corrosion and pitting.
9.5.2 Direct-expansion water chillers, not using ammo-
nia as the refrigerant, for use with air-conditioning chilled-
water coils, shall be of the shell-and-tube, plate-and-frame,
tube-in-box, or Baudelot type. Water connections shall be of
the flanged type. Refrigerant connections shall be of the socket
type suitable for brazing to refrigerant tubing or flanged to
facilitate maintenance. Chillers shall have provisions to install
a low-limit thermostat for freeze-up protection.
9.5.2.1 Materials of construction for direct-expansion
water chillers shall be steel for shells, tube sheets, heads, and
water baffles. Plastic or other noncorroding materials may be
used for water baffles also. Chillers may be constructed of other
acceptable materials, if specified (see 7.1.3 and 7.2.1). Inserts
for tubes of the extended surface type shall be of suitable non-
ferrous material. Flanged water connections shall be of the
same material used in the construction of the chiller shell.
9.5.2.2 Direct-expansion ammonia water chillers shall
have steel tube sheets, heads, water baffles, and tubes.
9.5.3 Flooded-water chillers for use with air-condition-
ing chilled-water coils shall be shell-and-tube type with water
flowing through the tubes and refrigerant in the shell. The shell
shall have adequate diameter or be provided with eliminators to
avoid liquid entrainment back to the compressor (see 4.1).
Water and refrigerant connections shall be of the flange
type. Chillers shall have provisions to install a low-limit ther-
mostat in a head or water nozzle.
9.5.3.1 Flooded-water chillers (for refrigerants other
than ammonia) shall have steel shells, steel tube sheets, and
heads. Tube sheets and heads may also be nonferrous, if spec-
ified. Tubes shall be copper. Flanged connections shall be
steel for steel shells and heads. Where nonferrous heads are
used, the flanges shall be of the same material.
9.5.3.2 Flooded ammonia water chillers shall have
steel shells, steel tubes, tube sheets, and heads.
10. INSTALLATION
10.1 It is recommended that compressors with horizontal rotat-
ing shafts be located with the shaft axis, oriented fore and aft to
minimize axial motion of the shaft.
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
10.2 Provision shall be made in the installation of equipment
and piping for maintenance and overhaul (e.g., condenser and
brine cooler tube withdrawal space shall be provided).
10.3 All refrigerant and secondary coolant piping shall be
properly supported and protected to prevent damage during nor-
mal operations aboard ship. Such protective measures shall not
interfere with operation.
10.4 The inside of all piping, valves, fittings, and other appara-
tus shall be clean and free from all foreign matter.
10.5 Hand valves shall be labeled or numbered, with a key to
the numbers mounted nearby, to indicate the intended service.
Where practicable, all automatic control devices shall be
mounted immediately outside of the refrigerated compartment
they serve and shall be grouped as closely as practicable.
10.6 No valves, piping, or fittings shall be installed or connec-
tions made that would prevent the proper operation of a pressure-
relief valve. (See subsection 7.3.)
10.7 Stop valves shall be located wherever necessary to
accommodate equipment servicing (see 6.1.2 and 8.5). A stop
valve shall be installed at the outlet of each liquid refrigerant
receiver (see ANSI/ASHRAE 15-1992).
10.8 It is recommended that dual pressure-relief valves be
installed to facilitate maintenance and provide redundancy (see 7.3).
10.9 Necessary and suitable valves, fittings, and connections
shall be provided to permit charging, purging, evacuating, drain-
ing, recovery, venting, and manual operation of system in event
of failure of automatic mechanical controls. Where provided,
king solenoid valves shall not be bypassed.
10.10 It is recommended that solenoid valves not be installed
within refrigerated cargo spaces. When solenoid valves are
located within refrigerated cargo spaces, they shall be waterproof.
10.11 A strainer shall be installed in liquid lines upstream of
each solenoid valve, thermostatic expansion valve, or combina-
tion of such. It is acceptable to precede a king solenoid valve
with a filter-dryer in lieu of a strainer.
10.12 A filter-dryer and moisture indicator shall be installed for
halocarbon refrigerants.
10.13 A bypass shall be provided around all liquid line filter-
dryers so that cleaning and replacement may be accomplished
without interrupting operation.
10.14 Provisions shall be made to connect a refrigerant recovery
unit to all fluorocarbon-containing systems including the purge
connection(s) for noncondensables. It is recommended that a
recovery unit be provided in each refrigeration machinery space.
A refrigerant transfer system may be provided in lieu of a refrig-
erant recovery unit in systems capable of isolating the refrigerant
charge from the component being serviced (see Section 7).
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
10.15 No cutting, welding, or other modification shall be per-
formed on any pressure vessel after it has been certified by the
appropriate classification society unless it is done by certified per-
sonnel, retested, and approved in accordance with subsection 7.1.5.
10.16 Foundations for equipment and pressure vessels shall be
capable of withstanding all pitch, roll, and vibration conditions
that could occur during the ship’s operations (see 4.4 and 4.5).
10.17 Rotating machinery shall be guarded in accordance with
approved safety standards (ANSI/ASME B15.1-199227).
10.18 Piping fabrication and assembly shall be carried out in
accordance with ASME/ANSI B31.5-1993,19 sections 527-
535.10.
10.19 It is recommended that a reduced schematic of the system
be located on the machinery space bulkhead clearly indicating
the means to safely operate the system in case of emergency.
11. SPARE PARTS AND TOOLS
11.1 This section defines the types and quantities of spare parts
and tools that shall be carried aboard ship for the maintenance
and repair of the refrigerating equipment for cargo plants, ship’s
stores plants, and air-conditioning plants and recommended for
process freezing or chilling plants.
11.2 The lists in this section are based on the following.
11.2.1 Cargo plants and ship’s stores plants having at
least one complete standby condensing unit available during
holding. This unit may be used during pulldown.
11.2.2 Air-conditioning plants having no standby con-
densing unit.
11.2.3 Duplication of spare parts between cargo, ship’s
stores, and air-conditioning plants and process refrigeration
plants is not intended. If spare parts are interchangeable between
various plants, spare parts may be consolidated and the quantity
of spare parts based on the total number of similar units.
11.3 A standby condensing unit shall be able to meet all of the
following requirements.
11.3.1 The refrigerant piping shall be arranged for com-
plete interconnection and fully provided with isolating valves.
11.3.2 It shall be of equal or greater capacity as the other
condensing unit.
11.3.3 All similar parts shall be interchangeable.
11.4 Packaging and Labeling. All spare parts shall be
suitably packed and protected against humidity and salt
atmosphere, clearly labeled, and stowed for protection
against mechanical damage.
11.5 Reciprocating Compressors. The quantities of spare
parts needed per reciprocating compressor unit are shown in
Table 11-1.
11.6 Centrifugal Compressor. The quantities of spare parts
needed per centrifugal compressor unit are shown in Table 11-2.
13
11.7 Rotary Screw Compressor. The quantities of spare
parts needed per rotary screw compressor unit are shown in
Table 11-3.
11.8 Condenser. The quantities of spare parts needed per con-
denser unit are shown in Table 11-4.
11.9 Refrigerant Evaporators, Chillers, and Brine Heaters.
The quantities of spare parts needed per refrigerant evaporator,
chiller, and brine heater unit are shown in Table 11-5.
11.10 General System Repair Parts. The quantities of spare
parts needed for general system repair are shown in Table 11-6.
11.11 Special Tools. The following special tools are needed for
repair:
(a) electronic leak detector;
(b) charging manifold, complete;
(c) hand oil pump;
(d) vacuum pump;
(e) tube expander (if applicable);
(f) set of special compressor tools for each type of
compressor installed;
(g) secondary coolant (brine) test kit (if applicable)
with instructions; and
(h) refrigerant recovery unit (see 10.14).
11.12 Spare Refrigerant Charge. One complete charge of refrig-
erant for the equipment required for normal operation of ship’s
stores and cargo plants, except for Class B refrigerants (see 5.4).
11.13 Spare Compressor Lubricating Oil. One replacement
charge of oil for each compressor.
11.14 Fans. The quantities of spare parts needed per fan unit are
shown in Table 11-7.
11.15 Motors. The quantities of spare parts needed per motor
unit are shown in Table 11-8.
11.16 Motor Controllers. The quantities of spare parts needed
per motor controller unit are shown in Table 11-9.
11.17 Electrical Control Panels. The quantities of spare parts
needed per electrical control panel unit are shown in Table 11-10.
11.18 Microprocessor Control Panels. The quantities of spare
parts needed per microprocessor control panel unit are shown in
Table 11-11.
12. OPERATING INSTRUCTION MANUAL
12.1 General. Where specifically required, manufacturers sup-
plying mechanical refrigeration equipment for shipboard appli-
cation shall furnish an instruction manual for each installation.
This instruction manual shall adequately cover all of the neces-
sary information pertaining to the installation, operation, mainte-
nance, and inspection of the equipment and shall include at least
the information specified in 12.2 through 12.8.
12.2 Introduction. This section of the Operating Instruction
Manual shall include a general description of the equipment, the
refrigerant, and the type of refrigeration cycle. A brief section on
14
the principles and fundamentals of refrigeration shall also be pro-
vided. A table of the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant
shall also be included.
12.3 Description of Refrigeration Plant. This section shall
contain a complete, detailed description of the component
assemblies and accessories that compose the system. The
detailed description shall include data sheets providing a list of
specific technical data, characteristics of components, and the
function of the components in the system. These data may be
provided on drawings. They shall include at least the following:
(a) Capacity curves or tables for compressors at speci-
fied conditions of suction and condensing tempera-
ture and speeds.
(b) Capacity curves or tables for the condenser at speci-
fied conditions of water flow and pressure drop
(physical data such as the condenser type, size, tube
data, external tube surface, number of tubes, and
water flow to be included).
(c) Capacity curves or tables for brine coolers at speci-
fied conditions of flow and pressure drop (physical
data such as the brine cooler type, size, tube data, ft2
[m2] surface per ton of refrigeration (kW) at design
conditions, gpm [m3/s] per ton of refrigeration (kW)
at design density of brine, brine velocity through
tubes, and amount of brine in system).
(d) Capacity curves or tables for cargo fans, tested in
accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 51-
1985,28 including class of construction, location,
rpm, bhp (kW), cfm (m3/s), drive, arrangement, and
marine atmosphere coatings.
(e) Electrical requirements of compressors, brine
pumps, cooling water pumps, refrigerant pumps,
cargo fans, and control devices.
(f) Float regulators, expansion valves, flow regulators,
solenoids, water-regulating valves, control switches,
gauges, etc., and shall include such data as type, con-
nection, capacity, open and/or close setting, differen-
tial, location, and range.
(g) Relief valves, including type, manufacture, settings,
and seals.
(h) Rupture discs, size, manufacture, and setting.
(i) Thermometers, including location, type, range, and
connection.
(j) Refrigerant charge (see 5.2.2 and 5.4).
(k) Storage receiver, including size, method, type, and
manufacturer’s data of liquid level device.
(l) Brine strainers, including size and mesh of strainer.
(m) Working receivers, including size and internal fittings.
(n) Dehydrators, including type, size, and desiccant.
(o) Pumps, including type, size, class, gpm (m3/s), total
head, and NPSH.
(p) Motors, including such data as hp (kW), voltage,
rpm, frame size, FLA, coupling, windings, and
bearings.
(q) Accumulators, including type, size, capacity, inter-
nal fittings, and connections.
(r) Control air dryer, including cfm, supply air pressure
and dew point, and electrical requirements.
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
 Table 11-1
Quantities of Spare Parts for Reciprocating Compressors

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Shaft seal assembly complete 1 1 1 1 3

Crankshaft 0 0 0 1 1
Piston complete with rings and piston pin for 1 compressor (sets) 0.5 0.5 1 2 3
Cylinder sleeves complete for 1 compressor (sets) 0.5 0.5 1 2 4
Suction and discharge valve plate assembly, complete for 1 compressor (sets) 1 1 1 2 4
Suction and discharge valve discs or reeds, springs and separable seats (if other than integral
1 1 2 3 4
with valve plate); for 1 compressor (sets)
Connecting rod assembly, complete with bushings, bearings, and bolts for 1 compressor (sets) 0.5 0.5 1 1 2
Unloading assembly complete 1 1 1 2 3
Oil pump assembly complete with strainer and gaskets 1 1 1 2 3
Capacity control valve 1 1 1 2 3
Suction strainer basket 1 1 1 2 3
Relief valve assembly complete 1 1 1 2 3
Compressor gaskets, complete for 1 compressor (sets) 1 2 3 4 6
Main bearings (sets) 1 1 1 2 3
Oil filter (where furnished) 2 3 4 6 6
Oil pressure relief valve 1 1 1 1 2
Oil heaters, complete for 1 compressor (sets) 1 1 1 2 3
Set of belts 1 1 1 2 3
Coupling assembly, complete 0 0 1 2 3
Oil sight glass assembly 1 1 1 2 3
* Components or component sets as applicable.

Table 11-2
Quantities of Spare Parts for Centrifugal Compressors

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Complete set of seal assemblies of each type and size 1 1 1 2 3

Complete set of bearing assemblies of each type and size 1 1 1 2 3
Complete sets of gaskets and O-ring 1 2 3 4 6
Oil pump, complete 1 1 1 2 3
Oil filter 1 1 1 2 3
Oil sight glass assembly 1 1 1 2 3
Purge compressor or pump as applicable 1 1 1 1 2
V-belts set (purge unit or pump) 1 1 1 2 3
*
Components or component sets as applicable.

ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996 15

 Table 11-3
Quantities of Spare Parts for Rotary Screw Compressors

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Complete set of seal assemblies of each type and size 1 1 1 2 3

Complete set of bearing and/or bushing assemblies of each type and size 1 1 1 2 3
Complete sets of gaskets and O-rings 1 2 3 4 6
Oil pump assembly 1 1 1 2 2
Capacity control assembly, set of parts 1 1 1 2 2
Oil pump strainers replacement element 1 1 1 2 2
Suction strainer basket 1 1 1 2 2
Relief valve assembly 1 1 1 2 2
Oil sight glass assembly (set, if bulls eye type) 1 1 1 2 3
Oil pressure relief valve 1 1 1 2 2
Oil pressure relief regulator 1 1 1 2 2
Oil filter cartridges (with gaskets/O-rings) 2 4 6 10 16
* Components or component sets as applicable.

Table 11-4
Quantities of Spare Parts for Condensers

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Spare tubes for one condenser (sets) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
Tube plugs 4 6 8 10 12
Gaskets and O-rings, sets, complete 1 1 1 2 2
Anodes 100% of total parts
* Components or component sets as applicable.

Table 11-5
Quantities of Spare Parts for Refrigerant Evaporators, Chillers, and Brine Heaters

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Tubes, set (shell-and-tube type only) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
Tube plugs 4 6 8 10 12
Gaskets, sets complete 1 1 1 1 2
Anodes, if applicable 100% of total parts
* Components or component sets as applicable.

16 ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996

 Table 11-6
Quantities of Spare Parts for General System Repairs

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Cartridge assemblies for filter-driers, complete 100% of total parts

Solenoid valve coil 1 2 2 3 3
Strainer baskets 1 2 2 3 3
Gaskets for strainers 100% of total parts
Power assembly for thermal expansion valves 1 1 2 2 3
Cage assembly for thermal expansion valves 1 1 1 2 2
Relief valve 1 1 1 2 3
Pressure-regulating valve, repair parts, set 1 1 1 2 3
Thermostat 1 1 1 2 3
Pressure switch 1 1 1 2 3
Pressure gage 1 1 2 3 4
Thermometer (less well) 1 1 1 2 3
Rupture disc 100% of total parts
Water-regulating valve complete (for 1¼ in I.P.S. and larger, repair parts only) 1 1 1 2 3
Gasket for refrigerant piping, sets 1 1 1 2 3
Valves, compressor shut-off & refrigerant line, packed type ¼ in. (6.3 mm) O.D.
1 1 1 2 3
to 5/8 in. (15.4 mm) sizes, valves complete
Valves, compressor shut-off & refrigerant line, packed type 7/8 in. (22.2 mm)
1 1 1 2 3
O.D. and larger, repair parts & gaskets only
Valves, refrigerant line, packless type 1 1 1 2 3
Float valve ball 1 1 1 2 3
Float valve needle & seat 1 1 1 2 3
Float valve gaskets 100% of total parts
*
Components or component sets as applicable.

Table 11-7
Quantities of Spare Parts for Fans

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Bearings, set each size 1 1 2 3 4

V-belts, set each size 1 1 2 3 4
* Components or component sets as applicable.

ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996 17

 Table 11-8
Quantities of Spare Parts for Motors

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Set of bearings, complete 1 1 1 2 3

* Components or component sets as applicable.

Table 11-9
Quantities of Spare Parts for Motor Controllers

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Magnetic:
Set of contacts 1 1 1 2 3
Set of springs 1 1 1 2 3
Shunt coil 1 1 1 2 3
Pushbutton assembly 1 1 1 2 3
Heater coil or overload relay 1 1 1 2 3
Transformer 1 1 1 2 3
Manual:
Starter complete less 1 1 1 2 3
Enclosure 1 1 1 2 3
Heater coil
*
Components or component sets as applicable.

Table 11-10
Quantities of Spare Parts for Electrical Control Panels

Number of Units per Ship

Components* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+

Indicating lights, bulbs each type 1 1 2 3 4

Transformer 1 1 1 2 2
Relays, each type 1 1 1 2 2
Toggle switches, each type 1 1 2 3 4
Pushbutton, each type 1 1 2 3 4
Fuse, each size and type 6 12 12 12 12

18 ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996

 Table 11-11
Quantities of Spare Parts for Microprocessor Control Panels

Number of Units per Ship

* 1 2 3-5 6-8 9+
Components
Processor board 1 1 1 2 2
Power supply 1 1 1 2 2
AC input module 2 2 3 4 4
AC output module 2 2 3 4 4
Surge suppressor 1 1 1 2 2
AC line filter 1 1 1 2 2
Circuit breaker, 5 amp 1 1 1 2 2
Circuit breaker, 10 amp 1 1 1 2 2
Circuit breaker, 15 amp 1 1 1 2 2
Hour meter 1 1 1 1 1
Fuse, 5 amp 10 10 15 20 20
Pressure transducer 0-1000 PSIA 1 1 2 3 4
Pressure transducer 0-500 PSIA 1 1 2 3 4
Temp probe 1 1 2 2 3
*
Components or component sets as applicable.

(s) Refrigerant oil, including initial charge and type and
at least one acceptable substitute.
(t) Oil still, type, and size.
(u) Discharge oil separator, type, and size.
(v) Pump-out unit, including data pertaining to main
cargo plant.
(w) Air-cooling coils, including materials, dimensions,
tube wall thickness, fin thickness, design face veloc-
ity, rows deep in direction of airflow, fin spacing, sur-
face area, entering and leaving air temperatures,
maximum face velocity, refrigerant temperature, and
air pressure drop for each design condition.
12.4 Principles of Operation. This section shall provide a
brief resumé of the principles of the operation of the system, or
the components of the system, together with such illustrations,
sketches, and diagrams as are necessary.
12.5 Installation Instructions. This section shall provide
complete instructions for the proper installation of the system. It
shall contain adequate information for the proper dehydration,
leak testing, and pressure testing of the plant. The need to keep
the system internally clean is to be emphasized. The use of tem-
porary filters (socks) during commissioning is to be considered.
refrigerant and for oil (and brine for an indirect system) and shall
also include the instructions for removing the refrigerant and oil
from the system.
An adequate description shall be given for the proper
adjustment of all controls. Where applicable, instructions are to
be provided for the defrosting of the cooling coils. Operational
difficulties shall be explained together with their corrective
measures. This may be presented in the form of a trouble diag-
nosis chart. Instructions shall be given for the periodic check of
temperatures and pressures. The design holding temperatures
of all ship’s stores and cargo spaces are to be provided.
A listing of safety precautions is to be included. First aid
treatment for injuries resulting from escaping refrigerant is to
be included. The type of leak detector suitable for the plant
shall be stated, with instructions for its use.
12.7 Maintenance. This section shall provide all the neces-
sary instructions for the proper care and maintenance of the
equipment. This is to include instructions for the inspection,
adjusting, cleaning, dehydration, lubrication, disassembly,
assembly, and repair of the equipment. If secondary coolants
are used, detailed instructions for their maintenance shall be
provided. The use of special tools furnished with the installa-
tion is to be adequately explained.

12.6 Operating Instructions. This section shall be prepared 12.8 Drawings. Arrangements and details of the following
for the specific installation and equipment involved. It shall equipment shall be supplied for each ship. In addition, a reduced
cover complete instructions for the operation and control of the copy shall be affixed in the manual.
equipment, manually or automatically, including precautions that • Accumulator
are to be taken before initial starting, after installation, or after a • Air-cooling coils
major repair. Instructions shall be included for the charging of • Brine coolers

ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996 19


• Brine expansion and/or make-up tanks
• Brine strainers
• Compressors
• Condensers
• Control and power schematics
(pneumatic and/or electric)
• Dehydrators
• Fans
• Heat exchangers
• Heating coils and/or elements
• Metering and flow-regulating devices and equipment
• Oil stills and/or separators
• Prime movers
• Pumps, circulating water, brine, and refrigerant
• Purging equipment
• Receivers
A diagrammatic piping layout is to be included, illustrat-
ing all refrigerant piping. The power and control circuits shall
be fully described. Sufficient information concerning all
equipment for reordering purposes shall be contained in the
drawings or on the data sheets referred to in 12.3.
13. REFERENCES
1ANSI/ASTM
Standard D93 E1-90, Standard Test Method for Flash
Point by Means of the Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, 1990.
2ARI Standard 575-87, Method of Measuring Machinery Sound
Within an Equipment Space, 1987.
3SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin No. 4-4, Report on Ship’s
Stores and Installed Cargo Refrigerated Boxes, Society of
Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
4American Bureau of Shipping, Rules for Building and Classing Steel
Vessels, 1995.
5Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, Rules and Regulations for the Con-
struction and Classification of Steel Ships, 1993.
6IEEE Standard 45-1983, Recommended Practice for Electric Instal-
lations on Shipboard, 1983.
7ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1992, Safety Code for Mechanical
Refrigeration, 1992.
8ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-1992, Number Designation and Safety
Classification of Refrigerants, 1992.
20
9
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 49, Transportation, Part
178—Shipping Container Specifications, 1995.
10
United States Coast Guard Navigation and Inspection Circular
(NVIC, 6-72), 1972.
11
SOLAS Chapter II-2, Part A, Regulation 10 and Amendments,
1974.
12
ANSI/IIAR 2-1992, American National Standard for Equipment,
Design, and Installation of Ammonia Mechanical Refrigeration
Systems.
13ARI Standard 520-90, Positive Displacement Refrigerant Com-
pressors, Compressor Units and Condensing Units, 1990.
14
ARI Standard 550-92, Centrifugal or Rotary Screw Water-Chilling
Packages, 1992.
15
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23-1993, Methods of Testing for Rating
Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors and Condens-
ing Units, 1993.
16
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 46, Chapter I Coast
Guard, Department of Transportation, Part 54, Pressure Ves-
sels, 1995.
17
ASME, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, 1992.
18Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 46, Chapter I Coast
Guard, Department of Transportation, Part 58, Subpart 58.20,
Refrigeration Machinery, 1995.
19ASME Standard B31.5-1993, Code for Pressure Piping—Refriger-
ation Piping, 1993.
20ANSI Standard B18.2.1-81, Square and Hex Bolts and Screws,
1981.
21ANSI Standard B18.2.2-87, Square and Hex Nuts, 1987.
22Manufacturer’s Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings
Industry, Inc., SP-25, 1988.
23Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 46, Chapter I Coast
Guard, Department of Transportation, Part 57, Welding and
Brazing, 1995.
24ANSI/AWS Standard B2.2-91, Standard for Brazing Procedure
and Performance Qualification, 1991.
25ASTM Standard F104-92, Standard Classification System for Non-
Metallic Gasket Materials, 1992.
26ARI Standard 420-89, Unit Coolers for Refrigeration Locator
Code, 1989.
27ASME Standard B15.1-1992, Safety Standard for Mechanical
Power Transmission Apparatus, 1992.
28ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 51-1985, Laboratory Methods of Testing
Fans for Rating, 1985.
29Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 46, Chapter I Coast
Guard, Department of Transportation, Subchapter F, Marine
Engineering, 1995.
ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 26-1996
 POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAE’S CONCERN
FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES

ASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members’ activities on both the indoor and
outdoor environment. ASHRAE’s members’ will strive to minimize any possible deleterious
effect on the indoor and outdoor environment of the systems and components in their
responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide, consistent with
accepted standards and the practical state of the art.
ASHRAE’s short-range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its
scope do not impact the indoor and outdoor environment to a greater extent than specified
by the standards and guidelines as established by itself and other responsible bodies.
As an ongoing goal, ASHRAE will, through its Standards Committee and extensive
technical committee structure, continue to generate up-to-date standards and guidelines
where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promote those new and revised standards
developed by other responsible organizations.
Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date standards and
design considerations as the material is systematically revised.
ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of
its primary interest and will seek out and disseminate information from other responsible
organizations that is pertinent, as guides to updating standards and guidelines.
The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered
within the scope of the system’s intended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazard-
ous materials, if any, will also be considered.
ASHRAE’s primary concern for environmental impact will be at the site where equip-
ment within ASHRAE’s scope operates. However, energy source selection and the possible
environmental impact due to the energy source and energy transportation will be considered