1.

INTRODUCTION:
Rainwater harvesting is a technology used to collect, convey and store
rain water for later use from relatively clean surfaces such as a roof, land surface or
rock catchment. Rainwater harvesting is the technique of collecting water from roof,
filtering and storing for further uses .Rainwater harvesting is a simple technique of
catching and holding rain water where it falls. Either, we can store it in tanks for
further use or we can use it to recharge ground water depending upon the situation or
we can use it as a drinking and to generate the power. Rainwater harvesting system
provides source of soft, high quality water reduces depends upon the well and other
sources and in many contexts is cost effective. Rainwater harvesting system is
economically cheaper in construction compared to other sources, i.e. well, canal,
dam, diversion, etc.

1.1. HISTORY:
The capturing and storing of rainwater goes back thousands of years to when
we first started to farm the land and needed to find new ways of irrigation crops. In
hotter climates, catching that intermittent rainfall often meant the difference between
life and death for communities. When list the need to conserve water fall away with
greater urbanization in the last thousand years, we are once again returning to this
ancient and vital part of greener living.

 RAINWATER HARVESTING IN ANCIENT TIMES:

Civilizations in the Indus valleys were far more advanced than we may
think nowadays. In many of the ancient cities that still remains, we can still find
huge vats that we cut into the rocks to collect water when there was torrential
rainfall. These were used to keep the population and local vegetation going in hotter,
dryer time and were fed by numerous stone gullies that waved their way through
city. Some of these rocks vats are still used today in parts of India.

 ROMANS AND RAINWATER HARVESTING:

During the time of the Roman Empire, rainwater collection became
something of an art and science, with many new cities incorporating sate of the art
technology for the time. The Romans were masters at these new developments and
great progress was made right up until the 6th century AD and the rule of Emperor
Caesar.

1.2. NEED OF RAINWATER HARVESTING:

 As water is becoming scarce, it is the need of the day to attain self-
sufficiency to fulfill the water needs
 As urban water supply system is under tremendous pressure for supplying
water to ever increasing population.

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  Groundwater is getting depleted and polluted.
 Soil erosion resulting from the unchecked run-off.
 Health hazards due to consumption of polluted water.
 To improve the quality of ground water.
 To avoid flooding of roads.
 To reduce Soil erosion.

1.3. SCOPE OF RAINWATER HARVESTING:

Scope of rainwater harvesting manifests the possibilities of rainwater
storage in an area or location. Through rainfalls infrequently over space and time in the
study area yet harvesting this available rainwater can provide water for region where
other sources are too distant, costly and limited. Ones the rainwater has been harvested,
it can be used for crop production and life saving irrigation during the drought like
conditions. Consequently, the present section assesses the possibilities to capture the
available rainwater in the existing and proposed storages with help of suitable
strategies.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
RAINWATER HARVESTING STUDIES IN INDIA:
Singh and Thapaliyal in 1991 assessed the effect of watershed
programmer on rain fed agriculture in Jhansi district at the state of Uttar Pradesh
and found that the underground water table in the area showed a considerable
increase, the average mean increase in the water table being 3.7 meters. A change
in the area from pulses to cereals and vice versa was noted in Rabi and Kharif
seasons, respectively.

Hazra in 1997 In his study of crop yield performance in Tejpura

watershed reported that, because of water and soil conservation works and water
storage structures, the wells which earlier used to get water for about 1-2 hours, got
water for more than 8-10 hours due to the increased groundwater table by 10 to 23
feet after the construction of water storage structures.
Naik in 2000 reported that the main reasons for non-adoption
of water harvesting structures in the state of Karnataka were the nonavailability of
credit and high interest rates, (69% each) followed by long gestation period (68%),
high hiring charges of improved implements (65%) and small holdings (61%) etc.
in the non-watershed area.
Bisrat in 2001 studied the economic analysis of watershed
treatment via groundwater recharge of Basavapura micro-watershed in Kolar district
of Karnataka and showed that the average output of bore well increased from 1150
gallons per hour (GPH) to 1426 GPH (24 per cent increase) after the construction of
water harvesting structures.
Naidu in 2001, in the study on Vanjuvankal watershed of
Andhra Pradesh, found that because of water harvesting structures and
percolation ponds, the groundwater level in watershed area showed a rise by 2 to
3 meters.
Kadirvelu in 2002 described the impact assessment of RWH in
Madras University-Marina campus. RWH structures were designed on the basis of
the in situ soil conditions. The frequent monitoring of three open wells was carried
out. The water levels during the pumping before and after the implementation of
RWH were recorded. The water levels and the water quality were compared with the
observation well which was situated near the study area and maintained by TWAD.
The benefit cost ratio was also analyzed on the basis of the construction cost of
RWH and the population to be served by the harvested rain. Finally, it was
concluded from the results that the quantity and quality improved. The benefit cost
ratio was also arrived at 2.38. The impact of RWH was positive in the study area due
to the improvement in quantity, quality and benefit cost.
Rainfall analysis for the period of 1901-1990 for Amid,
Jambusar and Agra was carried out (Khandelwal et al. 2002) to find out the
onset and withdrawal of effective monsoon, rainfall depth duration relationship,

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irrigation and surface drainage requirement, as well as to develop design parameters
for rainwater harvesting structures on the unit catchment area basin in Gujarat,
India. Water requirement and irrigation schedule for cotton and pigeon pea under
rain fed conditions were also assessed using the CROPWAT model. Results showed
that the earliest and the latest probable date of onset of effective monsoon (OEM)
varied from 12-14 June to 15-16 July in the region. Mean date of withdrawal of the
monsoon was during 19-21 September. Correlation between the 2-7 day annual
maximum rainfall and 1-day annual maximum rainfall showed that coefficient
of determination and correspondingly F ratio decreased with an increase in
rainstorm duration from 2 to 7 days. Surface drainage coefficient based on the
maximum moving rainfall of 7 consecutive days with a 7-day tolerance period
varied from 25.1 to 35.8 mm/d. Qualities of water requirement under rain fed and
20% yield decrease condition for two (pigeon pea and cotton) crops under
irrigation were the same, which indicated that even under non-irrigated
conditions, 80% of the potential yield of both crops could be achieved in an average
normal rainfall year.
Ravikumar et al. in 2003 described the roof top rainwater
harvesting in Chennai Airport using GIS. The estimation of surface runoff using
SCSmethod and design of rainwater harvesting structures in Chennai Airport
Terminal buildings was explained. Thematic maps were digitized in map Info GIS
software and roof drainage delineation was done in GIS environment. Based on the
topography and lithology of the airport, artificial recharge structures like recharge
shaft, recharge well and recharge pit were designed and located.
Ramesh Chand et al. in 2005 assessed the groundwater
recharge via neutron moisture probe in Hayatnagar micro-watershed, India. The soil
moisture values were calculated using neutron moisture probe from a total of eight
sites at Hayatnagar micro-watershed at regular intervals of time for two
hydrogeological cycles. The total volume of water (recharge) as a result of the rise in
water-level was estimated and it was found to vary from 0.22 to 0.37 m, with an
average of 0.30 m. The effective specific storativity component as a result of
increase in water level was estimated and it was found to change from 6.9 to 10.6%,
with an average value of 9.0%.
Sharda et al. in 2006 assessed the groundwater recharge from water
storage structures in a semi-arid climate of India. Groundwater recharge was
calculated as 7.3% and 9.7% of the annual rainfall by Water Table Fluctuation
(WTF) method for the years from 2003 to 2004, respectively, while the average
recharge for two years, was estimated as 7.5% using Chloride Mass Balance method.
The study has further revealed that a minimum of 104.3 mm cumulative rainfall was
required to produce 1 mm of recharge from the water storage structures. An
empirical linear relationship was found to reasonably connect the changes in the
chloride concentration with the water table rise or fall in the study area.
Venkatesh and Jose in 2007 conducted a rainfall study on the
coastal and its nearby areas of Karnataka. The statistical analyses conducted are
cluster analysis and analysis of variance. The study revealed that there existed three

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different zones of rainfall regimes in the study area, namely, Transition Zone,
Coastal zone, and Malanad zone. It was found that the maximum rainfall occurred
on the windward side ahead of the geographical peak. Further, the average monthly
rainfall distribution over the zones had been shown to help agricultural planning in
the study area.
Sreekanth et al. in 2009 used a prediction model to forecast
ground-water level at Maheshwaram watershed, Hyderabad, India. The model’s
efficiency was calculated based on the root mean square error (RMSE) and
coefficient of determination (R2). The model gave the best fit and the predicted
trend and also the observed data closely (RMSE = 4.50 and R2 = 0.93).
Subash Chandra et al. in 2011 developed lithologically
Constrained Rainfall (LCR) method for quantifying spatio-temporal recharge
distribution in crystalline rocks of Bairasagara watershed and Maheshwaram
\watershed of India. The LCR method requires three input criteria i.e. vadose zone
thickness, soil resistivity, and precipitation. The average recharge at Bairasagara
watershed was found varying from 7.5% to 13.8% with a mean of 10.5% during
1990-2002. The study concluded that the LCR was a generalized, least cost method
developed to quantify natural recharge spatially and temporally from rainfall in hard
rock terrain.

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 3. IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS
 Rainwater harvesting or the collection of rainwater in a proper way, can be a
permanent solution to the problem of water crisis in different parts of the
world.
 Although the earth is three-fourth water; very little of it is suitable for human
consumption or agriculture. Rainfall is unpredictable and there is a constant
shortage of water in countries which are agriculture dependent or generally
drought prone.
 A bad monsoon means low crop yield and shortage of food. Even animals
suffer from scarcity of water. Africa and the Indian subcontinent face acute
water crisis during the summer months. The farmers are the most affected
because they do not gets sufficient water for their fields. Rainwater harvesting
therefore is an ideal solution for farmer who depends on monsoon for
consistent water supply.
 Unavailability of clean water compels the consumption of polluted water,
giving rise to water-borne diseases and high rate of infant mortality.
 The importance of rainwater harvesting lies in fact that it can be stored for
future use.
 If rain water , which comes for free, can be collected and stored, instead of
letting, it runoff, it could be an alternative to back up the main water supply
especially during dry spells. Its importance will not be limited to an individual
family but as well. This simple method can help farmers to prevent their crop
from drying due to lack of water. It also creates a sense of social
responsibility and awareness about the environment.
 In areas having sparse and irregular rainfall, scarcity of water is a persistent
problem. It cannot be completely resolved but can be mitigated through rain
water harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is an ideal solution to water problems
in regions which receive inconsistent rainfall throughout the year.

BENEFITS:

 The rainwater that falls on your roof and property is essentially free. All
it takes is a method to harvest it into a tank or cistern for later use.
 Rainwater harvesting can be a greater educational tool to get people to
recognizes there individual or household water usage. This can get then
to start conserving water in other areas around their home.
 For communities that rely on imported water to supply their needs,
collecting rainwater that falls naturally in the community can reduce the
need for imported water.
 Rainwater harvesting helps utilities reduce peak demand during summer
months, saving treated water for more important and appropriate water
uses.

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 While rainwater can be a perfect primary water sources for many uses
and situations, it is also a great backup water supply for emergency
situations.
 Rainwater harvesting can reduce stormwater runoff from a property. The
elimination of runoff can reduce contamination of surface water with
pesticides, sediment, metals and fertilizers.
 By reducing stormwater runoff, rainwater harvesting can reduce a
storm’s peak flow volume and velocity in local creeks, streams and
rivers, there by reducing potential streambank erosion.
 Rainwater harvesting systems can be employed as simple and effective
methods to meets a municipalities stormwater management program
requirements of individual properties.
 It is an excellent sources of water for plants and landscape irrigation
since it has no chemical fluoride and chloramines(chlorine)

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 4. PLANING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION
4.1. RAINWATER HARVESTING AT CBIT CAMPUS:
Chaithanya Bharathi Institution of Technology, proddatur is a
widely spread educational campus of around 10 acres. There are around 2000 students
studying in the campus, whose daily requirement has to be served. Due to this fact there
can be a possible water shortage in the future.

So these create a situation here the usage of the rainfall. This

huge area can be utilized for the purposes of rainwater harvesting with the annual
rainfall of around 449 mm and an intensity of 10 mm per hour in this area of proddatur
provides good opportunities to harvest the rainwater.

The main campus consist of four buildings namely

 Block-A
 Block-B
 Block-C
 Block-D
 Canteen
 Girls hostel

4.2. COMPONENTS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING:

Rainwater harvesting system comprises components of various stages-
transporting rain water through pipes or drains, filtrations and storage in tanks for reuse
or recharge. The common components of a rainwater harvesting system involved in
these stages are illustrated year.

 CATCHMENTS: The catchment of a water harvesting system is the

surface which directly receives the rain fall and provides water to the
system. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a building, are
an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof made of reinforced
cement concrete(RCC), galvanized iron or corrugated sheets can also be
used for rainwater harvesting
 COARSE MESH: At the roof prevent the passes of debris.

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  GUTTERS: Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and
transport rainwater to the storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or
rectangular and could be made using.
 Locally available material such as plain galvanized iron sheet (20 to 22
gauge), folded to required shapes.
 Semi-circular gutters of PVC material can be readily prepared by cutting
those pipes into two equal semi-circular channels.
 Bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half.
 The size of the gutter should be according to the flow during
highest intensity rain. It is advisable to make them 10 to 15 per cent
oversize.

Gutters need to be supported so they do not sag or fall off when loaded with water. The
way in which gutters are fixed depends on the construction of the house; it is possible to fix
iron or timber brackets into the walls, but for houses having wider eaves, some method of
attachment to the rafters is

 CONDUITS: Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the
catchment or rooftop area to the harvesting system. Conduits can be of any
material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron (GI), materials that are
commonly available.
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The following table gives an idea about the diameter of pipe required for draining out
rainwater based on rainfall intensity and roof area:

Sizing of rainwater pipe for roof drainage (As per National building code)

Diameter
Of pipe Average rate of rainfall in mm/h
(mm)
50 75 100 125 150 200
50 13.4 8.9 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.3
65 24.1 16.0 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0
75 40.8 27.0 20.4 16.3 13.6 10.2
100 85.4 57.0 42.7 34.2 28.5 21.3
125 - - 80.5 64.3 53.5 40.0
150 - - - - 83.6 62.7
Mm / h - millimeters per hour; m - meters

 First-flushing: A first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the first
spell of rain is flushed out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since
the first spell of rain carries a relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air and
catchment surface.

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4.3. FILTERATION PROCESS:
The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from
rainwater collected over roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as
fiber, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the
storage tank or recharges structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration.

 Charcoal water filter: A simple charcoal filter can be made in a drum

or an earthen pot. The filter is made of gravel, sand and charcoal, all of
which are easily available.

 Sand filters: Sand filters have commonly available sand as filter media.
Sand filters are easy and inexpensive to construct. These filters can be
employed for treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity (suspended
particles like silt and clay), colour and microorganisms.
In a simple sand filter that can be constructed domestically, the
top layer comprises coarse sand followed by a 5 – 10 mm layer of gravel
followed by another 5 – 25 cm layer of gravel and boulders.

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 4.4.STORAGE TANK:
There are various options available for the construction of these tanks
with respect to the shape, size and the material of construction.

The universal storage system, allows rainwater to be collected for

storage. By removing sediments before storage, the stored water can be used for anything
from agriculture to industry to everyday life. Typically, when rainwater goes through the
gutters, it is wasted as it seeps into the ground. Instead, with this system, the water can be
utilized.

Because traditional concrete underground tanks are costly, water is

usually stored in open reservoirs. This allows insects and contaminants to pollute the water,
and also allows the water to evaporate, but also allows the land above the storage to be used
for other purposes such as car parks or playground.

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  ADVANTAGES:

Low Initial Cost:

In terms of the storage tank, the intial cost for these storage system is
more affordable than standared tanks constructed of conceret or steel. It also takes less time
to construct these tanks than standard ones.

Low Operational Cost:

The cost to operate the system of purifing rainwater is low in comparision with
traditional system.

Versatility:

Typical tanks can only be 4meters high and many cant with stand
earthquakes. On the other hand, can reach upto 10meters high and store water securely. The
sized can be adjusted flexibleyWhich makes it easssy to implement in a wide variety of
underground spaces.

Water in the storage tank can also be supplied in a varraity of ways, such as
throug a power pump as well as human power. This varsataility makes it ideal for non-
electrified areas.

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4.5.RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES:
There are two fundamental procedures of rain water harvestings:

 1.Storage of water on surface for sometime later before infilterate into

the ground.
 2. Revive to ground water.

The capacity of rain water on surface is a customary procedures and structures utilized were
underground tanks, lakes, check dams, weirs and so on. Energize to ground water is another
idea of rain water collecting and the structures for the most part utilized are :-

1. Pits :- Recharge pits are built for energizing the shallow aquifer. These are built
1 to 2 m, wide and to 3 m. profound which are inlayed with stones, rock, coarse sand.

2. Trenches:- These are built when the penetrable strata is accessible at shallow
profundity. Trench might be 0.5 to 1 m. wide, 1 to 1.5m. profound and 10 to 20 m. long
depending up accessibility of water. These are refilled with channel. materials.

3. Dug wells:- Existing burrowed wells might be used as revive structure and
water should go through channel media before putting into burrowed well.

4. Hand pumps :- The current hand pumps might be utilized for reviving the
shallow/profound aquifers, if the accessibility of water is constrained. Water should go
through channel media before redirecting it into hand pumps.

5. Recharge wells :- Recharge wells of 100 to 300 mm. distance across are by and
large built for energizing the more profound aquifers and water is gone through channel
media to abstain from gagging of revive wells.

6. Recharge Shafts:- For energizing the shallow aquifer which are situated
beneath clayey surface, revive shafts of 0.5 to 3 m. distance across and 10 to 15 m. profound
are developed and refilled with stones, rock and coarse sand.

7. Lateral shafts with bore wells :- For energizing the upper and additionally
more profound aquifers sidelong shafts of 1.5 to 2 m. wide and 10 to 30 m. long contingent
on accessibility of water with maybe a couple bore wells are developed. The sidelong shafts
is inlayed with rocks, rock and coarse sand.

8. Spreading procedures :- When penetrable strata begins from top then this
strategy is utilized. Spread the water in streams/Nalas by making check dams, nala bunds,
bond plugs, gabion structures or a permeation lake might be built.

4.6 .Strategies for manufactured revive in urban territories :

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 Water spreading.
 Recharge through pits, trenches, wells.
 Roof best gathering of water.
 Road best gathering of water.

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 5.STUDY AREAS AND DATA COLLECTION
5.1. STUDY AREAS
As discussed earlier in the section of introduction – importance of
rainwater harvesting at CBIT CAMPUS, we clearly came to know that all the advantages
which we can draw out by implementing this small but highly efficient technique in the
campus. Thus to increase the potential, benefits of this system and draw maximum
advantages from it, we need to have large rooftop areas which will be going to act as
catchment areas. More the catchment areas more will be the surface runoff and thus more will
be the amount of harvested water.

Therefore as much as possible, we have included and considered all

the major buildings having large rooftop areas. Hence, study areas includes all the 4 block, 1
playground, Given below a satellite picture, showing majority of the buildings considered for
rainwater harvesting system at CBIT CAMPUS.

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5.2.DATA COLLECTION:
Statement Showing Month-Wise Average Rainfall (mm)for the last 8 Years in the
Proddutur Kadapa district.

S.NO YEAR ANNUA SWM NEM WINTER SUMME SWM NE WI SU DE

L R % M NT M PFO
ER ME
% %
RM
R% %
1 2005 460.0 265.0 149.0 2.0 44.0 57.61 32.3 0.4 9.7 -35
2 2006 764.0 480.0 169.0 17.0 98.0 62.83 22.1 2.2 12 8
3 2007 881.2 355.0 445.2 0.0 81.0 40.29 50.5 0.0 9.1 24
4 2008 468.2 200.6 202.6 6.0 59.0 42.85 43.2 1.2 12 -34
5 2009 666.2 410.3 442.0 0.0 13.9 61.59 36.3 0.0 2.0 -6
6 2010 632.5 351.4 99.8 0.2 181.1 55.56 15.7 0.1 28 -11
7 2011 869.6 328.9 465.3 4.4 71.0 37082 53.5 0.5 8.1 22
8 2012 527.4 308.9 111.6 0.0 106.9 58.57 21.1 0.0 20 -26
9 2013 910.8 630.5 240.4 0.0 39.9 69.22 26.3 0.0 4.0 28
10 2014 648.7 259.0 281.7 33.7 74.3 39.93 43.4 5.2 11 -9
11 2015 591.6 368.8 167.1 0.1 55.6 62.34 28.4 0.1 9.4 -17
12 2016 646.5 504.5 327.1 2.3 65.8 56.01 36.3 0.3 7.3 27
13 2017 564.3 392.0 209.6 1.8 16.9 59.01 33.0 0.2 9.1 -6
Long 10.
period avg 663.92 402.4 239.1 2.4 65.7 56.72 34.0 0.3 9
4

Source: India Meteorological Department and Directorate of Economics and Statistics

NOTE: SWM –South west monsoon SW% -South west monsoon percentage

NEM – North east monsoon NEW% -north east monsoon percentage

5.3.RAINFALL AND CLIMATE:

The climate of Kadapa district can be classified as tropical steppe, semiarid
and hot which is mainly characterized by the extreme dryness of the Air except during
monsoon months. During three months of south east monsoon from last week of June to
September, the moist air of oceanic penetrate into the district and causes high humidity,
cloudiness and monsoon rainfall. The period from October to December constitutes post
monsoon season. The cold weather season prevails from January to the beginning of March
and followed by the hot weather or summer season which prevails up to the last week of
June. The normal annual rainfall in Kadapa district is about 449mm spread over 27 days. The
south east monsoon sets in the last week of June and withdraws towards the end of September
and contributes about 85% of the annual rainfall. July and August are the wettest months 15%
of the annual rainfall occurs during the non monsoon months in the wake of thunder storms
and eastern disturbances.

 Normal Annual Rainfall : 449 mm

 Normal Monsoon Rainfall : 360 mm

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  Temperature
 Mean Maximum: 310 C (May & June)
 Mean Minimum: 80 C (January)
 Normal Rainy days: 27
 Intensity of Rainfall: 20mm/hour.

5.4. DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT AREA:

The rooftop surface area is nothing but the catchment area which
receives rainfall.Catchment areas of different hostels and Institutional departments are
measured.This measurement was done manually with the help of ’’reinforced fiber
tape” which is the simplest technique known as “tape survey’’. Bedfore using the tape,
tape was checked for any zero error and also length of the tape was also carefully
checked for its accuracy. Those places which area not accessible to land on, are
measured by using the ruler from tool box, of google earth. Give below the table no.2
for calculated the roooftop areas of all the buildings suited inside the campus:-

S.NO BUILDING NAME ROOF AREA(sq.m)

1. Block-A 425.32
2. Block-B 602.36
3. Block-C 602.36
4. Block-D 602.36
6. Girls hostel 153.72

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 6.METHODOLOGY:
6.1.HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS:
On the basis of experimental evidence,
Mr.Darcy, a french sicientist ennuicated in 1865, a law governing the rate of flow
(i.e. the discharge) throught the soils. According to him, this discharge was directly
propotional to head loss (H) and the area of cross-section(A) of the soils, and
inverrsely propotional to the length of the soil sample(L). In other words,
Q=Runoff
Here, H/L represents the head loss or hydraulic gradient (I),
K is the co-efficient of permeability

Hence, finally,

Q = K. I. A.

Similarly, based on the above principle, water harvesting potential of the catchment
area was calculated.
The total amount of water that is received from rainfall over an area is
called the rainwater legacy of that area. And the amount that can be effectively
harvested is called the water harvesting potential. The formula for calculation for
harvesting potential or volume of water received or runoff produced or harvesting
capacity is given as:-
Harvesting potential or Volume of water Received (m3) = Area of Catchment
(m2) X Amount of rainfall (mm) X Runoff coefficient

6.2. Runoff coefficient:

Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the

volume of water that runs off a surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the
surface. Runoff coefficient accounts for losses due to spillage, leakage, infiltration,
catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all contribute to reducing the
amount of runoff. Runoff coefficient varies from 0.5 to 1.0. In present problem
statement, runoff coefficient is equal to 1 as the rooftop area is totally impervious.
Eco-Climatic condition (i.e. Rainfall quantity & Rainfall pattern) and the catchment
characteristics are considered to be most important factors affecting rainwater
Potential.
As per manual of artificial recharge of ground water, Government of India
Ministry of Water Resource Central Ground Water Board. Given below the
table showing the value of runoff coefficient with respect to types of surface areas:-
TYPE OF AREA RUNOFF
COEFFICENT(K)
Residential 0.3-0.5
Forests 0.5-0.2

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 Commercial and industry 0.9
Parks and farms 0.05-0.3
Asphalt or concrete paving 0.85
Road surface 0.8-0.9
Runoff Coefficients of Different Surfaces:
DIFFERENT RUNOFF
SURFACES COEFFICENT(K)
Roof conventional 0.7-0.8
Roof inclined 0.85-0.95
Concrete\ kota paving 0.6-0.7
Gravel 0.5-0.7
Brick pavement 0.7

ANNUAL RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL:

Annual rainwater harvesting potential is given by:-

V = K × I× A

Where, V=Volume of water that can be harvested annually in m3 .

K = Runoff coefficient

I = Annual rainfall in (mm)

A = Catchment area in (mm)

For Block-A:

Total catchment area = 425.32m2

Out of this a1= 136.72m2 area of the auditorium part is the inclined roof part so

Total flat area ie. a2= 288.59m2

K1 =0.95

K2=0.8

Annual rain water harvesting potential ie. V=K1× I ×A1+K2 ×I ×A2

=0.95×136.72×0.63+0.8×288.59×0.63

=227.27m3

For Girls’ hostel:

Annual Rainwater Harvesting Potential :

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 Area=153.72m2

I=0.630m

K=0.8

V= K×I×A i.e.

V=0.8× 153.72 ×0.6 =77.47m3

Similarly for all the other useful building catchments we can easily
calculate ANNUAL RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL. The td below
tabular form of which have been represented:-

Buliding K I1(m) I2(m) A(m2) V(annual)(m3) V(monsoon)(m3)

Name
Block-A 0.8 0.63 0.542 425.32 214.36 183.73
Block-B 0.8 0.63 0.542 602.36 303.40 260.21
Block-C 0.8 0.63 0.542 602.36 303.40 260.21
Block-D 0.8 0.63 0.542 602.36 303.40 260.21
Girls 0.8 0.63 0.542 153.72 77.47 66.52
hostel

Discharge Calculations:
To find out the required diameter of the pipe to be used for draining the
rainwater dow0n from the roof first we need to calculate the discharge Q i.e. given
by:-

Q = C×I×A

Where,

Q= Discharge from roofs due to rainfall in( m3 /s)

C= Coefficient of runoff by rational method taken as 0.8 for this case

I= Intensity of rainfall i.e.20mm/hr.

A= Area of catchment

For Block-A :

DISCHARGE Q is given by: Area ,A = 425.32m2 Intensity,

I =20mm/hour

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 Coefficient C =0.8

Q = C×I×A

Q= 0.8×(20/3600000) ×425.32

Q = 0.00189m3/s

For Girls’ hostel:

DISCHARGE Q is given by:

Area ,(A) = 153.72m2

Intensity, I =20mm/hour

Coefficient C =0.8

Q = C×I×A

Q= 0.8×(20/3600000) ×153.72

Q = 0.00068m3/s

Similarly discharge Q from each building can be calculated . here is a tabular representation
of the same:-

BUILDIN CONSTANT(C) INTENCITY(I)MM\H AREA(M2 DISCHARGE(Q)M3\S

G NAME
BLOCK-A 0.8 20 425.32 0.00189
BLOCK-B 0.8 20 602.36 0.00267
BLOCK-C 0.8 20 602.36 0.00267
BLOCK-D 0.8 20 602.36 0.00267
GIRLS 0.8 20 153.72 0.00068
HOSTEL

CALCULATIONS FOR NUMBER OF RAINWATER PIPES(R.W.P.)TO BE

INSTALLED:

Let us consider the R.W.P. to be provided are of diameter 100mm. So calculations will be as
follows:

FORMULAE USED:-

Q=CIA = n × π/4×d2×v

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 Where;

Q=Discharge calculated

I=Intensity of rainfall

A=Area of catchment

n=Minimum no. of pipes

d=Diameter of rainwater pipe i.e. R.W.P

v=Velocity of water on the roof when it is at the verge of entering in the pipe
due to the slope available at the roof. As the roofs are flat or having 0-2% slope so;

v=0.1m/s

So, no. of pipes are calculated as:

n=Q / (0.785d2×v)

FOR BLOCK-A:

n=0.00189/(0.785×0.12×0.1)

n =2.247 pipes

Therefore approximate no. of pipes installed for convenience=3 pipes

Similarly ; Number of pipes for other blocks are given below in table:

BUILDING D (M) V(M\S) Q (M3\S) ACTUAL

NAME NO.OF PIPES

BLOCK-B 0.1 0.1 0.00267 3.40 = 4

BLOCK-C 0.1 0.1 0.00267 3.40 = 4
BLOCK-D 0.1 0.1 0.00267 3.40 = 4

6.3.CALCULATION FOR THE DIAMETER OF THE DISCHARGE

PIPE:
For this we need heights of the various buildings studied under the project. It is
represented in tabular form as follows:

BUILDING NAME HEIGHT (IN METERS)

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 BLOCK-A 15.0
BLOCK-B 15.0
BLOCK-C 15.0
BLOCK-D 15.0
GIRLS HOSTEL 6.20

The highest building in the campus is Block-A with 15.0 meters of height from the
ground, and this also carries the maximum discharge per second which is 0.00189m3/sec.

Now we will design the discharge pipe for the maximum condition that can occur in
the main building and then rest of the buildings will be provided with the same data of the
discharge pipe. Now as mentioned earlier the initial velocity of Rainwater
entering in the

R.W.P. was taken as =0 .15m/sec.

Now from the Newton’s law of motion taking water to flow under the action of
gravity only with an acceleration of 9.81m2/sec.

We know that

V2= U2 +2aS

Where ;

V= Velocity of water entering the horizontal Discharge pipe = ?

U = Velocity with which Rainwater enters the R.W.P.= 0.15m/sec.

S= Height of the building = 15.0m.

a = Acceleration due to gravity= g = 9.81m2/sec.

On putting all the values in above equation we get

V=17.15m/sec.

Now as we know the Discharge pipe have to be designed for worse condition
taking the fact that it has to carry all the discharge of building collected from even starting of
collection.

The discharge Q of the Building = 0.00189m2/sec.

The velocity of water= 17.15m/sec.

We know that Q= π/4×d2×V

On putting all the values we get ;

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 d = 12.0mm

Which will no available in standard sizes. We will provide Discharge pipes also of 100mm
diameter.

WE will provide P.V.C. pipes of 100 mm diameter for both Discharge as well as
for R.W.P. Both of them will be connected by the “T” joints and Discharge pipes
will be provide “S” joints at required corners.

The diagrams of various buildings showing the exact location of the Rain Water Pipes has

BLOCK-A, B, C, D

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 7.STUDY OF THE FILTERS
Three types of filters are available to be used in recharge structures:-

Gravity Filters:

These are the most widely used filters. In these filters, three layers consisting
of coarse sand/fine gravel of 2-4 mm size, gravel of 5 – 10 mm size and boulders of 5-20 cm
size are placed one above the other. Coarse sand /pea gravel shall be placed at the top so that
the silt content that will come with runoff will be deposited on the top of the coarse sand/ pea
gravel and can easily be removed. For smaller roof area, pit may be filled with broken bricks
/cobbles. These filter beds require minimum maintenance, except periodic scrapping of fine
clay and silt deposited on the filter bed. Silt deposited on the filter media should be cleaned
regularly by removing the top deposited silt. Once in a year the top 5-10 cm sand /pea gravel
layer should also be scrapped to maintain the constant recharge rate through filter material.
Thickness of these layers varies from 0.3 to 0.50 m depending up on the silt load of the storm
water.

Filtration rate= 200lts/hour/m2.

On–Line Filters (Dewas’s Filters):

The filter is of 1.0 to 1.2 m length and is made up of PVC pipe. Its
diameter should vary depending on the area of the roof, 15 cm if roof top area is less than 150
sq m and 20 cm if area is more. The filter is provided with reducer of 6.25 cm on both sides.
The filter is divided into three chambers by PVC screens so that filter material is not mixed
up. The first chamber is filled up with gravel (6-10 mm), middle chamber with pebbles (12-
20 mm) and last chamber with bigger pebbles (20-40 mm)

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Pressure Filters:

These filters consist of the sand through which water is being

injected with pressure. These types of filters are fitted with pumps to pressurize the water
through filter chamber. Main disadvantage of these filters is that they require energy for
operation and these filters need to be back washed periodically to remove the finer material
so that the rate of filtration is maintained.

Filtration rate=3000-5000lts/hour/m2.

[CNTD…

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Page | 28
 8.STUDY OF PIEZOELECTRIC GENERATORS
This method aims at utilizing kinetic energy of falling drop, to generte
electricity.secientists from CEA/Leti –minatec,an R&D institue in grenoble,
france,specilizing in micro electronics,have recently developed a system that recovers
vibration energy from a piezoelectric structure impacted by a falling rain drop.

The rain drop falling from the sky is accelerated along its motion.this tends to
increase its velocity. At the same time the drag force offered by the air increase as its
velocity increases. At acertain the drop exeperiances eqilibrium and the drop
continuous to form with a constant speed is called as terminal velocity.it is this
kinetic energy of the drop which gets converted into electricity due to piezoelectric
materials.

When a rain drop impacts surface it produces a perfectly in elastic shock. For
application in our rain drop scenario we have consider a membranes material sensitive to
surface impacts. Refer to diagram below for a simplified representation of our system.to
capture the rain drops mechanical energy, we can use a PVDF(poly vinyl
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idenefluoride)polymer,a piezoelectric material that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy .when a rain drop impacts 25-micrometer-thick PVDF,the polymer start to vibrations.

Various tests conducter by the various researches showed that, the instantanous power
converted per rain drop for a conveter area of few square cms ranges from few micro watts
and goes up to 12-MW.

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 9.CONCLUSION
Water harvestimg is used for direct useage or for rechaeging aquifer. It is most important to
ensure that rainwater caught is free from pollutants is at the following benefits

 An ideal soluction to water problems in areas having inadequate water resources.

 The ground water level will rise.
 Mitigates the effects of drought and achieves drought proofing.
 Reduce the runoff which chokes the strom water drains.
 Flooding of roads is reduced, quality of water improves and soil erosion will be
reduced.
 Saving of energy per well for lifting of ground water.
 Prevention of sea water ingress.
 The current power out put of the project is very less with respect to the power
consumption.
 The investiment cost is high and returns are low, thus currently it can’t be
implimented.Piezoelectric technology can also be use to empower mobile objects like
cars and buses. Constant recharge in the field piezoelectric materials assures the
potential of this project.
 By this technology we can use the power for the filterartion of water.
 We can also decrease the demand for water.

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 REFFERENCES

 Rural water supply networks.rural water suplly network self-supply site.

www.ruralwater –supply.net/en/self-supply. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
 Rinwater harvesing by fresh water flooded forests.
 “Rain fed solar powered water purification systems’’. Retrieved 21 oct 2017.
 New roof top solar hydropanels harvest drinking water and energy at the same
time. Retrieved 2017/11/30.
 “Rainwater harvesting-controls in the cloud”.smart planet. Retrieved 11Jan2015.
 “Hravsting rain water for more than grey water”.smart planet retrived
13Nov2014.
 “Rain water collection in colorado”(pdf).
 “Belives in past, lives in future “ . The hindu. India. 17 july 2010.
 “Rain fall as a energy sources”, curt harting, physics 240, stanford university,
november 2010.
 “Residential pizeoelectric energy source”, andrew katj, delta smart house, 21st
july 2004.
 “Rain power harvesting energy from sky”, lisa zyga january 2008.
 As per national building codes.
 As per the national water board of india

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