TEKLABLAB 
PHILO SOCRATIC METHOD
 Discussion of big question (small precise questions,
practical question) that do not have obvious or
tangible questions.
 Science from the Latin verb scire meaning to know
 Is the study of knowledge, or “thinking about
thinking”,
 Derived from two Greek words “philia” (LOVE) and
“Sophia” (WISDOM)
FIVE MAIN BRANCHES OF PHILO
 Metaphysics – Is the branch of philosophy
responsible of study of reality
 Epistemology – Is the study of our method acquiring
knowledge.
 Ethics - It deals with what is the proper behavior for
man.
 Politics – Is ethics applied to a group of people in
society.
 Aesthetic – Is the study of art
GOALS
1. It discovers the origin of Human Problem (True and
Fact Solutions and Remedies)
2. It searches for the meaning of Life (do not forget to
include that the bible is the key of true life)
3. It explain why and how those things happen
4. It gives us an idea, inquiry, information about what
we need; experiences and concepts
NECESSSITY OF STUDYING PHILO
 It opens us to world of possibilities for
understanding the world and our place it in..
 Exercising our mind in the disciplines of critical and
logical thought, we gain our ability to imagine,
 Debate, clarify the nature good and bad of life.
 But the bible is the primary resource of LIFE
 Partial Perspective – Is based on one of the component
parts of a whole (naka focus lang isang perspective)
 Holistic Perspective – It examine each component part
and how it is connected with other to make it whole
 (naka focus sa ibat ibang katangian para Makita ang
kabuan)
It is a series of questions intended to question ideas,
topics, views, or assumptions.
It is a way to seek truth guided by your own light.
The goal of this method is to gain deeper understanding
of the topic
Note: Socratic method art of questioning is in high
critical thinking skills meaning that person should
understand and let them think.
CRITICAL THINKING
-It is a disciplined, systematic investigation of a verbal or
written discourse to make ideas clear, precise, and
reasonable
6 ACQUIRING SKILLS
 Interpretation – means to comprehend and
express the meaning or significance of a variety of
experience, situations, data, etc..,
 Analysis – It to identify the intended and actual
inferential or supposed relationship among
statements, questions, concepts, descriptions,
etc..,
 Evaluation – is to defined “to assess the credibility
of the statements or other representations”
 Inference – means “to identify and secure
elements needed to draw reasonable conclusions.
 Explanation – denotes being able to present the
results of one’s reasoning in a convincing and clear
way.
Self – Regulation – is about “self-consciously
monitoring one’s cognitive activities
-Behavior/Cognition/Motivation (Short term desire)
Guiding One’s own thoughts
A RIGHTEOUS PERSONS HATES DECIET, BUT THE
WICKEED PERSON IS SHAMEFUL AND DISGRACEFUL.”
PROVERBS 13:5
Distinction between “opinion and truth”
• TRUTH is an accepted statement.
• It agrees with facts and reality
• Truth needs to be supported by factual evidences
• Truth comes from the heart
• Truth requires courage
• Truth is always real
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• Elenchus is a Greek term Elengkhos which means
Truth – is a statement that is true and can be verified “argument of refutation”
objectively, or proven. In other words, a fact is true and • Socratic method of questioning someone test of
correct no matter what. cogency, consistency, and credibility of what he or
REMINDER: Truth in metaphysics and the philosophy she has said.
of language, the property of sentences, assertions, • The aim of the elenchus is to wake men out to their
beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in dogmatic slumbers into genuine intellectual
ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state curiosity.
what is the case.
Opinion – is a statement that is true and can be verified Refutation – an act or an argument or theory is
objectively, or proven. It tells how someone feels. An something that proves it is wrong ( a misleading theory)
opinion is not always true and cannot be proven. Cogent – an argument that is clear , logical and
REMINDER: Opinion is a judgment viewpoint or convincing
statement that is considered to be subjective. It is also Dogmatic – opinionated, hardheaded, dictatorial
formed based on the person’s understanding beyond
this matter. The Methodic Doubt (Cartesian Philosophy)
EVELUATE OPINION  A way of searching for certainly by systematically
• Source - What is the source of information? though tentatively doubting everything.
• Reliability – How reliable is the person giving the  Rene Descartes believed in the epistemological
opinion? theory of rational foundationalism.
• Purpose – Why was the information given?  Metaphysical foundation based all scientific
• Bias – Is the person giving a viewpoint biased knowledge.
towards or against the topic?  Epistemological – the study of theory of the nature
• Assumption – What are the assumptions and grounds of knowledge especially with reference
presented? to its limits and validity
• Note: an opinion, in itself is not totally bad. The
danger is actually in the act of accepting an opinion The Lived Experience (Phenomenological Inquiry)
without analyzing it. • It is the philosophical study of experience and
• This is the reason why critical thinking is important consciousness, performed by philosopher Sartre
– it helps the person get to the real truth. and Heidegger to contemporary analytic
SUBJECTIVE philosopher of mind.
• Consciousness Experience • It provides an understanding of an experience from
• Perspectives those who lived it.
• Feelings • “Learning by doing” We learned from our
• Beliefs experiences.
• Desires SOCRATES
OBJECTIVE • A Greek philosopher who sought to get the
• Reality foundation of his students by asking continual
• Truth questions.
• Reliability • Socrates is famous for his method called Elenchus
• Numerical ARISTOTLE
• Statistical Base • For Aristotle knowing something without
qualification (epistasthai) entails knowing.
THE ELANCUSH (Socratic Method • “The cause by which the thing is, that it is the
cause of the thing, and that this cannot be other
wise.”
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• Aristotle – Epistemology (“Know how to do,
Understand.”)
Rene Descartes
• His answer is to doubt everything. For only after
doubting can one find certainly.
• Doubt everything until what is left is already beyond
doubt.
• Hence, the famous “Cogito Ergo Sum” ( I think
therefore I am)
Immanuel Kant
• Kant believed that reason is the source of morality,
and that aesthetics arise from a faculty
disinterested judgment.
• Kant’s view major influence on contemporary
philosophy, especially the fields of epistemology,
ethics, political theory, and post-modern aesthetic
Edmund Husserl
• A German philosopher, the founder of
Phenomenology, a method of for the description
and analysis of consciousness through which
philosophy
The Steps in Doing Philosophy
• Know the Issue or Problem – It is was their wonder,
astonishment that first led men to philosophize and
still leads them.
• Arranging and Assessing the Data – Decides not to
be quick in formulating questions; they gather more
information or data to solve the problem.
• Suggesting the Hypothesis - It is a guess statement
as a basis for reasoning and as a starting point or for
further investigation of the problem
• Testing the Hypothesis – It is a way of knowing the
truth or falsity of an argument as articulated in the
problem.
• Finding Out the Truths (Conclusion) – An argument
is a set of statements, one which (the conclusion;
the one that claims the truth of the premises,)
follows from the others (the premises; the evidences
to be claimed)
• Philosophical Criticism and Reflection –
Philosophical criticism and reflection. This can be
form in the form of “dialect”
• Note: Dialect is the process of discussing the truth
of opinions presented.
THE HUMAN PERSON AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Anthropocentricism
• Philosophical viewpoint arguing that human beings
are the central or most significant entities in the
world.
• It refers to human-centered, or “anthropocentric,”
point of view.
• Note: Human are the most dominant species in the
world.
The baseless optimism
• The disappearance of the last vestiges of a
foundation on which is base moral treatment like.
• If there was no God, there was no way to judge
one’s action to be right or good and another bad.
Note: The future of human person was in his own
hands, and he or she had the power to make the
environment what he or she would.
Ways to show your care for the environment
1. Use Reusable Bags
2. Print as little necessary
3. Recycle
4. Use a reusable beverage containers
5. Don’t throw your notes
6. Save Electricity
7. Save Water
Developing environmental virtue ethics
• THE VIRTURE OF JUSTICE – it requires a response
from us, requires us to act justly, to take action to
foster relationship between people and the earth
• According to Saint Thomas Aquinas justice means
giving to each person and each its creature its due,
in other words, what it needs to life a full life.
• THE VIRTURE OF PRUDENCE– it is an intellectual
habit that wisely assesses the means necessary to
accomplish the end at which you are aiming
• The virtue of prudence is a paramount in addressing
climate change
• THE VIRTURE OF FORTITUDE OR BRAVERY– it
challenge us to move beyond our negative feelings
and focused n what kind of person we want to be,
what kind of character will help us live our
commitments
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• NOTE: COURAGE CAN GIVE US THE PERSEVERANCE
TO STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE IN THE FACE OF
DISCOURAGEMENT.
TEMPERANCE OR FRUGALITY
• Can be understood as restraint or self-control in the
use of resources
• As old fashioned as “temperance” sounds, this
virtue is a highly relevant ethics that can be used to
moderate consumption.
• “Temperance is an antidote to greed and Voluntary
simplicity is an expression of the virtue of
temperance”
THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT
HUMAN PERSON’S LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITES
■ Human persons must find his/her existence
■ Human persons must find his/her sense, purpose,
and direction in his existence
■ According to Heidegger and Kierkegaard that
human person must not only live but also to exist.
■ Note: All of us has a limitation, capabilities, and
possibilities.
Embodied Spirit
■ Is the living animating core within each of use, the
force behind all that we think, say, and do.
■ Sometimes feelings, insight, and fancies /
incommunicable / affective / cognitive.
Human Being
■ A culture-bearing primate classified in the genus
homo sapiens. They are more highly developed
brain and a resultant capacity for articulate speech
and abstract reasoning.
■ Human beings are the international creation of a
personal God.
Human Person
■ A human person is a personal being, possessing its
intellectual nature as joined in a natural unity with a
material body.
■ A human person is a living being that contains a real
and existing power to direct its own development
toward fulfilment through perfect, unconditional,
and infinite Truth, Love, Goodness, Beauty, and
Unity, and will do so if all the proper conditions are
met.
The Soul is the real person inside us, it is our life force,
and it gives life to the body.
NOTE: Soul has no feelings and it cannot think.
The spirit consist of out mind, will and emotions. It is
our personality, thoughts ,attitudes and what makes us
unique. It is immaterial part of human being regarded
as immortal
BY BIBLE:
■ “And do not fear those who kill the body, but cannot
kill the soul. Rather fear him who can destroy both
soul and body in hell.” – Matthew 10:28
■ “And the dust return to the earth as it was, and the
spirit returns to God who gave it.” – Ecclesiastes
12:7
■ “Now may the God of peace himself sanctify you
completely, and may your whole spirit and soul and
body be kept blameless coming of our Lord Jesus
Christ.” – 1 Thessalonians 5:23
DISTINGUISHING THE LIMITATIONS OF THE HUMAN
PERSON AND THE POSSIBILITIES FOR TRANCEDENCE
PHYSICAL REALITY
 Compound substance
 Always changing
 Mortal
IMMATERIAL REALITY
■ Universal
■ Pure
■ Single-substance
■ Unchanging
■ Immortal
TRANSCENDENCE
■ Transcendence/Immanence, is used primarily with
reference to God’s relation to the world.
■ Transcendent means that God is completely
outsides of and beyond the world, as contrasted
with the notion that God is manifested in the world.
■ Transcend means “To exist above and independent
from; to rise above, surpass, succeed.” God is the
only truly transcendent being.
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8 CONCEPT ON HOW THE HUMAN PERSON BODY
IMPOSES LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR
TRANSCENDENCE
■ THE CONCEPT OF DREAD
It means that man is simply thrown into the world and
is left alone to face what he can do because he did not
will for it.
Note: He must therefore starts from in order to achieve
something.
■ THE CONCEPT OF BEINGS-OTHERS-RELATED
His existence as a “Dasein” (man) is not an “alone-
existence forever”. YOU MUST ESTABLISH
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHERS.
Note: It does not mean that he has to depend from
others to realize his existence.
■ THE CONCEPT OF CONCERN
Human person’s relatedness to entities is basically
things which he encounters in the world. He never
reveals himself in isolation.
Note: Everything in this world has a meaning to him, as
a person he always exist with the entities that are in the
world.
■ THE CONCEPT OF GUILT-FEELING
We are a guilty creature according to Heidegger. “He
has no will, his will is missing and this prevent to decide
for things. This makes the human person guilty of his
existence.”
■ THE CONCEPT OF CONSCIENCE
Conscience plays a primary role in recovering from
being “lost or fallen” in the world. It enables man to find
himself again, because it is a voice.
Note: Human person through his conscience has to rise
up again from his guilt-feelings
■ THE CONCEPT OF Resoluteness
Resoluteness is man’s readiness to be called by
conscience.
Note: It is resoluteness that the human person resolved
to accept himself and make up his mind to exist in the
way he can call his own and understand himself.
■ THE CONCEPT OF TEMPORALITY
Temporality imposes limits one’s human body. The
reason is that all human activities always happen in
time and through-time
Note: It talks about the past, present, and future. He is
not in time but he is time and this “time” is an event or
happening that is extended right at birth to death.
■ THE CONCEPT OF DEATH
It is a final destination of man’s existence. Death is
inevitable, Death is a present in all human beings.
Note: Death it does come only in old age, but
intrinsically present in everyone.
Limitations and Possibilities of Human Person
according to Philosopher
■ Jean-Paul Sartre
■ An atheist who believed that God’s existence or
non-existence cannot affect man’s freedom.
■ He emphasized that man is intrinsically free and
therefore responsible for himself.
■ “Man is condemned to be free; because once
thrown into the world, he is responsible for
everything he does.”
■ Soren Kierkegaard
■ He is the father of existentialism. There are no
real human being in this present age because
the individual “man” has taken refuge in a
bigger collective group or masses.
■ Man is a rational being but because he has
placed himself in the crowd, he lost his personal
life and has forgotten to exist.
“The enjoyment itself is not in the thing we enjoy, but
the idea of it”
■ Victor Frankel
■ He is known for his Logo Therapy, meaning human
person is searching for the meaning of his existence.
■ He shown is that the human person can develop an
ability or skill to handle whatever limitations,
shortcomings, hardships, sufferings and frustrations
which the person encounters in his daily life.
■ “When we are no longer able to change a situation,
we are challenged to change ourselves.”
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