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Abstract—This paper presents the conceptual design and stepper motor control. The microcontroller then convert the
implementation of a cost effective 3D prototyping machine which pulses into travelled distance by using equation (1).
encompasses the design of mechanical, electrical & electronics
systems as well as integrated Software in order to create a
workable prototype. The objective of this research is to design
and develop a machine which is controlled by a computer and
capable of producing 3D solid representation of a CAD model in
plastic via plastic extruder. A XYZ axes system is developed in
order to enable the machine to carry out the prototyping process
efficiently and effectively. A control system for the stepper
motors and heating actuator are also developed to satisfy the
precision requirement of this machine. The total system covers
the conceptual design, the development process and the
integration of the mechanical system and electrical and electronic
systems of 3D prototyping machine. Main focusing point of this
paper is to design and develop the suitable temperature control
Fig. 1. R2C2 Controller's Allegro A4988 stepper driver
system of 3D Rapid Prototyping Machine (RPM).
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Nazarabyev University for
funding them to develop this system as a requirement of the capstone project.
During the frame design, the railing systems and XYZ
motion drivers are to put in consideration throughout the
design. A fully supported rail is chosen as the XY axes
supporting railing system. While on the Z axis, rod rail is
preferable for vertical supporting structures due to its simplify
installation and high efficiency during Z axis movement. High
precision in the alignment is needed for the rail during the
Fig. 3. Closed loop block diagram for temperature control. installation and lubrication of the railing system that will
eventually smoothen and ensure the printing precision. A fully
Table I. PID controller parameters for 3D printer (Replicator)
supported rod railing system is used for the railing system for
smooth and sturdy XY axes movements which will
compromise both printing precision and quality
Fig. 11. Ground noise on thermocouple signal amplifier and the FFT analysis
of the sampled signal. ADC Amplifier Thermostat
Based on the Allegro A4985 datasheet which is also Fig. 14. Block diagram of the thermal control system.
shown in Fig. 12, the stepper driver IC’s internal chopper
circuit which is used to regulate the current drawn from the Closed loop control of the thermal system is required in
stepper motor. order maintain the optimum extrusion temperature of about
200ºC and a heat bed temperature of 100ºC. Figure 14 shows
the block diagram of the control system of this 3D rapid
prototyping machine. By utilizing equation (6) and the NIST
numerical model for thermocouples, a PID controller has been
developed to provide the best control for this system.
VI. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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Fig.15. Temperature and thermocouple output voltage against time for
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an overshoot of 6.5%. For this application, overshoot of the Supplies. [Online] Available at:
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