Ok - Helen Sebastian Final2

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THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Agriculture in the Philippines is rapidly changing as new farming techniques and
varieties come into use. The deterioration of the environment and natural resources such
as; deforestation, land degradation misuse of pesticides and chemicals and the loss of
genetic resources coupled with the fast growing population in the country gave farmer’s
challenge in refocusing strategies in ensuring food security and availability.
Rice remains the most important staple food crop of more than 90 million Filipinos
that provides 45% of the caloric intake of Filipinos, accounting for 20% of a typical
household’s budget. The production of rice in the country cannot fully meet the demand to
feed the increasing population of our country.
Upland rice farming is considered as an important initiative in attaining the goal of
rice sufficiency in the country. This farming environment can be characterized with 18
degrees slope and not restricted largely as marginal due to soil fertility, prone to soil
erosion and water unavailability. However, upland rice environment provides an
opportunity to solve the household-based food availability, income and nutrition and in the
community in general.
Increasing yield in both rain fed and upland areas requires serious attention to
achieve rice self-sufficiency and to meet the per capita requirement of marginal upland
farmers. The inability of the country’s capacity to attain the rice requirement of the
populace has been attributed to the different interlinking factors. These factors or gaps
include urbanization, unavailability of irrigation water thereby reducing the hectare planted
to irrigated and upland rice, slow adoption of location-based production and post
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production technologies and the socio-economic factors. Thus, the continuous
implementation of research, development and extension development coupled with
sourcing of other irrigable areas and the utilization of marginal areas of upland rice and
provision of available and affordable technologies to improve income, nutrition and ensure
food security and affordability to farm family are timely needed.
Improved nutrient management has the potential to increase profit for rice farmers
in the country. More benefits can often be obtained by targeting higher yield levels
requiring additional fertilizer and good crop management. The development of more
specific and responsive technologies becomes more urgent to help boost rice productivity
for the increasing country’s population.
Statement of the Problem
Jones is the only municipality in the Philippines producing upland rice variety
(Pinilisa) and it is registered as the One Town One Product (OTOP) of the municipality.
This traditional upland rice variety is known for its low productivity and cannot be
cultivated throughout the year. The adoption of developed technologies to increase its yield
can attract farmers to shift from corn and cassava into upland rice production. Studies have
been conducted by the Isabela State University-Jones Campus focused on Pinilisa rice and
it show that the yield seldom reach up to 3 tons per hectare (dela Rosa and Romo, 2016).
Yield of upland rice varieties are very low under farmer’s practices, 1.5 – 2.5 t/ha
(Meneses, 2010; Gerardo, 2011) as compared to irrigated rice with 2.7 t/ha (1998) to a
high of 3.19 t/ha (2001) due to various reasons such as high weed pressure, low soil
moisture content, pests and diseases and the declining soil nutrient.
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Generally, farmers use different technology to increase their production. The
improvement for higher yield is the primary concern. One valuable strategy to increase
crop productivity is through the application of Carrageenan plant food supplement that
results in higher yields especially in upland rice is one of the technologies that need
verification.
Therefore, this study is a solution to answer the following problems:
1. Which levels of inorganic fertilizer combined with seaweed extract increase the
growth and yield of upland rice varieties?
2. Which is the most economical treatment that gives the highest return on
investment?
Objectives of the Study
Generally, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of inorganic fertilizer and seaweed
extract on upland rice production.
Specifically, it aimed to:
1. Determine which levels of inorganic fertilizer and Seaweed Extract increase the
growth and yield of Pinilisa and Palawan rice varieties; and
2. Identify which among the different treatments would give the best result in terms
of return on investment.
Significance of the Study
In recent years, the use of natural fertilizer is allowed for substitution in place of
conventional synthetic fertilizer. Carrageenan are marketed as liquid fertilizers and bio-
stimulants since these contain many growth regulators such as cytokinins These contain
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good amount of nitrogen, potassium and other minerals and trace elements, and also the
carbohydrates and other organic matters present helps in altering the nature of soil and
improving its moisture retaining capacity (Hong et al., 2007). Moreover, these are used as
soil amendments (Jayaraj et al., 2008).
The beneficial effect of seaweed extract application is as a result of many
components that may work synergistically at different concentrations, although the mode
of action still remains unknown (Fornes et al., 2002). Carrageenan as a growth enhancer
offers an array of benefits that result in improved productivity. The use of seaweed
extracts have potential use in organic and sustainable agriculture like rainfed crops.
Carrageenan not like chemical fertilizer improve mineral absorption are biodegradable,
non-toxic, non-polluting and non-hazardous to humans, animals and birds (Dhargalkar and
Pereira, 2005). Plants sprayed with the use of seaweed extracts are also characterized by
higher resistance to pests and pathogens and more efficient consumption of nutrients from
soil and contribute to the recovery of damages caused by insects and bacterial or fungal
diseases (Craigie, 2010). Due to the positive effect of carrageenan to some crops, the use of
it as foliar spray or drench will gives an opportunity to lessen fertilizer costs but safe to the
environment.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study was limited only on the influence of inorganic fertilizer and seaweed
extract on the growth and yield of upland rice varieties for one season only. The different
treatments were as follows: Factor A (Upland Rice varieties) -A1 – Pinilisa; A2- Palawan;
and Factor B (Fertilizers) - B1 - Farmer’s Practice, B2 - RR (Inorganic Fertilizer), B3 - 50%
RR (Inorganic Fertilizer); B4 - RR + 3L/ha. Carrageenan, B5 - 50% RR + 3L/ha.

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Carrageenan and B6 - 3L/ha. Carrageenan. The parameters gathered were plant height
(cm), number of productive and unproductive tillers, length of panicle (cm), number of
filled and unfilled grains, grain yield per sampling area (g/6m2), weight of 1,000 filled
grains (g), grain yield per hectare (t/ha) and straw yield per hectare (t/ha).
Time and Place of the Study
The study was conducted at the experimental area of the Agriculture Department
Isabela State University, Jones Campus, Jones, Isabela from June 25, 2018 to November
24, 2018.
Definition of Terms
For better understanding, some terms are operationally defined as follows:
Application. It refers to the act of spraying of carrageenan to the rice plant.
Basal Application. It refers to the placement of small quantity of nutrients in the
concentrated zone in close proximity to the point of seed placement at the time of planting.
Carrageenan. It is an indigestible carbohydrate (polysaccharide) extracted from
edible seaweeds and an effective growth promoter/enhancer.
Climatic factors. It refers to the physical factors that can affect crop yield, which
include rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation.
Complete fertilizer. It refers to any mixture containing all three macro elements
essential for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.
Crop environment. It refers to the physical and biological factors in which a crop is
grown.
Dry seeding. It refers to the sowing of dry seeds into dry or moist, non- puddled
soil.
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Factorial. It refers to an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors,
each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all
possible combinations of these levels across all such factors.
Farmer’s practice. It refers to any traditional activity that farmers employed in their
farming activities.
Fertilizer. It refers to the plant nutrients that are commercially prepared which are
applied to the rice plant.
Furrow. It refers to the narrow line on the soil formed by plowing.
Germination. It refers to the seed emergence or the development of the seed into a
plant.
Grain. It refers to the mature seeds of cereal crop such as rice, corn, wheat,
sorghum, barley and oat.
Growth. It refers to the sum total of the various physiological processes combined
to cause an increase in size, height and weight of the rice plant.
Harvesting. It is the time when ripe or mature crops are cut, lifted or picked and
gathered.
Inflorescence. The arrangement and mode of development of the flowers on a floral
axis.
Panicle. It refers to a type of inflorescence comprising vertical main stalk with
divided branches or recemes its stalk learning spikelet.
Physiological maturity. It is the stage or cycle of a plant when it is in a state of full
or complete development or ripeness.

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Plant height. It refers to the shortest vertical distance between the upper boundaries
of the main photosynthetic tissue on a plant and the stem or shoot base at the ground level.
Plant yield. It refers to the measured weight of harvested rice to bring profit and
income.
Productive tiller. It refers to the tiller that produced panicle even without grains.
Sampling area. It refers to the area located at the central portion of the experimental
plots where the different sample parameters were taken for statistical analysis.
Soil. This is the mineral and surface capable to support plant growth.
Spikelet. It refers to a unit of the inflorescence in the flower composed of an anther
and a filament.
Tilth. It refers to the degree of fineness of soil particle in the topmost layers.
Treatment. It refers to the experimental variable whose effect is to be measured and
compared with other treatments.
Unproductive tiller. It refers to the tiller that does not produce panicle.
Upland area. It refers to an area which is not identified as a wetland and include
farm land, pasture land, recreational land and residential land.
Upland rice. It refers to the rice grown on both rolling and sloping fields that are
not bunded, that are prepared and seeded under dry conditions, and that are dependent on
rainfall or moisture.
Variety. It refers to the group of plants within species which shares similar
characteristics but differ in respect of those characteristic from other groups or varieties
within species.
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II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies which by the
researcher got from available materials, research books, and internet to enable readers to
appreciate more the research work.
Upland Rice Cultivation
Many studies have been conducted locally using Pinilisa and Palawan rice
varieties. These traditional varieties are endemic in the locality. The study of dela Rosa and
Romo, 2016 show that the grain yield of Pinilisa reaches 2.98 tons per hectare and Palawan
have 3.08 t/ha.
Potential Use of Carrageenan as Plant Growth Enhancer
Irradiated carrageenan, a “bio-fertilizer” is a product of Research and Development
of the Department of Science and Technology- Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
(DOST-PNRI). Carrageenan as a growth enhancer offers an array of benefits that result in
improved productivity. It makes the rice stem stronger thus improving rice resistance to
lodging. It also promotes resistance to rice ‘tungro’ virus and bacterial leaf blight therefore
giving farmers increased harvest. It is compatible with the traditional practice on fertilizer
application, thereby allowing easy acceptance and less resistance from farmers. It also
promotes sustainable agriculture since it is environment-friendly and enhances the
presence of natural enemies that fight major pests in rice fields. Lastly, it promotes more
efficient absorption of plant nutrients that enables improved crop growth.
Marine algae are one of the most important marine resources in the world and are
widely used as human food, animal feed and raw material for many industries. More than
15 million tons of seaweeds are produced annually (FAO, 2008; Anisimov et al., 2013),
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where a considerable portion of which is used as bio fertilizers in agriculture and
horticulture. The beneficial effects of seaweed products on the cultured plants are well
documented. These products improve seeds germination, seedlings development, increase
plant tolerance to environmental stresses (Zhang and Ervin, 2004), and enhance plant
growth and yield (Hong et al., 2007; Zodape et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2009; Kumar et al.,
2011). Moreover, seaweeds are used as soil amendments (Jayaraj et al., 2008). The
beneficial effect of the ultra-low doses of bioactive compounds was detected on the
different kinds of organisms, particularly on the growth of seedlings of agricultural plants.
Results of previous studies reported that some liquid fertilizer products made from
raw seaweeds found in some countries, such as Seasol in Australia (Tay et al., 1987),
Kelpak in Europe (Beckett and van Staden 1989), SM3, SM6 and Maxicrop in the United
States (Hankins and Hockey., 1990), Algaenzims in Mexico (Sanchez et al., 2003) and
Algifert, Goemar GA14, Seaspray, Cytec and Seacorp in India (Sivasankari et al., 2006),
are proven to increase the absorption of nutrients, which can enhance growth, development
and production of various species of agricultural crops.
Benefits of Seaweed Extract Plant Supplement
Thirumaram, et al. (2009), claimed that seaweed extract prepared from brown algae
Rosenvingea intricata have good result on shoot length and root length on cluster bean at
20% extract solution. This coincides with the study on onions where maximum shoot
length and root length at lower concentration of 5500 ppm is significantly higher than the
control in shoot length and root length. Similar findings were reported using SLF from
different algae on the growth of crops such as Capsicum frutescens (Dhargalkar and
Untawale, 1983).
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Ahmad and Jabeen (2005), claimed that foliar spray of fertilizer did not only
increase the crop yields but also reduced the quantities of fertilizer applied through soil.
Foliar application can also reduce the lag time between application and uptake by the
plant. Seaweed treatment of crops has grown in popularity and led to the development of
many processed seaweed products. These can be placed into three groups: meals for
supplementing soil in large volumes or for blending into defined rooting media for
glasshouse crops, powdered or liquid extracts, and concentrates employed as root dips, soil
drenches and as foliar sprays.
Sridhar and Rengasamy (2010), reported that seaweed extract contains nutrients of
major and minor element, vital amino acid, essential vitamins and plant growth regulators
which stimulate the growth and quality yield of crops. Application of seaweed liquid
extract stimulates different aspects of plant like good health, development of root system,
absorption of mineral, enlargement of shoot, increased rate of photosynthesis and crop
yield. Seaweed liquid extract have newly gained importance as foliar spray for lots of
crops including various variety of grasses, flowers, cereals, vegetables and spices
(Pramanick et al., 2013 and 2014).
Further and Zodape (2011), tried various modes of seaweed extract application
such as a foliar spray, application to soil and soaking of seeds before sowing and reported
that extract not only enhances the germination of seeds but also increases uptake of plant
nutrients and gives resistance to frost and fungal diseases.
Plant growth and reproduction depend on two key factors: the availability of
nutrients in the soil and the absorptive ability of the plant’s roots. Roots perform a variety
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of functions in plants, from absorbing water and essential nutrients (N, P, K, and S) to
supporting the plant’s overall structure (Zhang et al., 2013).
Seaweeds are broadly used in industry, agriculture, medicine, and nutrition and
novel technologies have been developed to make use of this potential source. Addition of
air nitrogen-fixing green-blue algae in experimental rice farms caused a 30% increase in
rice yield. These algae possess special cells for fixation of nitrogen termed heterocyst.
Heterocyst performs conversion of air molecular nitrogen into ammonia nitrogen. Rice
farms are naturally proper places for growth of variety of blue-green algae. The seaweed
extract has been found to contain growth stimulators such as auxins, gibberellins and
cytokinin. The extract also comprises growth promoting hormones (IAA and IBA), trace
elements (Fe , Cu , Zn, CO Mo , Mn and Ni ), vitamins and amino acids and also have
been reported to stimulate the growth and yield of plants, develop tolerance to
environmental stress, increase nutrient uptake and enhance antioxidant properties (Sridhar
and Rengasamy, 2010).
Abad (2017) reported that the field experiments in Regions 2, 3, and 4A in their
study on the effect of carrageenan on mungbean and peanut resulted in 16-51 percent
increase in yield at RMC-PGP concentration of 50-200 parts per million (ppm). Variation
in the optimum concentration of RMC-PGP depends on the varieties of mungbean and
peanut that is suited for the said regions.
The Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) presented the second project in
Radiation-modified Carrageenan on rice and found out that the application of 300-400 ppm
RMC-PGP has showed promising beneficial effects in rice, such as higher seed
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germination rate, more tillers and panicles, and higher yield compared with other
treatments.
Magsino (2017) claimed that the application of RMC-PGP (Radiated-Modified
Carageenan plant growth promoter) induces resistance against tungro virus in inbred rice
and bacterial leaf blight in hybrid rice under field conditions. Applying RMC-PGP can be
an innovative approach to combat pests and diseases of rice, thereby improving crop
productivity.
Carrageenan Plant Growth Regulator on Rice Production
Carrageenan PGR is a colorless to cloudy white liquid, such as the coconut water.
For its use, a 1:49 dilution ratio is recommended that is, a liter of pure carrageenan is to be
diluted in 49 liters of water. Three liters is needed every application that yields, 9 liters per
hectare for the three stages of application and for every hectare, will need to dilute three
liters to 147 liters of water per application, (Abad, 2017).
In the IEC material being distributed by the University through the STCBF project
(translated into Ilokano from the Carrageenan Technology for Rice: A Carrageenan Plant
Food Supplement Briefer from the National Crop Protection Center, CPC, and UPLB
under the leadership of Dr. Gil Magsino), the application is summarized as follows.
Mode of Application Planting System Time of Application Development Stage
For every 16 L 12-14 Days After

Early vegetative
capacity of a knapsack Transplanting (DAT)
sprayer, use 300 mL Transplanted
of Carrageenan Plant Maximum tillering
Food Supplement 30-35 DAT
to panicle initiation
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Before flowering
45-50 DAT
stage
20-25 Days After

Early vegetative
Seeding (DAS)
Maximum tillering
Direct Seeded 40-45 DAS
to panicle initiation
Before flowering
60-65 DAS
stage
This standard recommendation for rice production is now being used by farmer-
cooperators of the STCBF project. Prior to the distribution of the carrageenan plant growth
regulator, a briefing on the application and use of carrageenan plant growth regulator is
conducted to share practical recommendations on how they can use this in their farms.
In a field trial conducted in Bulacan by the research team using Carrageenan, rice
yield was significantly increased by 63.6-65.4%. This treatment provided higher grain
weight (450 grams and 455 grams, respectively) compared traditional farmer’s practice of
applying nine (9) bags of inorganic fertilizer per hectare that yielded only 275 grams.
Application of six bags of inorganic fertilizers per hectare plus 200 ppm (or 20 ml) of
Carrageenan is more or less comparable with the application of just three (3) bags of
inorganic fertilizers per hectare with the same mixture.
The technology produced a 15-30% average increase in irrigated rice yield in multi-
location trials conducted in Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Laguna and Iloilo. The carrageenan
fertilizer was shown to be highly effective in boosting typhoon resiliency as well as a plant
growth promoter. It can boost plant growth development and strengthen the plants’
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immune system, preventing diseases such as rice tungro, which causes leaf discoloration
and sterility, and bacterial leaf blight. It can also keep away harmful pests by attracting
natural enemies. Carrageenan is environment-friendly since it is made of natural
ingredients and does not expose farmers to harmful health risks. When used correctly,
carrageenan can significantly increase grain yield. Farmers from Bay, Victoria, Calauan
and Pila, Laguna were invited to the Central Experiment Station to learn more about this
new farming technology. They were also encouraged to use Carrageenan in farming
without changing the amount of fertilizer and without using pesticides to observe the
effectiveness of the new technology (Magsino, 2016).
The most vulnerable sector of the economy is agriculture and there is a need for
bold solutions for its advancement. On the development of Carrageenan, it presents a
possibility in order for the country to achieve food self-sufficiency (Sanchez, 2016).
Irradiated Carrageenan Fertilizer Increases Mungbean Production
An increase of 104.7 percent in the yield of mungbean occurred after a three-
month-old carrageenan plant-growth promoter (PGP) was used. The technology was
developed by the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI). Carrageenan PGP is an
oligo-saccharide produced by irradiating carrageenan solution. It is already registered with
the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority as an inorganic fertilizer for rice.
According to Aurigue, PNRI project leader and senior science research specialist,
to utilize the benefits of carrageenan as fertilizer, PNRI conducted experiments using
Carrageenan PGP on different varieties of mungbean. Pot experiments were done on
Kulabo mungbean variety, which yielded 61.3 percent when sprayed thrice with freshly
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irradiated carrageenan PGP. Meanwhile, an increase of 104.7 percent was achieved after
using a three-month-old carrageenan PGP used as foliar spray.
Carrageenan is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweeds, particularly from
carrageenophytes that are abundant in the Philippines. It is an edible natural product used
as dietary supplement, gelling agent, stabilizer of toothpaste and thickener/emulsifier of ice
cream, among others.
Several on-farm trials were conducted in different regions in the country. In Central
Luzon results of the study in the farm of Emerito C. Marasigan, a farmer-cooperator in
Magalang, Pampanga, showed that NSIC Mg 2 (Pagasa 19) increased in yield from 1,353
kilograms per hectare to 1,805 kgs per hectare, or an increase of 33.4 percent. In Cagayan
Valley, on-farm trial conducted in Barangay Marasat Pequeño, San Mateo, Isabela, using
Pagasa 7, showed an 86.9 percent increase in yield at one-half RRG and Carrageenan PGP
compared with the farmers’ practice of seed broadcasting without inoculant.
Field trial in NSF Seed Production Area in Barangay Bay, Los Baños, Laguna,
using Pagasa 3 showed an increase in yield from 1,049.70 kgs. Per hectare to 1,134.09 kgs.
Per hectare when Carrageenan PGP was supplemented to farmer’s practice. On the other
hand, for Pagasa 7, the yield gained more than doubled from 710.45 kgs per hectare to
1,497.60 kgs per hectare when Carrageenan PGP was supplemented to farmer’s practice.
In Northern Mindanao Pagasa 7 was used for the field trial in the Northern
Mindanao Agricultural Crops and Livestock Research Complex of the Department of
Agriculture in Barangay Dalwangan, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. When carrageenan PGP
was supplemented to farmer’s practice, an increase in yield from 312 kg per hectare to 392
kg per hectare was realized.

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III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Procurement of Seeds and Carrageenan
Carrageenan plant food supplement was procured at the Department of Science and
Technology Regional Office, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. Upland rice (Pinilisa and
Palawan) varieties were procured from Jones, Isabela.
Location of the Study
The study was located at the experimental area of the Agriculture Department,
Isabela State University, Jones Campus, Jones, Isabela.
Soil Sampling and Analysis
Soil samples were collected from the four corners and at the center of the
experimental area before the conduct of the experiment to determine the natural soil
fertility. Soil sampling was done by collecting five soil cores to a depth of six (6) inches
with the use of a shovel. The soil samples were spread in a newspaper and air-dried. One
kilogram composite soil samples were thoroughly pulverized and cleaned to separate
foreign matters and packed in a plastic bag and properly labeled and further submitted to
Cagayan Valley Research Center in Ilagan City, Isabela for analysis of soil pH, nitrogen,
extractable phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter analysis. The soil analysis
recorded was 40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1.
Experimental Layout, Design and Treatments
An area of 563.75 square meters was used in the study. The area was divided into 3
equal blocks with a dimension of 27.5 meters wide and 20.5 meters long. Each block was
further subdivided into 12 plots representing the different treatments with 4 meters wide
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and 3 meters long. An alleyway of 50 centimeters was established between each plots and
1 meter between blocks.
In the study, the following treatments used are as follows:
Factor A: Upland Rice Varieties
A1 – Pinilisa
A2- Palawan
Factor B. Fertilizer
B1 – 150-100 kg NP ha-1 (Farmer’s Practice)
B2 – 40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 (100% RR)
B3 – 20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR)
B4 – 40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 + 3L/ha. Carrageenan
B6 - 3L/ha. Carrageenan
The different treatments were randomly assigned in their respective plot using
Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (Gomez and Gomez, 1984).
Construction of Furrows and Application of Fertilizer
Furrows were established in each plot spaced at 40 centimeters apart before basal
application of inorganic fertilizer. Furrowing was done using animal drawn implement.
Basal fertilizers based on the result of soil analysis were placed in the furrows covered
with thin soil before planting. Second application of inorganic fertilizer was applied near
the base of the plants and it was covered through the utilization of plowing.
Carrageenan plant food supplement was applied at early vegetative stage,
maximum tillering to panicle initiation and before flowering stage or at 30, 60 and 90 days
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after planting (DAP). It was sprayed on the leaves of the plants early in the morning. It was
applied to A1B4, A1B5, A1B6, A2B4, A2B5, and A2B6, respectively.
Seeding and Seeding Rate
Upland rice (Pinilisa and Palawan) seeds were sown by drilling with a depth of 2-3
cm at the rate of 100 kg per hectare.
Care and Maintenance of the Crop
1. Weed Management. Manual weeding was done as soon as the weeds emerged in
the area. Weeding was employed to avoid nutrient, sunlight and water competition on the
rice plants.
2. Crop Protection. Regular monitoring of the area was done and the occurrence of
pests and diseases were minimized by proper sanitation and application of recommended
pesticide following the manufacturer’s recommendation.
3. Irrigation. Artificial irrigation was applied in the absence of rainfall to supply the
moisture requirements of the crop.
Harvesting, Drying and Threshing
Upland rice were harvested when 80 percent of the grains reached the physiological
maturity. Manual harvesting was done using a scythe. Threshing was done manually. The
harvested samples were individually packed then properly labeled to avoid intermixing of
grains.
Drying and Weighing
Sun drying was done after threshing to reduce the moisture content. Threshed
grains were cleaned using traditional winnowing to remove empty grains, straw and other
impurities. Weighing was done using an analytical balance.

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Collection of Samples
Thirty (30) representative sample plants were taken at random. Samples were taken
at the inner six (6) rows of every treatment/plot. Samples were labeled properly.
Data Gathered
The following data were gathered in this study.
A. Agronomic Characteristics:
1. Days to Emergence. The number of days when approximately 50% of the seeds
are already emerged were counted and recorded.
2. Days to Flowering. The number of days from planting to flowering (50% of the
total sample plants bear flowers) were counted and recorded.
3. Plant Height (cm). The height of thirty (30) randomly selected plant samples
from each treatment were measured at 30, 60, 90 and at maturity. Measurement was taken
from the base of the plant up to the apical meristem with the use of a meter stick.
4. Number of Productive and Unproductive Tillers. Tillers with well-developed
panicles were considered productive tillers, while the unproductive tillers have no
developed panicles. Productive and unproductive tillers were counted separately among the
sample plants and were divided by ten to obtain the average number of productive and
unproductive tillers.
5. Length of Panicle. The length of panicle was determined by measuring from the
base of the panicle up to the tip of the last spikelet using a meter stick.
6. Number of Filled and Unfilled Grains per Panicle. Thirty (30) panicles from the
sample plants were randomly taken to obtain the number of filled and unfilled grains per
panicle.
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B. Yield Components
1. Grain Yield per Sampling Area (g/6sq.m). The grain yield per sampling area
was determined by utilizing six square meters located at the center of the plot.
2. Weight (g) of 1000 Filled Grains. The weight of one thousand (1000) filled
grains was taken from all the treatments of the harvested rice plants per sampling area
using an analytical balance.
3. Grain Yield (t/ha). Grain yield per hectare was calculated using the following
formula:
Grain Yield (t ha-1) = Grain yield per sampling area x 10,000 m2

Sampling area (m2)
4. Straw Yield (t/ha-1). At harvesting time, the plants at 0.5 meter were cut close to
the ground using a scythe. The filled and unfilled grains were separated from the straw.
The rice straws were weighed using analytical balance. Straw yield per hectare was
calculated using the same formula with that of grain yield (t ha-1).
Economic Analysis
Economic analysis was done by subtracting the projected total cost of production
from the projected gross income. All production expenses were based on existing local
price within the locality.
Statistical Analysis
All gathered data were recorded, tabulated and analyzed using the Analysis of
Variance for Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design. The treatments with
significant result were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) using
the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) software.

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IV. OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
A. Observations
1. Number of Days to Emergence. It was observed that 50% of the Palawan variety
emerged earlier than Pinilisa variety. Palawan variety emerged at 10 days after planting
while the Pinilisa variety emerged at 14 days after planting. Full emergence of the crops
was observed at 18-20 days after planting due to insufficient moisture.
2. Stand and Vigor of the Crop. It was observed that the rice plants in all treatments
were vigorous and robust up to 45 days after planting. Due to insufficient rainfall, it was
observed that 50 days beyond, the plants in other treatments were not able to grow very
well specially A1B3 (50% RR and 3L Carrageenan) wherein the plants were smaller than
the normal growth.
3. Occurrence of Insect Pests and Diseases. During the conduct of the study,
armyworms (Mythimna separata) were observed 40-45 days after planting. Some of them
are located at the base of the plant and some are located at the upper portion specifically at
the leaves. Rice bugs (Leptocorisa oratorius F.) were also observed during the flowering
to milking stage of the rice which causes empty grain. The insect pests were controlled by
spraying chemical insecticide following the manufacturer’s recommended dosage to
prevent rapid reproduction.
4. Number of Days to Flowering. It was observed that Palawan variety starts to
bear flowers earlier than Pinilisa variety. Palawan variety reached its 50 percent flowering
at 90 to 95 days after planting, while Pinilisa variety reached its 50 percent flowering at 95
to 99 days after planting. It takes 124 days after planting to reach 100 percent flowering on
both varieties.
22
5. Days to Maturity. It was observed that the two upland rice varieties (Pinilisa and
Palawan) took 152 days after planting to reach its physiological maturity.
6. Climatic Data during the Conduct of the Study. The weather conditions during
the conduct of the study is shown in Figure 1. Agrometeorological data gathered showed
that the average maximum temperature was 31.01 oC to 35.67 oC while minimum
temperature ranged from 20.16 oC to 25.67 oC. The relative humidity was recorded from
78 to 98.28 percent in the morning and 65.04 oC to 84.28 oC in the afternoon. The rainfall
recorded throughout the experimental period ranged from 0.12 to 24.43 millimeter.
Max Temp. Min. Temp.

R.H. (8:00 A. M.) R. H. (2:00 P.M.)
Rainfall
120
Temperature oC, Relative Humidity (%) Rainfall (mm)
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Weeks after planting
Source: PAGASA Agrometeorology Station, Isabela State

University, Echague, Isabela.
Figure 1. Climatic Data During the Conduct of the Study
23
B. Discussion of Results
1. Plant Height at 30, 60, 90 DAP and at Maturity. Table 1 Column 2 presents
the plant height at 30 days after planting (DAP) of upland rice varieties. The rice variety
as a single factor failed to affect the height of plants with a comparable mean of 8.64 to
9.24 centimeters.
In like manner, the fertilization did not tend to affect the height of the upland rice
varieties at 30 days after planting with a mean of 8.24 cm and 9.41 centimeters.
The variety and fertilizer as the two factor combination did not affect the height of
upland rice varieties with mean values ranged from 7.63 to 9.73 centimeters.
Differences in height were noted at 60 days after planting. The Palawan (A2)
variety produced the tallest plants with a mean height of of 57.72 cm over Pinilisa (A1)
with 47.86 centimeters (Table 1 column 3). The variation in the height was attributed to the
genetic characteristics and the canopy or leaves of the plants. Moreover, the increase in
leaf photosynthetic rate is important to increase the yield potential of rice because the
photosynthetic rate of individual leaves, which form the canopy, affect dry matter
production via photosynthesis within the canopy (Long, 2006).
The levels of the inorganic fertilizer in combination to seaweed extract affected the
height of the rice varieties. The tallest were the plants applied with fertilizer at the rate of
150-100 kg NP ha-1 (Farmer’s Practice) (B1) with a mean value of 56.96 centimeters yet
comparable to the application of fertilizer at the rate of 20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR, B3),
40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 (100% RR and 3L Carrageenan, B4 ), 20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR
and 3L Carrageenan B5), as well as the plants applied with pure Carrageenan at 3 liters per
hectare, 20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR and 3L Carrageenan B5), 20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50%
24
RR, B3), 3 liters, (100% RR and 3L with comparable mean of 53.73 cm, 53.31 cm, 52.87
cm and 51.27 centimeters, respectively. The shortest plants were those fertilized with 40-
10-0 kg NPK ha-1 with 48.63 centimeters.
The interaction of variety x fertilizer as two factor interaction did not show any
variation on the height of plants at 60 days after planting with a mean of 45.02 to 64.97
centimeters.
At 90 days after planting, the variety a single factor affected the plant heights
where in the Palawan variety (V2) produced the tallest with a mean of 80.44 cm and the
Pinilisa (V1) obtained the shortest with a mean of 68.90 cm.
The fertilizer as another factor failed to affect the height of upland rice varieties at
90 days after planting with a ranging between from 69.76 cm to 79.71 centimeters.
The interaction of both factors did not show any significant influence on plant
height at 90 days after planting with a mean height ranging between 65.18 cm to 793.21
centimeters. It shows that either Pinilisa (A1) or Palawan (A1) are not responsive to
fertilization at this stage.
Similarly, the variety as single factor affected the plan height at maturity where in
the Palawan (A2) were taller over Pinilisa (A1) during the maturity stage with a mean of
86.33 centimeters for Palawan (V2) and 76.14 centimeters for Pinilisa Variety (V1).
Fertilizer taken up during early growth stages and accumulates in the vegetative
parts of the plants did not significantly increase the height of the plants. Mean heights
ranging between 73.59 cm to 86.29 cm indicates that the combination of nitrogen,
phosphorous and carrageenan at different levels had no influenced on the plant height at
maturity.
25
In terms of the interaction of both factor (variety x fertilizer), likewise the same
pattern existed having insignificant difference with a mean ranging between 73.23 cm to
98.72 centimeters.
Generally, the superiority of Palawan rice (A2) in terms of heights from 60 days
after planting until maturity is attributed to the genetic characteristics of the plants.
Consistently, such variety got the tallest height and showed differences with variety
Pinilisa. The variation in plant height among the varieties were probably due to heredity or
varietal characters.
These results is in contrast with the findings of Gala et al. (2011) who reported
that increasing the amount of nitrogen improves considerably the vegetative growth of
rice only occurred at 60 days after planting.

26
Table 1. Average Plant Height at 30, 60, 90 DAP and at Maturity (cm)
________________________________________________________________________
TREATMENTS 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP AT MATURITY
FACTOR A
A1 8.64 47.86b 68.90b 76.14b
a a
A2 9.24 57.72 80.44 86.33a
ANOVA ns ** ** *
FACTOR B
B1 9.40 56.96a 75.97 79.66
b
B2 9.41 48.63 69.76 73.59
ab
B3 8.68 53.31 74.77 78.95
ab
B4 9.21 51.27 79.71 86.29
ab
B5 8.71 53.73 75.49 85.85
B6 8.24 52.87ab 72.35 83.07
ANOVA ns * ns ns
FACTOR A X B
A1B1 9.20 48.95 68.67 73.83
A1B2 9.20 45.96 69.77 73.41
A1B3 7.63 48.60 69.39 73.23
A1B4 8.93 45.02 66.20 73.86
A1B5 8.59 48.59 74.22 87.18
A1B6 8.31 50.06 65.18 75.31
A2B1 9.59 64.97 83.26 85.48
A2B2 9.62 51.30 69.75 73.77
A2B3 9.73 58.01 80.15 84.66
A2B4 9.48 57.51 93.21 98.72
A2B5 8.83 58.87 76.75 84.51
A2B6 8.16 55.68 79.52 90.82
ANOVA ns ns ns ns
CV% 12.73 7.64 13.41 13.74
Means with common letters are not significantly different with each other.
** - highly significant
* - significant
ns – not significant
27
2. Number of Productive and Unproductive Tillers. Table 2 column 2 presents
the number of productive tillers of upland rice varieties as affected by inorganic fertilizer
and seaweed extract.
The rice variety as single factor affected the number of productive tillers per
plant while in the Palawan Variety (V2) produced the most number of productive tillers
with a mean of 1.87 followed by the Pinilisa Variety (V1) with a mean of 1.69 tillers. The
fertilizer levels as a single factor did not affect the number of productive tiller with a mean
ranging between 1.58 tillers to 1.98 tillers.
The variety and fertilizer as the two factors combination affected the number of
productive tillers. The Palawan Variety applied with fertilizer at the rate of 40-10-0 kg NP
+ 3L Carrageenan, (V2 x F4) as well as the Pinilisa variety applied with 20-10-0 kg NP + 3
liters of Carrageenan (V1 x F5) produced the most number of productive tillers with a
comparable mean of 2.05 and 2.0 tiller, respectively comparable to A2 B6, A2 B5, A2 B3,
A2 B2, A1 B6, A1 B4, and A1 B1 with means of 0.48, 0.61, 0.73 and 0.57 tillers,
respectively.
The upland varieties as independent factor influence the number of unproductive
tillers. The Palawan Variety (V1) produced a mean of 0.86 higher than the Palawan
Variety (V2) with a mean of 0.60 unproductive tillers as seen in Table 2, Column 3.The
fertilizer level as single pests did not show any difference in the number of unproductive
tiller which mean ranging between 0.46 to 1.06 litters.
However, the variety and fertilizer levels as the two combined factors affected the
means of unproductive tillers. The Palawan Variety (V2) applied with the recommended
28
rate (V2) applied with the recommended rate (V2 x B2), 50% of the recommended rate (V2
x B3), the recommended rate + 3 liters Carrageenan (V2 x V4).
The application of 20-5 kg NP/ha-1 + 3 liters Carrageenan (V2 x B4) and the sole
application of Carrageenan at 3 liters per hectare (V2 x B5) as well as the Pinilisa variety
applied with the recommended rate (V1 xV2) and the 50% reduction from recommended
rate (V1 x B3) produced the most number of unproductive tiller with a comparable means
of 0.49, .58, 61, 67, 0.74and 1.53 tiller, respectively , the least number of unproductive
tiller were produced from Palawan Variety applied with 150- 100 kg NP hectare(V2 x B1)
likewise, the variety Pinilisan fertilized with 40-10 kg NP hal + 3 liter Carragenan (V1 x
B4), 20- 5 Kg NP hal plus 3 liter Caragenean and the sale application of Carragenen at 3
tiller per hectare. Produced a comparable means of 0.48, 061, 0.73 and 0.57 litter,
respectively.
29
Table 2. Number of Productive and Unproductive Tillers

________________________________________________________________________
TREATMENTS PRODUCTIVE TILLER UNPRODUCTIVE TILLER
FACTOR A
A1 1.69b 0.86a
A2 1.87a 0.60b
ANOVA ** **
FACTOR B
B1 1.64 0.46
B2 1.58 0.88
B3 1.78 1.06
B4 1.78 0.61
B5 1.98 0.70
B6 1.92 0.66
ANOVA ** **
FACTOR A X B
A1B1 1.66ab 0.44b
A1B2 1.28c 1.28a
bc
A1B3 1.53 1.53a
A1B4 1.82ab 0.61b
A1B5 2.00a 0.73b
A1B6 1.85ab 0.57b
A2B1 1.61b 0.48b
A2B2 1.88ab 0.49a
A2B3 1.74ab 0.58a
A2B4 2.05a 0.61a
A2B5 1.95ab 0.67a
A2B6 1.99a 0.74a
ANOVA ** **
CV% 7.99 20.96
Means with common letters are not significantly different with each other.
**- highly significant
ns- not significant
3. Length of Panicle (cm). Panicle length of upland rice varieties did not
significantly affected by inorganic fertilizer and seaweed extract (Table 3).

30
The varieties used as a single factor were not affected by panicle length with a
mean ranging between 18.82 cm to 19.54 centimeters.
Likewise, the fertilizer as another factor did not increase the length of panicle with
mean ranging between 17.59 to 20.44 centimeters. The interaction of fertilizer and variety
resulted to non-significant difference with a mean ranging between 16.95 to 21.40
centimeters.
Table 3. Length of Panicle (cm)
TREATMENTS LENGTH OF PANICLE

FACTOR A
A1- Pinilisa 19.54
A2-Palawan 18.82
ANOVA ns
FACTOR B
B1- 150-100 kg NP ha-1 (Farmer’s Practice) 19.07
B2- 40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 (100% RR) 17.59
B3-20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR) 18.69
B4-40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 + 3L/ha. Carrageenan 20.44
B5-20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 + 3L/ha. Carrageenan 19.88
B6-3L/ha. Carrageenan 19.43
ANOVA ns
FACTOR A X B
A1B1- 150-100 kg NP ha-1 (Farmer’s Practice) 19.06
A1B2- 40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 (100% RR) 18.23
A1B3-20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR) 18.21
A1B4-40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 + 3L/ha. Carrageenan 21.40
A1B6-3L/ha. Carrageenan 19.86
A2B1-150-100 kg NP ha-1 (Farmer’s Practice) 19.07
A2B2- 40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 (100% RR) 16.95
A2B3-20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR) 19.16
ANOVA ns
CV% 7.97
31
4. Number of Filled and Unfilled Grains. Table 4 column 2 presents the number
of filled grains of upland rice varieties as affected by inorganic fertilizer and seaweed
extract. Variation did not exist in terms of the number of filled grains produced by the
upland rice varieties as single factor with a mean ranged of 62.61 to 70.54 grains.
A trend of significant increase in the number of filled grains was observed with the
levels of fertilizer and seaweed extract as an independent factors. Plants applied with 3L
Carrageenan (B6) obtained the highest number of filled grains with a means of 78.24.
Grams yet comparable to the plants applied with B5 (50% RR + 3L Carrageenan), B1
(Farmers Practice), B3 (50% RR), and B4 (100% RR + 3L Carrageenan, B2) produced and
obtained of means ranging between 76.64, 69.26, 61.58, 61.21 and 52.23 grains
These results indicate that upland rice varieties has a greater filled grains potential
at lower rates of fertilizer. It seems that the appropriate level for upland rice varieties is
lower under current condition.
In terms of the interaction of variety and fertilizer level as the two factor
combination did not affect the number of filled grains with means of 51.58 to 83.32 filled
grains.
The upland rice varieties as single factor affected the value of unfilled grams with
Pinilisa variety (V1) produced the highest in filled grams with a mean of 41. 77, while the
Palawan variety (V2) produced a mean of 31.84 unfilled grams.
A significant increase in the number of unfilled grains existed by the plants
fertilized with 100% RR (B2) with a mean of 42.72 grains. Such treatment is comparable to
the plants fertilized following the Farmers Practice (B1), B4 (100% RR + 3L Carrageenan),
B3 (50 % RR) and B5 (50% RR + 3L Carrageenan) with means ranging between 41.11,
32
38.50, 38.30 and 31.49, respectively. Plants fertilized with 3 Liters Carrageenan attained
the least number of unfilled grains with a mean of 28.73. This suggests that Pinilisa
variety might be more sensitive to nitrogen levels than Palawan variety, thus produced
more unfilled grains.
No interaction effect between variety and fertilizer in the number of unfilled grains
with means ranging between 21.54 to 49 unfilled grams.
5. Grain Yield per Sampling Area (g/6m2). Table 5 presents the grain yield per
sampling area (g/6m2) of upland rice varieties as affected by inorganic fertilizer and
seaweed extract. Varietal differences existed in terms of the yield per sampling area in
which the Pinilisa out yielded a mean of 571.92 over Palawan variety obtaining a mean of
479.65 grams.
Grain dry matter increase is supported by available assimilates, as defined by
carbon assimilation during the grain filling period plus assimilate reserve stored in the
straw (Cock and Yoshida, 1972, Yamauchi, 1994). Shortage of assimilate supply due to
inhibition of photosynthetic processes is one of the major factors determining grain filling
The analysis of variance on the effect of fertilizer as a single factor showed that
grain yields of rice varieties were not significantly affected by the combination of
inorganic fertilizer and carrageenan plant food supplement. Mean grain yield obtained
ranging between 475.46 grams to 604.18 grams.
The analysis of variance on the interaction of variety and fertilizer showed the two
rice upland varieties were not responsive and the grain yield per sampling area did not tend
to increase with a mean ranging between 423.97 grams to 653.61 grams, respectively.
33
Table 4. Number of Filled and Unfilled Grains

________________________________________________________________________
TREATMENTS FILLED UNFILLED
FACTOR A
A1- Pinilisa 70.54 41.77a
A2-Palawan 62.61 31. 84b
ANOVA ns **
FACTOR B
B1- 150-100 kg NP ha-1 (Farmer’s Practice) 69.26ab 41.11a
-1 b
B2- 40-10-0 kg NPK ha (100% RR) 52.23 42.72a
B3-20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR) 61.58ab 38.30ab
B4-40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 + 3L/ha. Carrageenan 61.21ab 38.50ab
B5-20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 + 3L/ha. Carrageenan 76.64a 31.49ab
B6-3L/ha. Carrageenan 78.24a 28.73b
ANOVA ** **
FACTOR A X B
A1B1 76.87 46.61
A1B2 52.88 49.00
A1B3 71.33 36.12
A1B4 55.70 43.66
A1B5 83.32 39.32
A1B6 82.52 35.91
A2B1 61.64 35.61
A2B2 51.58 36.43
A2B3 51.83 40.47
A2B4 66.71 33.34
A2B5 69.95 23.65
A2B6 73.96 21.54
ANOVA ns ns
CV% 17.28 18.02
Means with common letters are not significantly different with each other
* - significant
34
Table 5. Average Grain Yield per Sampling Area (g/6m2)

________________________________________________________________________
TREATMENTS GRAIN YIELD PER SAMPLING AREA (g/6m2)
FACTOR A
A1- Pinilisa 571.92a
A2-Palawan 479.65b
ANOVA *
FACTOR B
-1
B2- 40-10-0 kg NPK ha (100% RR) 496.44
-1
B3-20-5-0 kg NPK ha (50% RR) 475.46
-1
B4-40-10-0 kg NPK ha + 3L/ha. Carrageenan 532.89
-1
ANOVA ns
FACTOR A X B
A1B1-150-100 kg NP ha-1 (Farmer’s Practice) 559.73
-1
A1B2- 40-10-0 kg NPK ha (100% RR) 551.56
-1
A1B3-20-5-0 kg NPK ha (50% RR) 526.94
-1
A1B4-40-10-0 kg NPK ha + 3L/ha. Carrageenan 558.25
A2B1-150-100 kg NP ha (Farmer’s Practice)
-1
450.85
-1
A2B2- 40-10-0 kg NPK ha (100% RR) 441.32
-1
A2B3-20-5-0 kg NPK ha (50% RR) 423.97
-1
A2B4-40-10-0 kg NPK ha + 3L/ha. Carrageenan 494.20
ANOVA ns
CV% 9.14
* - significant
35
6. Weight of 1000 Filled Grains (g). From the results on the weight of 1000 filled
grains as affected by fertilizer and seaweed extract resulted to significant increase. It
shows that A2 (Palawan Variety) gained the heaviest weight of 1000 filled grains with a
mean of 21.55 grams significantly higher over A1 (Pinilisa Variety) with a mean of 18.74
grams.
However, interaction effect of nitrogen and variety on the weight of 1000 grains
was not significant. Irrespective of nitrogen rates in combination to carrageenan plant food
supplement, the plants produced a mean grain yield ranging between from 18.68 grams to
21.95 grams.
Comparing the two upland rice varieties and six levels of fertilizer, the result
indicated that there was no significant difference in a mean grain yield as revealed by the
analysis of variance which produced mean yield ranging from 17.73 grams to 24.10 grams.
36
Table 6. Average Weight of 1000 Filled Grains (g)

________________________________________________________________________
TREATMENTS WEIGHT OF 1000 FILLED GRAINS
FACTOR A
A1-Pinilisa 18.74b
A2-Palawan 21.55a
ANOVA **
FACTOR B
-1
B2- 40-10-0 kg NPK ha (100% RR) 19.62
-1
B3-20-5-0 kg NPK ha (50% RR) 20.33
-1
-1
ANOVA ns
FACTOR A X B
A1B1 17.73
A1B2 19.10
A1B3 19.27
A1B4 17.87
A1B5 19.80
A1B6 18.67
A2B1 19.63
A2B2 20.13
A2B3 21.39
A2B4 22.73
A2B5 24.10
A2B6 21.30
ANOVA ns
CV% 9.14
* - significant
7. Grain Yield (t/ha). Table 7 presents the grain yield (t/ha) of upland rice varieties
as affected by inorganic fertilizer and seaweed extract. Analysis of variance revealed a
highly significant result in which A1 (Pinilisa Variety) obtained the highest yield which is
37
significantly different to A2 (Palawan Variety) with a mean of 0.96 tons per hectare.
However, A2 (Palawan) gained the lowest yield obtained a mean of 0.80 tons per hectare.
As cited by Chaturvedi (2005), the application of fertilizer improves various
crop parameters like more filled grains and thus resulting in higher grain yields,
however, in this study, the yield of upland rice is considered low which might be due to
climatic environment of the crop. Moreover, the results are in agreement with that of
Sikdar (2000) and Kabir et al. (2004) who found differences in yield and yield contributing
characters due to different levels of nutrient management.
Fertilizer and variety interactions demonstrated insignificant effect, the interaction
of both factor produced a mean weight ranging between from 0.80 tons to 0.96 tons to
Pinilisa (A1B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6) while at Palawan rice (A2B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6)
in proper combination attained yield of 0.71 tons to 1.09 tons.

38
Table 7. Average Grain Yield (t/ha)
TREATMENTS GRAIN YIELD (t/ha)

FACTOR A
A1 0.96a
A2 0.80b
ANOVA **
FACTOR B
B1 0.86
B2 0.83
B3 0.80
B4 0.89
B5 1.01
B6 0.90
ANOVA ns
FACTOR A X B
A1B1 0.97
A1B2 0.92
A1B3 0.88
A1B4 0.93
A1B5 1.09
A1B6 0.97
A2B1 0.75
A2B2 0.74
A2B3 0.71
A2B4 0.85
A2B5 0.93
A2B6 0.83
ANOVA ns
CV% 19.26
8. Straw Yield (t/ha). Straw yield increased significantly with increment of levels
of fertilizer and seaweed extract (Table 8). As a single factor, varietal difference for straw
yield was significant in which Pinilisa variety had heavier straw yield of 2.20 tons over
Palawan with 1.89 tons per hectare.

39
Irrespective of the levels of fertilizer, the two rice varieties were not responsive
with a mean ranging between 1.88 tons to 2.46 per hectare.
Likewise, the interaction of both factor resulted to significant increase in the straw
yield of the plants. Mean straw yield in all interaction ranging between 1.49 tons to 2.72
tons respectively.
Table 8. Average Straw Yield (t/ha)
TREATMENTS STRAW YIELD (t/ha)

FACTOR A
A1 2.20a
A2 1.89b
ANOVA *
FACTOR B
B1 1.88
B2 1.90
B3 1.84
B4 2.46
B5 2.02
B6 2.16
ANOVA ns
FACTOR A X B
A1B1 1.93
A1B2 1.75
A1B3 2.19
A1B4 2.72
A1B5 2.26
A1B6 2.34
A2B1 1.83
A2B2 2.05
A2B3 1.49
A2B4 2.20
A2B5 1.78
A2B6 1.97
ANOVA ns
CV% 21.93
** - highly significant ns – not significant
40
9. Economic Analysis. The result on the analysis of estimated net income over
material cost for the two upland rice varieties and six different fertilizer applications is
shown in Table 9. It indicates that application of A1B6 (Pinilisa Variety applied with 3L
Carrageenan) gained the highest return on investment with 95.47 percent while A2B2
(Palawan Variety following the 100% Recommended Rate) gained the lowest return on
investment with 31.72 percent.
Table 9. Average Economic Analysis
Production
Gross Total Cost Net Income
Treatments Yield ROI (%)
Income (Php) (Php)
(kg/ha)
A1B1 46,560 970 28,680 17,880 62.34
A1B2 44,160 920 29,805 14,355 48.16
A1B3 42,240 880 26,304 15,936 60.58
A1B4 44,640 930 33,435 11,205 33.51
A1B5 52,320 1090 29,370 22,950 78.14
A1B6 46,560 970 23,820 22,740 95.47
A2B1 20,250 750 26,915 -6,665 -24.76
A2B2 19,980 740 29,262 -9,282 -31.72
A2B3 19,170 710 26,324 -7,154 -27.18
A2B4 22,950 850 30,869 -7,919 -25.65
A2B5 25,110 930 27,713 -2,603 -9.39
A2B6 22,410 830 23,516 -1,106 -4.70
41
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Summary
Generally, the study was conducted at the experimental area of the Agriculture
Department, Isabela State University, Jones Campus, Jones, Isabela from June 25, 2018 to
November 24, 2018. It aimed to evaluate the effect of inorganic fertilizer and seaweed
extract in upland rice varieties. Specifically, to determine which levels of inorganic
fertilizer and seaweed extract will increase the growth and yield of upland rice varieties
and which treatments would give the highest return on investment. This study was laid out
using Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three (3) replications
as follows: Factor A: A1 (Pinilisa Variety), A2 (Palawan Variety) and Factor B: B1
(Farmers Practice), B2 (100% RR), B3 (50% RR), B4 (100% RR + 3L Carrageenan), B5
(50% RR + 3L Carrageenan), and B6 (3L Carrageenan).
Result of the study are summarized as follows:
1. The plant height at 60 and 90 days after planting showed that Palawan rice (A2)
were significantly taller over Pinilisa (A1) as a single factor but significantly different
under different fertilizer combinations except the plants applied with 40-10 kg NP per
hectare.
2. Variations did not exist in terms of the number of productive tillers produced by
the both rice varieties. All fertilizer levels affected such parameter except those plants
applied with 40-10 kg NP having the least number of productive tillers.
3. Any of the two varieties under different fertilizer combination did not tend to
increase the length of panicle.

42
4. Pinilisa (A1) outyielded Palawan variety (A2) in terms of the grain yield per
sampling area regardless of fertilizer levels.
5. Palawan (A2) rice had heavier 1000 grains regardless of fertilizer combinations.
6. Pinilisa (A1) likewise had the heavier straw yield as a single factor however did
not tend to increase by the sources and levels of fertilizer.
7. The return on investment showed that Pinilisa variety (A1) fertilized with 3 liters
seaweed extract is more economical in upland rice production obtaining the highest with
95.47 percent.
B. Conclusion
Based on the result of the study, Pinilisa variety gained higher yield compared to
Palawan variety. The combination of inorganic fertilizer and seaweed extract shows highly
significant differences specifically on the number of productive tiller, filled grains, weight
of 1000 grains and weight of straw.
C. Recommendation
The combination of inorganic fertilizer and seaweed extract is recommended in
Pinilisa variety to obtain higher yield. This is a potential integrated crop management
modality in upland rice production hence it is recommended.
However, among the fertilizer combinations, 3 liters carrageenan per hectare gained
the highest return on investment. Further study may be conducted using the same
treatments to come up with more conclusive results.

43
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46
EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT
RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN (FACTORIAL)
I II III
0.5m
A2B4 A1B3 A1B4 A2B5 A2B4 A1B5
1m 1m
3m A1B6 A2B5 A1B5 A1B6 A1B2 A2B6

20.5m
0.50 m
4m
27.5m
Factor A: Upland Rice Varieties

A1 – Pinilisa
A2 – Palawan
Factor B: Fertilizer
B1 - 150-100 kg NP ha -1 (Farmer’s Practice)
B2 – 40-10-0 kg NPK ha-1 (100% RR)
B3 – 20-5-0 kg NPK ha-1 (50% RR)
B6 - 3L/ha. Carrageenan
LEGEND:
Total Area = 563.75 m2
Plot Size = 4m x 3m
Distance between furrows = 0.4 m
Distance between plots = 0.5 m
Distance between blocks = 1 m
47
Appendix 1. Plant Height at 30 Days after Planting (cm)
REPLICATION
TREATMENTS TOTAL MEAN
I II III
A1B1 8.85 9.98 8.78 27.61 9.20
A1B2 9.70 8.58 9.33 27.61 9.20
A1B3 6.80 6.83 9.27 22.90 7.63
A1B4 8.98 8.47 9.33 26.78 8.93
A1B5 7.97 8.67 9.13 25.77 8.59
A1B6 8.08 6.85 10.01 24.94 8.31
A2B1 10.27 8.55 9.95 28.77 9.59
A2B2 9.38 9.97 9.50 28.85 9.62
A2B3 8.42 8.35 12.43 29.20 9.73
A2B4 8.42 8.30 11.72 28.44 9.48
A2B5 8.47 10.25 7.78 26.50 8.83
A2B6 8.68 8.12 7.67 24.47 8.16
TOTAL 104.02 102.92 114.90
GRAND TOTAL 321.84
GRAND MEAN 8.94
Appendix 1a. Two-way Table of Means
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
(Farmers (100% RR) RR + 3L RR + 3L CPGR) MEAN
A
Practice) RR) CPGR) CPGR)
A1 9.20 9.20 7.63 8.93 8.59 8.31 8.64
A2 9.59 9.62 9.73 9.48 8.83 8.16 9.24
Mean 9.4 9.41 8.68 9.21 8.71 8.24
Appendix 1b. Analysis of Variance
DEGREE F VALUE
SOURCE OF SUM OF MEAN
OF F TAB.
VARIATION SQUARES SQUARES F COMP.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
Rep. 2 7.3085 3.6542 2.82ns 3.44 5.72
FA 1 3.1329 3.1329 2.42ns 4.30 7.94
ns
FB 5 6.6830 1.3366 1.03 2.66 3.99
ns
FA: FB 5 4.5475 0.9095 0.70 2.66 3.99
Error 22 28.4721 1.2942
Total 35 50.144
C.V. (%) = 12.73 ns – not significant
48
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 48.55 45.03 53.28 146.86 48.95
A1B2 43.92 40.92 53.03 137.87 45.96
A1B3 41.80 45.87 58.12 145.79 48.60
A1B4 42.92 40.42 51.72 135.06 45.02
A1B5 46.68 37.93 61.15 145.76 48.59
A1B6 43.30 49.38 57.50 150.18 50.06
A2B1 55.80 64.67 74.43 194.90 64.97
A2B2 45.20 46.02 62.67 153.89 51.30
A2B3 48.50 50.15 75.38 174.03 58.01
A2B4 57.23 47.42 67.87 172.52 57.51
A2B5 54.02 54.88 67.72 176.62 58.87
A2B6 53.78 49.60 63.67 167.05 55.68
TOTAL 581.70 572.29 746.54
GRAND TOTAL 1900.53
GRAND MEAN 52.79

Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 48.95 45.96 48.60 45.02 48.59 50.06 47.86b
A2 64.97 51.30 58.01 57.51 58.87 55.68 57.72a
Mean 56.96a 48.63b 53.31ab 51.27ab 53.73ab 52.87ab
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
**
Rep. 2 1600.6621 800.3311 49.20 3.44 5.72
FA 1 875.0750 875.0750 53.80** 4.30 7.94
*
FB 5 229.2402 45.8480 2.82 2.66 3.99
FA: FB 5 125.2863 25.0573 1.54ns 2.66 3.99
Error 22 357.8653 16.2666
Total 35 3188.1289
C.V. (%) = 7. 64
* - significant
49
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 84.78 55.05 66.18 206.01 68.67
A1B2 60.22 80.08 69.00 209.30 69.77
A1B3 63.65 68.55 75.97 208.17 69.39
A1B4 50.30 81.93 66.37 198.60 66.20
A1B5 63.13 86.00 73.53 222.66 74.22
A1B6 70.58 53.38 71.57 195.53 65.18
A2B1 92.22 74.80 82.77 249.79 83.26
A2B2 68.45 64.58 76.23 209.26 69.75
A2B3 76.68 71.10 92.67 240.45 80.15
A2B4 91.88 85.60 102.15 279.63 93.21
A2B5 76.92 69.80 83.52 230.24 76.75
A2B6 84.47 73.83 80.25 238.55 79.52
TOTAL 883.28 864.70 940.21
GRAND TOTAL 2688.19
GRAND MEAN 74.67
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 68.67 69.77 69.39 66.20 74.22 65.18 68.91b
A2 83.26 69.75 80.15 93.21 76.75 79.52 80.44a
Mean 75.97 69.76 74.77 79.71 75.49 72.35

DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
ns
Rep. 2 258.0000 129.0000 1.29 3.44 5.72
FA 1 1197.7367 1197.7367 11.95** 4.30 7.94
ns
FB 5 343.2602 68.6520 0.69 2.66 3.99
FA: FB 5 707.7176 141.5435 1.41ns 2.66 3.99
Error 22 2204.3908 100.1996
Total 35 4711.1054
C.V. (%) = 13.41
* - significant
50
Appendix 4. Plant Height at Maturity (cm)
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 94.72 57.03 69.73 221.48 73.83
A1B2 65.13 83.61 71.50 220.24 73.41
A1B3 66.31 74.02 79.36 219.69 73.23
A1B4 63.17 88.41 70.01 221.59 73.86
A1B5 94.31 90.74 76.50 261.55 87.18
A1B6 85.10 59.93 80.91 225.94 75.31
A2B1 93.91 77.81 84.73 256.45 85.48
A2B2 74.37 69.51 77.42 221.30 73.77
A2B3 79.17 76.13 98.67 253.97 84.66
A2B4 97.81 89.74 108.61 296.16 98.72
A2B5 81.13 73.72 98.67 253.52 84.51
A2B6 96.32 93.32 82.81 272.45 90.82
TOTAL 991.45 933.97 998.92
GRAND TOTAL 2924.34
GRAND MEAN 81.23
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 73.83 73.41 73.23 73.86 87.18 75.31 76.14b
A2 85.48 73.77 84.66 98.72 84.51 90.82 86.33a
Mean 79.66 73.59 78.95 86.29 85.85 83.07
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
ns
Rep. 2 210.5070 105.2535 0.85 3.44 5.72
FA 1 933.9136 933.9136 7.50* 4.30 7.94
ns
FB 5 698.1898 139.6380 1.12 2.66 3.99
ns
FA: FB 5 764.0012 152.8002 1.23 2.66 3.99
Error 22 2739.1534 124.5070
Total 35 5345.7651
C.V. (%) = 13.74
* - significant
51
Appendix 5. Number of Productive Tiller
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 1.90 1.50 1.57 4.97 1.66
A1B2 1.40 1.60 0.83 3.83 1.28
A1B3 1.53 1.50 1.57 4.60 1.53
A1B4 1.97 1.80 1.70 5.47 1.82
A1B5 2.10 1.93 1.97 6.00 2.00
A1B6 2.00 1.87 1.67 5.54 1.85
A2B1 1.57 1.70 1.57 4.84 1.61
A2B2 1.90 1.83 1.90 5.63 1.88
A2B3 1.70 2.23 2.13 6.06 2.02
A2B4 1.80 1.73 1.70 5.23 1.74
A2B5 2.13 1.93 1.80 5.86 1.95
A2B6 1.97 2.10 1.90 5.97 1.99
TOTAL 21.97 21.72 20.31
GRAND TOTAL 64.00
GRAND MEAN 1.78
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 1.66ab 1.28c 1.53bc 1.82ab 2.00a 1.85ab 1.69b
A2 1.61b 1.88ab 2.02ab 1.74a 1.95ab 1.99a 1.87a
Mean 1.64 1.58 1.78 1.78 1.98 1.92
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
Rep. 2 0.2726 0.1363 6.73** 3.44 5.72
FA 1 0.2988 0.2988 14.75** 4.30 7.94
**
FB 5 0.9919 0.1984 9.79 2.66 3.99
FA: FB 5 0.4236 0.0847 4.18** 2.66 3.99
Error 22 0.4456 0.0203
Total 35 2.4326
C.V. (%) = 7.99
52
Appendix 6. Number of Unproductive Tiller
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 0.43 0.40 0.50 1.33 0.44
A1B2 1.40 1.60 0.83 3.83 1.28
A1B3 1.53 1.50 1.57 4.60 1.53
A1B4 0.73 0.53 0.57 1.83 0.61
A1B5 0.77 0.73 0.70 2.20 0.73
A1B6 0.50 0.53 0.67 1.70 0.57
A2B1 0.57 0.30 0.57 1.44 0.48
A2B2 0.53 0.40 0.53 1.46 0.49
A2B3 0.70 0.57 0.47 1.74 0.58
A2B4 0.70 0.60 0.53 1.83 0.61
A2B5 0.83 0.67 0.50 2.00 0.67
A2B6 0.97 0.53 0.73 2.23 0.74
TOTAL 9.66 8.36 8.17
Grand Total 26.19
Grand Mean 0.73
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 0.44b 1.28a 1.53a 0.61b 0.73b 0.57b 0.86a
A2 0.48a 0.49a 0.58a 0.61a 0.67a 0.74a 0.60b
Mean 0.46 0.89 1.06 0.61 0.7 0.66
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
Rep. 2 0.1096 0.0548 2.46ns 3.44 5.72
FA 1 0.6373 0.6373 27.42** 4.30 7.94
**
FB 5 1.3356 0.2671 11.49 2.66 3.99
FA: FB 5 1.7176 0.3435 14.78** 2.66 3.99
Error 22 0.5113 0.0232
Total 35 4.3115
C.V. (%) = 20.96
ns- not significant
53
Appendix 7. Length of Panicle (cm)
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 22.08 16.73 18.38 57.19 19.06
A1B2 19.76 17.10 17.83 54.69 18.23
A1B3 16.38 17.35 20.90 54.63 18.21
A1B4 22.17 20.70 21.33 64.20 21.40
A1B5 21.31 19.80 20.37 61.48 20.49
A1B6 18.19 20.01 21.37 59.57 19.86
A2B1 20.40 17.43 19.37 57.20 19.07
A2B2 18.68 16.37 15.79 50.84 16.95
A2B3 20.05 18.93 18.51 57.49 19.16
A2B4 19.12 19.21 20.07 58.40 19.47
A2B5 17.59 20.70 19.49 57.78 19.26
A2B6 18.19 19.04 19.78 57.01 19.00
TOTAL 233.92 223.37 233.19
Grand Total 690.48
Grand Mean 19.18
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 19.06 18.23 18.21 21.40 20.49 19.86 19.54
A2 19.07 16.95 19.16 19.47 19.26 19.00 18.82
Mean 19.07 17.59 18.69 20.44 19.88 19.43
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
ns
Rep. 2 5.7852 2.8926 1.30 3.44 5.72
FA 1 4.7234 4.7234 2.13ns 4.30 7.94
ns
FB 5 29.4522 5.8904 2.65 2.66 3.99
ns
FA: FB 5 8.0909 1.6182 0.73 2.66 3.99
Error 22 48.8933 2.2224
Total 35 96.9450
C.V. (%) = 7.77
ns- not significant
54
Appendix 8. Number of Filled Grains
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 87.70 74.72 68.18 230.60 76.87
A1B2 46.90 53.10 58.63 158.63 52.88
A1B3 73.60 74.40 66.00 214.00 71.33
A1B4 67.36 61.33 38.40 167.09 55.70
A1B5 83.61 78.98 87.36 249.95 83.32
A1B6 89.37 79.88 78.30 247.55 82.52
A2B1 37.03 98.17 49.73 184.93 61.64
A2B2 49.86 61.70 43.17 154.73 51.58
A2B3 57.83 49.74 47.93 155.50 51.83
A2B4 70.73 67.18 62.23 200.14 66.71
A2B5 66.93 83.10 59.83 209.86 69.95
A2B6 67.40 81.00 73.47 221.87 73.96
TOTAL 798.32 863.30 733.23
GRAND TOTAL 2394.85
GRAND MEAN 66.52
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 76.87 52.88 71.33 55.70 83.32 82.52 70.43
A2 61.64 51.58 51.83 66.71 69.95 73.96 62.61
Mean 69.26ab 52.23b 61.58ab 61.21ab 76.64a 78.24a
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
Rep. 2 704.9254 352.4627 2.67ns 3.44 5.72
FA 1 550.6062 550.6062 4.17ns 4.30 7.94
**
FB 5 3023.9576 604.7915 4.58 2.66 3.99
FA: FB 5 929.7574 185.9515 1.41ns 2.66 3.99
Error 22 2905.6084 132.0731
Total 35 8114.8550
C.V. (%) = 17.28
ns- not significant
55
Appendix 9. Number of Unfilled Grains
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 43.8 42.32 53.7 139.82 46.61
A1B2 53.8 47.6 45.6 147.00 49.00
A1B3 32.8 40.12 35.43 108.35 36.12
A1B4 42.45 53.22 35.32 130.99 43.66
A1B5 48.65 29.54 39.76 117.95 39.32
A1B6 37.54 32.65 37.54 107.73 35.91
A2B1 39.75 32.87 34.2 106.82 35.61
A2B2 41.32 35.56 32.4 109.28 36.43
A2B3 42.32 41.89 37.2 121.41 40.47
A2B4 24.36 42.87 32.8 100.03 33.34
A2B5 17.4 21.12 32.43 70.95 23.65
A2B6 23.45 13.84 27.32 64.61 21.54
TOTAL 447.64 433.60 443.70
Grand Total 1324.94
Grand Mean 36.80
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 46.61 49.00 36.12 43.66 39.32 35.91 41.77a
A2 35.61 36.43 40.47 33.34 23.65 21.54 31.84b
Mean 41.11a 42.72a 38.30ab 38.50ab 31.49ab 28.73a
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
ns
Rep. 2 8.7404 4.3702 0.10 3.44 5.72
FA 1 887.4441 887.4441 20.18** 4.30 7.94
**
FB 5 912.8741 182.5748 4.15 2.66 3.99
ns
FA: FB 5 397.4256 79.4851 1.81 2.66 3.99
Error 22 967.4599 43.9755
Total 35 3173.9441
C.V. (%) = 18.02
ns- not significant
56
Appendix 10. Grain Yield per Sampling Area (g/6m2)
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 643.87 537.98 497.34 1679.19 559.73
A1B2 563.21 542.76 548.70 1654.67 551.56
A1B3 576.65 603.74 400.43 1580.82 526.94
A1B4 734.54 563.90 376.30 1674.74 558.25
A1B5 675.87 896.98 387.98 1960.83 653.61
A1B6 572.87 521.74 649.58 1744.19 581.40
A2B1 587.80 367.20 397.56 1352.56 450.85
A2B2 504.36 387.00 432.60 1323.96 441.32
A2B3 435.43 368.91 467.56 1271.90 423.97
A2B4 447.71 596.98 437.90 1482.59 494.20
A2B5 609.83 584.98 469.45 1664.26 554.75
A2B6 579.87 430.80 487.84 1498.51 499.50
TOTAL 6932.01 6402.97 5553.24
GRAND TOTAL 18888.22
GRAND MEAN 524.67
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 559.73 551.56 526.94 558.25 653.21 581.40 571.92a
A2 450.85 441.32 423.97 494.20 554.75 499.50 479.65b
Mean 505.29 496.44 475.46 532.89 604.18 540.45
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
Rep. 2 80636.9752 40318.4876 3.74* 3.44 5.72
FA 1 80340.1232 80340.1232 7.45* 4.30 7.94
ns
FB 5 61010.0895 12202.0179 1.13 2.66 3.99
FA: FB 5 2446.8563 489.3713 0.05 ns 2.66 3.99
Error 22 237273.5095 10785.1595
Total 35 461707.5537
C.V. (%) = 19.79
ns- not significant
57
Appendix 11. Weight of 1000 Filled Grains (g)
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 19.50 16.10 17.60 53.20 17.73
A1B2 19.10 20.90 17.30 57.30 19.10
A1B3 20.10 18.40 19.30 57.80 19.27
A1B4 18.50 18.60 16.50 53.60 17.87
A1B5 18.00 23.00 18.40 59.40 19.80
A1B6 17.80 19.80 18.40 56.00 18.67
A2B1 20.80 19.40 18.70 58.90 19.63
A2B2 21.60 21.20 17.60 60.40 20.13
A2B3 22.10 19.16 22.90 64.16 21.39
A2B4 19.80 23.20 25.20 68.20 22.73
A2B5 24.80 22.70 24.80 72.30 24.10
A2B6 19.60 22.60 21.70 63.90 21.30
TOTAL 241.70 245.06 238.40
GRAND TOTAL 725.16
GRAND MEAN 20.14
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 17.73 19.10 19.27 17.87 19.80 18.67 18.74b
A2 19.63 20.13 21.39 22.73 24.10 21.30 21.55a
Mean 18.68 19.62 20.33 19.63 21.95 19.99
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
ns
Rep. 2 1.8482 0.9241 0.27 3.44 5.72
FA 1 71.0087 71.0087 20.95** 4.30 7.94
ns
FB 5 34.5407 6.9081 2.04 2.66 3.99
ns
FA: FB 5 16.4129 3.2826 0.97 2.66 3.99
Error 22 74.5755 3.3898
Total 35 198.3860
C.V. (%) = 9.14
ns- not significant
58
Appendix 12. Grain Yield (t/ha)
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 1.07 1.00 0.83 2.90 0.97
A1B2 0.94 0.91 0.92 2.77 0.92
A1B3 0.96 1.01 0.67 2.64 0.88
A1B4 1.22 0.94 0.63 2.79 0.93
A1B5 1.13 1.50 0.65 3.28 1.09
A1B6 0.96 0.87 1.08 2.91 0.97
A2B1 0.98 0.61 0.66 2.25 0.75
A2B2 0.84 0.65 0.72 2.21 0.74
A2B3 0.73 0.62 0.78 2.13 0.71
A2B4 0.81 1.00 0.73 2.54 0.85
A2B5 1.02 0.98 0.78 2.78 0.93
A2B6 0.97 0.72 0.81 2.50 0.83
TOTAL 11.63 10.81 9.26
GRAND TOTAL 31.70
GRAND MEAN 0.88
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 0.97 0.92 0.88 0.93 1.09 0.97 0.96a
A2 0.75 0.74 0.71 0.85 0.93 0.83 0.80b
Mean 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.89 1.01 0.90
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
*
Rep. 2 0.2414 0.1207 4.20 3.44 5.72
FA 1 0.2304 0.2304 8.01** 4.30 7.94
ns
FB 5 0.1658 0.0332 1.15 2.66 3.99
FA: FB 5 0.0157 0.0031 0.11ns 2.66 3.99
Error 22 0.6326 0.0288
Total 35 1.2860
C.V. (%) = 19.26
* - significant
ns- not significant
59
Appendix 13. Straw Yield (t/ha)
REPLICATION
I II III
A1B1 1.82 2.04 1.92 5.78 1.93
A1B2 1.90 1.61 1.75 5.26 1.75
A1B3 1.92 2.75 1.89 6.56 2.19
A1B4 1.75 3.29 3.12 8.16 2.72
A1B5 2.37 2.76 1.65 6.78 2.26
A1B6 1.83 2.06 3.13 7.02 2.34
A2B1 2.21 1.67 1.62 5.50 1.83
A2B2 2.05 2.06 2.05 6.16 2.05
A2B3 1.45 1.37 1.64 4.46 1.49
A2B4 1.46 2.57 2.58 6.61 2.20
A2B5 1.80 1.70 1.83 5.33 1.78
A2B6 2.20 1.67 2.05 5.92 1.97
TOTAL 22.76 25.55 25.23
GRAND TOTAL 73.54
GRAND MEAN 2.04
Factor B
Factor B1 B2 B3 (50% B4 (100% B5 (50% B6 (3L
A
A1 1.93 1.75 2.19 2.72 2.26 2.34 2.20
A2 1.83 2.05 1.49 2.20 1.78 1.97 1.89
Mean 1.88 1.90 1.84 2.46 2.02 2.16
DEGREE F VALUE
OF F TAB.
FREEDOM 0.5 0.1
ns
Rep. 2 138158.3889 69079.1944 0.96 3.44 5.72
FA 1 310249.0000 310249.0000 4.29ns 4.30 7.94
ns
FB 5 598354.5556 119670.9111 1.66 2.66 3.99
FA: FB 5 348681.0000 69736.2000 0.97ns 2.66 3.99
Error 22 1589291.6111 72240.5278
Total 35 2984734.5556
C.V. (%) = 21.93
ns- not significant
60
Appendix 14. Average Economic Analysis

Pinilisa Variety A1B1 A1B2 A1B3 A1B4 A1B5 A 1B 6
A. LABOR COST
1. Land Preparation 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100
2. Furrowing 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200
3. Planting 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200
4. Basal Application 600 600 600 600 600 0
5. Sidedress 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 0
1,200
Application
6. Weeding 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400
7. Herbicide
Insecticide App. 600 600 600 600 600 600
8. Irrigation 900 900 900 900 900 900
9. App. of Carrageenan 0 0 0 1,500 1,500 1,500
10. Harvesting 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500
11. Threshing, Hauling 1,746 1,656 1,584 1,674 1,962 1,746
@ 10% share
12. Packaging 180 171 162 171 198 180
13. Drying 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200
14. Milling 1,164 1,104 1,056 1,116 1,308 1,164
SUBTOTAL: 15,990 15,831 15,702 18,561 17,868 15,690
B. FARM INPUTS
1. Seeds 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
2. Basal
 16-20-0 3,300 880 440 880 440 0
 46-0-0 0 432 216 432 216 0
 Organic Fert. 0 5,000 2,500 5,000 2,500 0
3. Sidedress
 46-0-0 2,160 432 216 432 216 0
4. Carrageenan 3L 0 0 0 900 900 900
5. Insecticides 950 950 950 950 950 950
6. Herbicide 300 300 300 300 300 300
7. Gasoline 980 980 980 980 980 980
SUBTOTAL: 12,690 13,974 10,602 14,874 11,502 8,130
TOTAL COST OF
28,680 29,805 26,304 33,435 29,370 23,820
PRODUCTION:
Gross Income 46,560 44,160 42,240 44,640 52,320 46,560
Yield (kg/ha) 970 920 880 930 1090 970
Yield (Milled per ha. @
582 552 528 558 654 582
40% milling recovery)
Yield (Milled per kg. @
46,560 44,160 42,240 44,640 52,320 46,560
80/kg )
Net Income 17,880 14,355 15,936 11,205 22,950 22,740
ROI 62.34 48.16 60.58 33.51 78.14 95.47
Palawan Variety A2B1 A2B2 A2B3 A2B4 A2B5 A 2B 6
A. LABOR COST
1. Land Preparation 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100
2. Furrowing 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200
3. Planting 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200
4. Basal Application 600 600 600 600 600 0
5. Sidedress 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 0
1,200
Application
6. Weeding 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400 2,400
61
7. Herbicide &
Insecticide App. 600 600 600 600 600 600
8. Irrigation 900 900 900 900 900 900
9. App. of Carrageenan 0 0 0 1,500 1,500 1,500
10. Harvesting 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500
11. Threshing @10% 1,125 1,110 1,065 1,275 1,395 1,245
share
12. Packaging 1,125 1,110 1,065 1,275 1,395 1,245
13. Drying 500 500 500 500 500 500
14. Milling @ 2.00/kg 900 888 852 1,020 1,116 996
SUBTOTAL: 14,225 15,288 15,722 15,995 16,211 15,386
B. FARM INPUTS
1. Seeds 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
2. Basal
 16-20-0 3,300 880 440 880 440 0
 46-0-0 0 432 216 432 216 0
 Organic Fert. 0 5,000 2,500 5,000 2,500 0
3. Sidedress
 46-0-0 2,160 432 216 432 216 0
4. Carrageenan 3L 0 0 0 900 900 900
5. Insecticides 950 950 950 950 950 950
6. Herbicide 300 300 300 300 300 300
7. Gasoline 980 980 980 980 980 980
SUBTOTAL: 12,690 13,974 10,602 14,874 11,502 8,130
TOTAL COST OF
26,915 29,262 26,324 30,869 27,713 23,516
PRODUCTION:
Gross Income 20,250 19,980 19,170 22,950 25,110 22,410
Yield (kg/ha) 750 740 710 850 930 830
Yield (Milled per ha.@ 450 444 426 510 558 498
40% milling recovery)
Yield (Milled per kg. @ 20,250 19,980 19,170 22,950 25,110 22,410
45/kg)
Net Income -6,665 -9,282 -7,154 -7,919 -2,603 -1,106
ROI -24.76 -31.72 -27.18 -25.65 -9.39 -4.70
62
Plate 1. Land preparation

63
Plate 2. Photo showing the experimental area during weeding at 44 days after planting
Plate 3. Photo showing the experimental area at 28 days after planting

64
Plate 5. Photo showing the researcher applying seaweed extract

65
Plate 7. Photo showing the experimental area after cultivation

66
Plate 8. Photo showing the experimental area after irrigation

67
Plate 9. Weighing the 1000 seed weight from the different treatments
68
Plate 10. The advisory committee during the field visitation

69
Plate 11. The grain yield per sampling area of upland rice
70
CURRICULUM VITAE
HELEN GRACE GUILLERMO SEBASTIAN

Purok 6, Diarao, Jones, Isabela
Mobile no: 09979639515
PERSONAL INFORMATION
o Home Address : Purok 6, Diarao, Jones, Isabela

o Date of Birth : February 06, 1991
o Place of Birth : Jones, Isabela
o Age : 28
o Sex : Female
o Height : 1.53 m
o Weight : 51 kgs.
o Civil Status : Married
o Citizenship : Filipino
o Language : English, Tagalog, Ilocano
o Religion : Iglesia Filipina Independiente
o Husband’s Name : Jayson Colobong Sebastian
o Occupation : Instructor I
o Father’s Name : Larry Agustin Guillermo
o Occupation : Farming
o Mother’s Name : Lilybeth Legaspi Guillermo
o Occupation : Housewife/Farming
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Graduate Level : Isabela State University

: Echague, Isabela
 Degree : Master of Science in Agricultural Sciences

Major : Crop Science
: S.Y. 2011 - 2019
 Tertiary Level : Isabela State University

: Jones, Isabela
Course : Continuing Professional Education

Units Earned : 21 Education Units
S.Y. 2015 (1st Semester)
71
Degree : Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

Major : Crop Science
S.Y. 2007 - 2011
 Secondary Level : Jones Rural School

Jones, Isabela
S.Y. 2003– 2007
 Elementary Level : Jones West Central School Campus-I

Jones, Isabela (S.Y. 1997-2003)
ELEGIBILITIES
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS

Place of Examination : Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
General Average : 82.00%
Date of Examination : March 20, 2016
License No. : 1452614
R.A. 1080 (LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR AGRICULTURISTS)

Place of Examination : Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
General Average : 76.33%
Date of Examination : July 19-21, 2011
License No. : 0013276
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Computer Literate: MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Word

 Crop Management and Operation (Horticulture)
WORKING EXPERIENCE
Agency : Isabela State University

Address : Jones, Isabela
Position : Instructor I
Duration : August 8, 2016 – Present
Agency : Department of Agriculture - Quirino Experiment Station

Address : Dungo, Aglipay, Quirino
Position : Research Assistant I
Duration : March 05, 2012- December 31, 2013
72
TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED
 2nd PAEPI International Conference and 6th Biennial Convention and General
Assembly Meeting (November 14-16, 2018)
 1st International Conference on Governance and Partnership, and Technology

Exhibition on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction
Management in Local Governance (October 22-26, 2018)
 1st Regional Agricultural Extension Worker's Summit (May 31, 2018)
 Seminar-Workshop on Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) Teaching and Learning

Framework (January 15-16, 2018)
 Seminar Workshop on R & D Packaging Proposal for DOST's Science for Change
Program (August 25, 2017)
 English Proficiency for Customer Service Workers (August 13-September 24,

2016)
 Bread Making (May 30-June 10, 2016)
 Season Long Specialist Training on IPM Vegetable Production cum Good

Agricultural Practices.(September 23, 2013–December 20, 2013)
 Training Course on Coffee Production, Processing, and Marketing for Agricultural

Extension Workers and Farmer Leaders in Quirino (July 16-18, 2013)
 Provincial Training of Trainers on Organic Agriculture (February 18-22, 2013)
 On the Job Training on the Mass Production of Bio Control Agents in support to
community Based Biological Control centers (August 28-31,2012)
 1st Cacao Multi-Stakeholder Forum and Workshop (May 09, 2011)
 Banana Production and Entrepreneurship Training (October 07-08, 2009)

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1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Agriculture in the Philippines is rapidly changing as new farming techniques and

challenge in refocusing strategies in ensuring food security and availability.

feed the increasing population of our country.

Upland rice farming is considered as an important initiative in attaining the goal of

erosion and water unavailability. However, upland rice environment provides an

production technologies and the socio-economic factors. Thus, the continuous

implementation of research, development and extension development coupled with

food security and affordability to farm family are timely needed.

for the increasing country’s population.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, farmers use different technology to increase their production. The

Therefore, this study is a solution to answer the following problems:

growth and yield of upland rice varieties?

Objectives of the Study

extract on upland rice production.

Specifically, it aimed to:

growth and yield of Pinilisa and Palawan rice varieties; and

Significance of the Study

soil amendments (Jayaraj et al., 2008).

The beneficial effect of seaweed extract application is as a result of many

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

and Factor B (Fertilizers) - B1 - Farmer’s Practice, B2 - RR (Inorganic Fertilizer), B3 - 50%

RR (Inorganic Fertilizer); B4 - RR + 3L/ha. Carrageenan, B5 - 50% RR + 3L/ha.

Time and Place of the Study

For better understanding, some terms are operationally defined as follows:

Application. It refers to the act of spraying of carrageenan to the rice plant.

Basal Application. It refers to the placement of small quantity of nutrients in the

Carrageenan. It is an indigestible carbohydrate (polysaccharide) extracted from

edible seaweeds and an effective growth promoter/enhancer.

include rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation.

essential for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.

Factorial. It refers to an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors,

possible combinations of these levels across all such factors.

applied to the rice plant.

Furrow. It refers to the narrow line on the soil formed by plowing.

sorghum, barley and oat.

to cause an increase in size, height and weight of the rice plant.

Inflorescence. The arrangement and mode of development of the flowers on a floral

Panicle. It refers to a type of inflorescence comprising vertical main stalk with

divided branches or recemes its stalk learning spikelet.

Physiological maturity. It is the stage or cycle of a plant when it is in a state of full

or complete development or ripeness.

Spikelet. It refers to a unit of the inflorescence in the flower composed of an anther

Treatment. It refers to the experimental variable whose effect is to be measured and

compared with other treatments.

farm land, pasture land, recreational land and residential land.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

appreciate more the research work.

Upland Rice Cultivation

have 3.08 t/ha.

Potential Use of Carrageenan as Plant Growth Enhancer

Irradiated carrageenan, a “bio-fertilizer” is a product of Research and Development

of the Department of Science and Technology- Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

(DOST-PNRI). Carrageenan as a growth enhancer offers an array of benefits that result in

promotes sustainable agriculture since it is environment-friendly and enhances the

efficient absorption of plant nutrients that enables improved crop growth.

where a considerable portion of which is used as bio fertilizers in agriculture and

documented. These products improve seeds germination, seedlings development, increase

different kinds of organisms, particularly on the growth of seedlings of agricultural plants.

and production of various species of agricultural crops.

Benefits of Seaweed Extract Plant Supplement