Modified Report

Chapter-1 TELECOM SITES
Telecom Sites:
Any location where we install the telecom equipment is called telecom site.
POI MSC
MSC
BSC
MSC BSC
MSC
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS
Fig. 1.1 Representation Of Telecom Sites
Telecom Sites
1. MSC Site
2. BSC Site
3. Transcoder (XCDR)
4. BTS Site
5. Transmission Link
6. Repeater Site
7. Point of Interface (POI) Site
1
# MSC Site
MSC Performs:
i) Call Routing & Management (Voice & video)

ii) SMS Routing & Management (MMS, SMS)
(HLR Stores User’s data)
iii) Data Routing & Management.
iv) VAS Management.
v) Billing Management
vi) User Registry
vii) Authentication
viii) Protocol Implementation & Management.
ix) Interface with the other Networks.
x) Network management & controlling
xi) Alarm monitoring & management.
We consider VLR as RAM HLR as ROM
Protocol Engineer (PE) works on implementation of protocol implementation.
Training Institutes of this protocol Engineer is in Bangalore, an American based

institute called SASCAN and other called Qualcomm.
Protocol Implementation & Management which are used for routing calls basically.
(One Circle = One Network)
In Indian Scenario networks are divided into 23 Circles.
2
Alarm monitoring and management which are used for example, if the BTS is
hanged then alarm signal will send to OMC to reset the BTS.
How many MSC’s are required in one Network?
Basically, for a network requires only one MSC.

But another single MSC is used as standby for un-interruption in providing network
in times of natural calamities or disaster.
In the last 4,5 years, there was a set up of a hub for MSCs called MSC hub (GEO
MSC) which contains all MSCs Data.
Now
[No. of circle (Network)] [1 Active MSC + 1 Back up (Stand by)] [MSC HUB]
MSC = 23 x 2 + 1 = 47 MSC for 23

circles.
MSC Hub Location:
Vodafone - Ahmedabad
Airtel - Gurgaon
Reliance - Navi Mumbai
Idea - Noida
Tata Indicom - Chennai
3
BTS = RBS
BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is called by some companies. RBS (Radio Base
Station) is called by some companies).But both are same.
[GEO MSC fom African countries is located in Noida, India.]
Equipments on MSC
Switch Equipment (most important)

Who can work on MSC?
Switch Engineer
BSC (Base Station Controller) in 2G

RNC (Radio Network Controller) in 3G
# BSC SITE
It controls the BTS, BTS work and the instructions of BSC.
How many BSC’s are required in one network? What it depends one?
There should be at least one BSC (minimum). Unlimited no. of BSCs can be used but
it depends on no. of users. That means no. of BSC depends on no. of users).
In GSM,1TDMA = 8 Slots
At one frequency = 8 users
1TRX = 8 Calls
1TRX can handle 8 calls in FDMA channel.
1 TRX = 8 Calls
4
1 FDMA Channel
6 TRX = 1 BTS
(i.e. 6 x 8 calls = 48 calls)
1 BSC = 1200 TRX

But in 1 BTS may be 36 TRX
(BSC depends on user and GEO location)
Equipment of BSC
i) BSC equipment
ii) Transmission Equipment
iii) Power Backup System
iv) Cooling System
v) Earthling System
vi) Transponder (optional)
vii) BTS (Optional)
Who can work on BSC Site?
BSC Engineer, BSC Engineer, Site Creation Engineer.
The site of BSC which contain BTS in called co-located BTS site.
# Transcoder Site (X-CDR Site)

Transcoder MSC
BSC BSC
BTS BTS
BTS
Fig 1.2 Transcoder Site

Voice Call Rate - 16 kbps (GSM)
5
Mobile BTS BSC MSC
16 kbps 16 kbps 16 kbps 64 kbps
MSC 64 kbps BSC

Transcoder
Fig 1.3 Trancoder Site as a Data rate Converter
Transcoder is a data converter which converts 1 kbps to 64 kbps and vice versa.
Total No. of Trans coder depends on total no. of BSC.

Where to install transcoder?
BSC site on MSC site (according to location)

Either the X-CDR is installed at the BSC site or on MSC site but MSC and X-CDR
are seperately installed,considering only for the site sharing.
BTS Site
Node B refers to 3G site

E-Node B refers to 4G site (No BSC and RNC)
Each Node in directly connected to MSC in 4G
MSC
for 3 G
RNC MSC for 4 G
Node B E-Node B
Fig 1.4 BTS site

What is the work of BTS?
BTS is used only to provide the coverage.
6
No. of BTS Site used: Atleast 1 BTS
(Depends on mobile users and GEO location)
What are the equipments installed in BTS site?
1. BTS (or Node-B, e-Node-B)

2. Transmission Equipment
3. Cooling System
4. Power Backup Systems
5. Earthing System.
Who can work on BTS Site?
Implementation Engineer:
In implementation works includes:
 Installation work (means assembling)
 Commissioning work (Addition application, software, setting as per
requirement)
 Integration work (Network connectivity to use network, setting)
 Testing work (calls, SMS, Data)
# Transmission Link
It is connectivity media through which two components can communicate with one
another (i.e. point to point).
7
What kind of connectivity is used in transmission Link?
 Electrical Transmission Link
Wireless Transmission Line
Fiber Optic Transmission Line
BSC Site BTS Site
BTS BTS
BSC
Microwave Link
Fig 1.5: Linking of BSC site and BTS Site
If more data is used then we used fiber optics in place of microwave.
There will be two sites in a link
Transmission Link Equipment:
1. Microwave
2. Fiber Optic Equipment (SDH/SONET/DWDM)
3. DDF (Digital Distribution Frame)
Who can work on Transmission Link?
8
 Transmission Engineer
How many links are required?

 Depends on BTS [ = BTS link is same as Transmission Link]
# Repeater Site
MSC
BSC
REPEATER
BTS
Fig 1.6 Repeater Site

Repeater: In data transmission, repeater, we mean the reproduction of signal or
generally signal handover.
Repeater: Receives the signal, the received signal is then handover to the other site.
9
BSC Site BTS Site
BTS BSC BTS BTS
(This site acts as a Repeater)

Fig 1.7 Repeater Site With BTS and BSC
[Size of the antenna (not the height of the antenna) changes according to the
frequency.]
[That means size of the antenna is inversely proportional to frequency.]
10
Chapter-2 Working of PIU in Details
ACDB
ALARM PANEL
MB
AMF PANEL
DG
STABILIZER
Fig 2.1 PIU (Design)
PIU (Power Interface Unit) has all the electrical equipments inbuilt inside the PIU.
PIU Consist of
1. ACDB
ACDB – AC Distribution Box which is used for distributing supply to all the
equipments in the site. It consists of 5 DP 32A MCB’s 8 SP 6A MCD’s used
for providing supply to different equipment. The ACDB supply comes from
AMF panel through a 32A. MCB.
2. Stabilizer
11
Stabilizer is used for removing the fluctuating voltage and to keep the voltage
stable. It is used in place where there is more fluctuation in voltage. The
stabilizer we used in telecom is a heavy duty stabilizer. In this stabilizer it has
an auto-transformer. And this stabilizer is called “servo stabilizer”.
3. Alarm Panel
It is used to interface with the alarms from the AMF panel and door shelter
and fire/smoke sensor to the DDF and the DG.
4. Auto Mains Failure Panel:
Fig 2.2 AMF panel

A=B =C = .> for 1 Ф 63A DP
120 A
_______________________
for 3 Ф 63 A TPN
120 A
12
D=E => for 1 Ф 2 ½ C 16 sq.mm.
25 sq.mm.
________________________
for 3 Ф 3 ½ C 16 sq.mm.
25 sq.mm.
Al Armed Cable
Al Armed Cable
F = Same as D but without armed.

G = Multi - stand control cable (armed)
2 1 C = 1 + 1 + 1 (Size)
2 P N 2 Earthing
3 ½C= 1 + 1 + 1 + ½
P P N Earthing
P - phase, N - Neutral , C – core
13
Working Of AMF Panel
Condition
1. When mains available: On this condition that is mains is available, there is

an input (from the meter box through an MCB) at X and then all the
equipments are connected with this input at X through a connector which
connects at Z. Thus, the connected equipments are worked through an AC
mains.
External Alarm Status:
There is no active “External Alarm” from AMF panel.
Condition:
2. When mains fail: The condition when mains fail, there is no is no input at X,
then the microcontroller send an instruction to generate an alarm “MAINS
FAIL” After this alarm had been sent, it will wait for 3 minutes to start the
DG. After waiting 3 minutes then a control pulse will be sent to the self of
D.G. through G. The duration fo this pulse is maximum 30 seconds.
a) DG Not Start.
After 30 seconds, when there, is no input received at Y. Then if will wait for
another 3 minutes and will send second control pulse to the self for 30
seconds. At this condition also DG doesn’t start, as a result of it, there is no
input at Y.
14
Then after waiting for 3 minute, a control pulse is send to the self for third
time for a duration of 30 second to the DG. After this third attempt if there is
no input at Y. Then it will generate an external alarm called “D.G. FAILS TO
START”
Alarm Status:
(1) Mains fail (Active)

(2) DG Fails to Start (Active)
(b) The D.G. will shift from X to Y
Now all equipments will work on site with DG. The controller will generate
on external alarm (SITE ON DG)
Alarms Status:
Mains Fail (Active)

Site on DG (Active)
3. Condition: Mains get Back:
At this condition, as, the mains get back, now there is an input at X. Then the
controller will then shift to X from Y. The n controller cleans the alarm
“MAINS FAIL”
Alarm status = 1. MAINS FAIL (Clear)

2. SITE ON DG (Active)
15
It will wait for 3 minute and it will load from Y To X. It clears the alarm
“SITE ON DG”. And then it will generate an external alarm “DG ON NO
LOAD” as the DG is running without load.
Alarm Status:
Mains Fail (Clear).

Site on DG (Clear)
DG ON NO LOAD (Active)
Now controller send control pulse to solenoid of the DG. The duration of that
pulse will be 30 seconds.
4. Condition: DG NOT STOP
At this condition, if the DG does not stop, then it will wait for 3 minutes to
send the pulse. If the DG does not stop then it repeats to asend pulse. The
minimum attempt is only 3 times. After the third attempt is also fails and then
an external alarm “DG FAILS TO STOP” will generate.
Alarm Status:
DG ON NO LOAD (Active)
DG FAILS TO STOP (Active)
16
5. Condition: DG Stop:
At this condition, if there is an input at Y. Then, this alarm will be cleared.

Alarm Status:
DG ON NO LOAD (Clear)
Now there is no active alarm from AMF Panel.
17
Chapter-3
The External Alarms and Its Explanation
1. HIGH ROOM TEMPERATURE

2. AC – 1 FAIL
3. AC – 2 FAIL
4. AC FAIL
5. LOW FUEL LEVEL
6. LLOP
7. MAINS FAIL
8. SITE ON DG
9. DG ON NO LOAD
10. DG FAILS TO START
11. DG FAILS TO STOP
12. SITE ON BATTERY
13. PSU FAIL
14. LOW BATTERY VOLTAGE
15. FIRE AND SMOKE ALARM
16. DOOR OPEN ALARM
ALARM NAME : “HIGH ROOM TEMPERATURE”

Source : Micro Controller of AC
Path : Microcontroller - DDF – BTS - BSC - OMC
Causes : 1. Low Cooling efficiency of AC
2. Mains and DG Fails
3. AC Fail (both)
4. MCB of AC is OFF
5. Thermistor fault.
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Definition : All the transmitting equipments inside the shelter
dissipate heat which cause the temperature to
increase inside the shelter.
Generation of Alarm: Current Alarm Status = No active Alarm
Step 1:
Activity for alarm generation MCB of AC (both) is tripped and the supply to the AC
will stop and this tripping of MCB. AC will stop working and then the BTS and other
transmission equipment will dissipating the heat inside the shelter and the
temperature inside the shelter and when the temperature just reaches 350C then alarm
is generated.
Alarm Status:
“High Room Temperature” = Active
“AC Fails” = Active
Step 2:
Activity for clearing the alarm switches of the MCB is pushing back to the ON
Position. Then there will be supply to both the AC and both the AC will work till the
shelter room temperature reaches upto 270C after this particular temperature the
active alarm will be cleared.
Alarm Status = No active alarm
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2. “AC – 1 FAILS”
Name : “AC -1 FAIL”

Source : Microcontroller of AC
Path : Microcontroller - DDF - BTS - BSC - OMC
Root Cause : AC fails to work due to some issue on power off.
Causes : When
i) MCB of AC-1 is tripped
ii) Mains Supply and DG AC-1
iii) Wire fault.
iv) Supply from PIU fails
Definition : when AC-1 fails to work due to some issue on power

off.
Activity for Generating Alarm
Current Alarm Status = No active alarm
Step-1: Activity for Generating Alarm:
By tripping the MCB of AC-1 to the off position. The power supply to the AC-1 will
cut off and AC-1 will stop working. And this alarm will generate.
Alarm Status: AC-1 FAIL = Active
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Step 2: Activity for Cleaning the Alarm:
The MCB Switch is push-up to the ON position and the power supply to the AC-I
will be available and it will start working. The alarm which was active will be
cleared off.
3. “AC-2 FAILS”
Name : “AC-2 FAIL”

Source : Microcontroller of AC
Path : Microcontroller - DDF - BTS - BSC - OMC
Root Cause : AC-2 Fails to work on power is off.
Causes : 1) MCB of AC-2 is Off or tripped
2) Supply from PIU fails
3) DDF Panel Fails
4) Wire faulty
Definition : When the AC-2 fails to work due to some issue
and AC-2 power goes off.
Alarm Generation
Current Alarm Status = No Active Alarm
Step-1:
Activity for Generating alarm. Tripping the AC-2 MCB at off position. The supply to
the AC-2 through this MCB will cut off and therefore the AC-2 will stop working.
Thus the alarm “AC-2 FAILS” will be generated.
21
Current Alarm Status: AC -2 FAILS = Active
“HIGH ROOM TEMPERATURE”
Alarm may be active if AC-2 facts on off for a long
time.
Step 2:
Activity for cleaning the alarm. By pushing the MCB switch to the on position of the
AC-2, the AC-2 will get supply and then it will short working. Thus the alarm “AC-2
FAILS” will be cleared off.
4. “AC FAILS”
Name : AC FAIL
Source : Microcontroller
Path : Microcontroller to - DDF - BTS - - BSC - OMC
Root Cause : When both the AC-1 and AC-2 fails to work due to some
issues or power off.
Causes : When
i) Both the MCBs are tripped down
ii) Supply from the PIU fails
iii) Mains supply and DG supply to both the AC fails
iv) DDF Panel Fault
v) Wire fault
22
Definition : When both the MCBs of both AC-1 and AC-2are tipped
down due to some issues or mains failure then this alarm
generates.
Generation of Alarm:
Step1: Activity for Generating Alarm:
By tripping the MCBs of both AC-2 and AC-2 to the down position i.e. at the OFF
position, the power supply to both the AC through these MCBs will cut off. Thus the
both the AC will stop working and then alarm will be generated.
Current Alarm Status = “AC FAILS”

“HIGH ROOM TEMPERATURE”
(If AC fails for a long duration of time).
Step: 2 Activity for cleaning this alarm. By pushing up the switches of both the
MCBs of both the AC to the ON position, then both the AC will get supply and it
will start working. Therefore the generated alarm will get cleared.
Current alarm Status : No active alarm
5. “LOW FUEL LEVEL”
Name : “LOW FUEL LEVEL”

Source : Fuel Level Sensor of DG’s fuel tank.
Path : Fuel tank (Floating Cap Sensor - DDF - BTS - BSC -OMC)
23
Root Cause : Fuel level is less than 40% of the fuel tank capacity
of DG.
Causes : 1. Floating Cap Sensor fault
2. Fuel leakage
3. Wire from the sensor is shorted
Definitions : When the floating cap sensor inside the fuel tank is below
the 40% of the fuel tank capacity, alarm Generation of
alarm.
Current Alarm Status: No active alarm.
Step 1:
Activity for generating the alarm. By shorting the wire coming one from the fuel
tank, warm will generate.
Current Alarm Status:
“LOW FUEL LEVEL” = Active
Step 2:
Activity for clearing the shorted wire that is coming out from the fuel tank is opened,
then the alarm will be cleared.
24
6. “LLOP”
Name : LLOP (Low Lubrication Oil Pressure)

Source : Lubrication Tank (Lubrication Oil Sensor)
Path : AMF panel - DDF - BTS - BSC - OMC
Root Cause : When the oil pressure in the lubrication tank becomes
low.
Causes : i) Leakage in oil tank
ii) Wire fault
iii) LLOP Sensor Fault
Definitions : When the lubricating oil pressure inside the lubrication oil
tank gets low alarm is generated.
Current alarm status = No Active Alarm
Step 1:
Activity for generating the alarm. By shorting the wire coming out from the
lubricating oil tank of DG, then alarm will generate.
Current alarm status: LLOP = Active
Step 2:
Activity for clearing the alarm. By opening the shorted wire coming out from the
lubricating oil tank of DG then the alarm will get cleared.
25
7. “MAINS FAIL”
Name : “MAINS FAIL”

Source : AMF Panel
Path : AMF Panel - DDF - BTS - BSC - OMC
Root Cause : When power supply from main fails.
Causes : i) Mains MCB is OFF
ii) Fault in Wire
Generation of Alarm
Current alarm status = No active alarm
Step 1:
Activity for generating the alarm. By tripping down the MCB of the mains supply
then the power supply will get cut off. Then the alarm will generate.
Current Alarm Status: MAINS FAIL = Active
Step 2:
Activity for clearing the alarm. By pashing-up the MCB of the mains supply then the
power supply will come back. Then the alarm will get cleared.
Current alarm status = No active alarm.
8. “SITE ON DG”
Name : “SITE ON DG”

Source : AMF Panel
26
Root Cause : i) Mains MCB is OFF
ii) DG is ON
Generation of Alarm
Current alarm status = No active alarm
Step 1:
Activity for generating the alarm. By switching OFF the mains MCB and the DG is
ON then this alarm will be generated.
Current Alarm Status: “SITE ON DG” = Active

“MAINS FAIL” = Active
Step 2:
Activity for clearing the alarm. By switching on the mains MCB and the DG is
switched Off then this alarm will be cleared.
Current Alarm Status = No Active Alarm.
9. “DG ON NO LOAD”
Name : “DG ON NO LOAD”

Source : AMF Panel
Path : AMF Panel - DDF - BTS - BSC
Root Cause : When main comes back and DG is ON and running at no
load.
27
Causes : i) Main MCB is OFF
ii) DG MCB is ON
Generation of Alarm
Step 1:
Activity for generating the alarm.

When the Mains MCB is OFF positive and the DG is on. That is on the running (DG)
then the alarm will be generated.
Current Alarm Status: “DG ON” = Active

No LOAD = Active
Step 2:
Activity for clearing the alarm.

By switching on the MCB of mains supply and the DG MCB is on Off then alarm
will get cleared.
10. “DG FAILS TO START”
Name : “DG FAILS TO START”

Source : AMF Panel
Path : AMF Panel - DDF - BTS - BSC
Root Cause : When DG fails to start after three control pulse
28
Alarm Generation
Step 1:

DG MCB is tripped down and the supply cannot match the panel. Thus the alarm is
generated.
Current Alarm Status: “DG FAILS TO START” = Active
Step 2:

After the AMF Panel is reset then the alarm is cleared.
11. “DG FAILS TO STOP”
Name : “DG FAILS TO STOP”

Source : AMF Panel
Root Cause : When the mains come back and DG fails to stop after the
three attempts
Causes : i) MAINS of DG is ON
ii) DG MCB is ON
Alarm Generation
29
Step 1:

The main switch is on and the MCB of DG is ON then there is supply to the panel
there is supply to the panel. And the 3 attempts to stop the DG fails. Thus the alarm
is generated.
Current Alarm Status: “DG FAILS TO START” = Active
Step 2:

By resetting the AMF Panel this alarm will be cleared.
12. “SITE ON BATTERY”
Name : “SITE ON BATTERY”

Source : Power Plant
Path : Power Plant - DDF - BTS - BSC - OMC
Causes : i) Wire fault
ii) Fuse blown
iii) MCB is tripped down
Alarm Generation
Step 1:
30
By tripping down the main input MCB, all the supply to the PSUs will fail and thus
the alarm generates.
Current Alarm Status: “SITE ON BATTERY” = Active
Step 2:

By pushing up the MCB switch of PSUs the alarm gets cleared.
13. “PSU FAILS”
Name : “PSU FAILS”

Path : Power Plant - DDF - BTS - BSC - OMC
Root Cause : When any one of the PSUs fails but not all
Causes : i) Wire fault
ii) MCB of the PSU is tripped down
31
Step 1:

The switch of the PSU’s MCB is tripped down for any one PSU, then power supply
to that PSU fails. Then this alarm generates.
Current Alarm Status: “PSU FAIL” = Active
Step 2:

The switch of the MCB is pushup (i.e. ON position) then that PSU will get supply.
They the alarm get clear.
14. “LOW BATTERY VOLTAGE”
Name : “LOW BATTERY VOLTAGE”

Path : Power Plant - DDF - BTS - BSC
Root Cause : When battery is discharged upto 47 V
Causes : i) Low Battery Charge
ii) Faulty in wire
Alarm Generation:
32
Step 1:

When the opposite terminals of the battery is striked for a very very short period of
time than the alarm will generate
Current Alarm Status: “LOW BATTERY VOLTAGE” = Active
Step 2:

By fixing the battery terminals back to the battery then the alarm get cleared.
15. “FIRE AND SMOKE ALARM”
Name : “FIRE AND SMOKE ALARM”

Source : Shelter
Path : Shelter - DDF - BTS - BSC - OMC
(Sensor of fire/smoke)
Root Cause : When the shelter detects smoke or fire
Causes : i) When the equipment catch fire or smoke
ii) Faulty in wire of smoke or fire sensor
33
Step 1:

The wire of the fire/smoke sensor is shorted the alarm generates.
Current Alarm Status: “FIRE OR SMOKE ALARM” = Active
Step 2:

The shorted wire is opened then the alarms is cleared.
16. “DOOR OPEN ALARM”
Name : “DOOR OPEN ALARM”

Source : Shelter
Path : Shelter (Door Sensor) - DDF - BTS - BSC - OMC
(Sensor of fire/smoke)
Root Cause : i) Door Open
ii) Faulty Wire
Causes : i) Door Open

ii) Faulty Wire
Alarm Generation:
34
Step 1:

When the door is open the alarm is generated.
Current Alarm Status: “DOOR OPEN ALARM” = Active
Step 2:

The door is closed then the alarm gets cleared.
35
Chapter-4
All the Connections of Battery Bank and Power Plant with
Requirements, Procedure and
Quality Check Points.
There are the connections which are carried out from power plant:-
1. BTS to power plant

2. DCDB to power plant
3. Bus Bar to IGB
4. Positive terminal of battery to power plant bus bar
5. Negative terminal of battery to MCB of power plant.
Connection: Positive Terminal of BTS to bus bar.
Requirements:
S.No. Particulars Specifications Quantity Remarks

1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm Black 7.85 M
2. Lugs Cu, Ring Type Size 2
– 35 Sq.mm
3. PVC Channel 40 x 40 x 650 mm 2
4. Half Inch Screw Fuel Threaded 3
5. Labels Transparent Tape 1 Packet
6. Cable Tie Indoor 6” 1 Packet
7. PVC Tape Black Colour 1 Packet
36
Fig4.1 Routing of Power Cable from BTS to P.P.
Procedure:
1. First of all remove outer insulation of power cable with cutter or knife and put
the both end in crimping tool with lugs and crimp it and add PVC tape on it.
2. Rate the cable from BTS front side to back side and use cable tie to hold it
with cabinet.
3. Now make a loop of 100 mm. and put it on PVC Channel.
4. PVC Channel should be fitted on wall with full threaded screw.
5. Route the cable with PVC channel and reached at the indoor cable tray.
37
6. Now route the cable with cable tray to power plant.
7. After cable tray ended route it through the PVC channel in the back side of
power plant now make a loop of 100 mm and the cable in power plant after
remove its insulation and joining lugs with it.
8. Connect the cable with bus bar inside the power plant and properly attached it
with bus bar with lugs.
Quality Check Points:
S.No. Particulars Status Punch Points Remarks

1. Lugs should be No 1. No hex crimp is
properly crimped used at BTS
terminal wire.
2. Size of lugs is
not proper.
3. There is a gap
between outer
insulation of
lugs.
2. These should not be No 1. There is a cross
any cross between two routing of cabled
power cable on cable on the cable tray.
tray
3. Cable tie should be No 1. No. cable tie is
used at proper distance used with
equipment body.
2. Cable tie used at
VCT is not at
38
proper distance.
4. Distance between two No Distance at cable rail
cable rail should be is not maintained at
equal throughout the height.
height
5. There should be a No No labeling is done.
proper labeling on the
cable
Connection 2: DCDB to Power Plant
Requirements:

1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm 6.6 meter
2. Lugs 35 Sq.mm Ring
Type
7. PVC Tape Black 1 Packet
39
Fig 4.2 Routing of Power Cable from DCBB to power Plant bus bar
Procedure:
1. First of all remove the insulation of power cable with knife and joined it with
lugs.
2. Now lugs of 35 Sq.mm should be properly crimped with hex cramp and it is
joined with DCPB.
3. Route the cable with equipment body and hold it with cable tie.
4. Now before PVC channel make a loop of 100 mm and put cable on the PVC
channel.
40
5. Route the cable with cable tray and reached at the backside of TRSM rack
with PVC channel and put the cable inside the B&B and joined it with the bus
bar.

1. Lugs should be No 1. A part of
properly used. insulation is not
coursed with
lugs.
2. Lugs is not of
proper size.
3. No hex Gimping
is used.
2. Cable tie should be No 1. Cable tie is not
properly used and at used at proper
proper distance distance.
2. Extra parts of
cable tie is not
cut down.
3. There should not be No These is a zig-zag
any zig-zag routing of routing of cable with
cable. cable tray
4. Labeling should be No 1. Labeling colour
done in a proper way. is not in a proper
manner.
2. On both side of
cable labeling is
not done.
41
5. Power cable should be No Cable is not
routed straight & perpendicular to
perpendicular to ground.
ground in case of
cable rail.
Connection 3: Bus Bar to IGB
Requirements:

1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm 7.9 meter
2. Lugs Cr, Ring Type 35 2
Sq. mm.
7. PVC Tape Red 1 Packet
Procedure:
1. First of all remove the insulation of power cable with knife or cutters.
2. Fit the inner care of wire inside the lugs and properly crimped it with hex
crimp of same size and fit it with IGB and used PVC top on it.
3. Now route the cable with equipment body and fit it with cable ties.
4. Extra parts of cable tie should be cut down properly.
42
5. After that before PVC channel make a 100 mm loop and than fit the cable
with PVC channel.
6. After that route the cable with PVC channel and after that route it through
cable tray.
7. After the cable tray near the rack it should be down to connect with IGB.
8. Connect the cable with the bus bar of power plant.
Fig 4.3 Routing of Cable from DCBB to power Plant bus bar
43
1. There should not be No 1. There is gap as
any gap between outer proper hex
insulation of lugs crimping is not
used.
2. Power cable should be No No PVC channel is
routed through using used
either PVC channel or
cable rail.
3. Distance between two No Distance between
cable rail should not two cable rail is
be greater than that of more than that of
250 mm. 250 mm
4. Cable Tie should be No 1. Cable tie are not
properly use. used at proper
distance.
2. Cable tie are not
cut down by tie
cutters.
5. Some colour of PVC No Different colour
Tape used at both end. PVC tapes are used.
44
Connection for Positive terminals of battery to power plant bus bar.
Requirements:

1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm Red 1.5 meter
colour
2. Lugs Cu, Ring Type lugs 2
3. PVC Tape Red Colour 1 Packet
5. Cable Tie Indoor, 6” 1 Packet
Procedure:
1. Remove the insulation of outer part with knife of cable.
2. Add lugs and properly crimped the lugs and add PVC tape on it of same
colour.
3. Connect this cable with proper way to battery bank positive terminal.
4. Other end of this cable should be properly attached with bus bar.
45
Fig 4.4 Routing of Cable from +ve terminal of the Battery to power Plant
bus bar

1. Lugs should be No No hex crimping is
properly crimped. used.
2. Cable tie should be No No cable tie is used
properly used properly
3. Tape of same colour No No tape is used with
should be used. lugs
4. The routing of cable No The routing is Zig-
inside the power plant Zag
should not be Zig-Zag.
5. Size of lugs should be No Size of lugs is
according to size of different.
cables
46
Fig 4.5 Connection Negative Terminal of battery to MCB of power plant.
Routing of Cable from +ve terminal of the Battery to power
Plant bus bar.
Requirements:

1. Power Cable Cu, 35 Sq.mm. 0.5 M
2. Lugs Cu, Ring Type-1, 1
Pin Type-1 1
3. Cable Tie 6” Indoor 1 Packet
4. PVC Tape Black Colour 1 Packet
5. Labels Transport Tape 1 Packet
47
Procedure:
1. First of all remove the outer insulation of power cable and use pin type lugs to
insert the cable inside MCB.
2. Then routing of cable should be done according to need and tie it with cable
tie.
3. Now route the cable down to battery bank negative terminals and use ring
type lugs. This lug should be properly hex crimped.
4. Now cable should be properly attached with negative terminals.
5. After that labeling should be properly done we should use labeling with
permanent marker.
48

1. There should not be No 1. There is gap
any gap between outer between outer
insulation of lugs insulation and
lugs.
2. Lugs are not
properly
crimped.
2. Power cable should be No Zig-Zag routing as
routed straight and followed.
perpendicular to
ground.
3. Labels should be No No labeling is used.
provide on both side
of power and
grounding cable.
4. We should use PVC No PVC tape of same
table with lugs and it colour is not used.
should be of same
colour
5. Use proper pin type No No pin type lugs are
lugs for termination of used.
power cable with
MCB.
49
Chapter-5
Complete Indoor Installation
Indoor Installation:
Installation of equipment inside the shelter is known as indoor installation.
Requirement for Indoor Installation:

1. DDF 19” 1
2. TRSM RACK 19” 1
3. Sprit Level - 1
4. I/D C/T Indoor 1
5. Indoor Grounding 19”cu 1
Bar
6. Battery bank - 1
7. Anchor Tasther M 13 4
8. PVC Washer Plastic made, Hex 4
Type Nylon
9. Cage Nut Steel Made 4
10. Black Marker Pan Black Colour 1
11. DCDB 19 10 MCB 1
12. BTS - 1
13. PVC Stick Made of Plastic 4
These are the requirements which is used to indoor installation. In which the most
important part is TRSM rack and BTS Equipment and I/DCT, I4B and Battery Bank
is optional.
50
1. DDF
DDF stands for Digital Distribution Frame which is installed in transmission rack. It
is of 19” length: It contains of back mount frame which is used to install it on the
transmission rack.
Backmount Frame
Bottom
View
Top
View
Bottom View
Side View
Grounding 35/25 Sq. m.m
Fig 5.1 DDF
51
2. Transmission Rack:
Transmission rack is basically a cabinet in which indoor equipment like DCDB etc.
are installed. All equipment installed in transmission rack has the length of 19 inch or
we can say width is of 19”.
The equipment inside the transmission rack should have a distance of 50 mm. to
other equipment.
We use cage nut to fit the TRSM rack with floor.
It contains of PVC sticks. All the routing of cables and connections of equipment are
done inside the TRSM rack.
There is a grounding bar inside the shelter which is used to ground all the equipment
inside the transmission rack.
Fig 5.2 TRSM rack Base Plate
52
We use cage nut with TRSM rack to fix it on the floor. Basically there and of steel.
After that it should be properly install.
3. 9 ID Cable Tray:
We use cable tray to hold the cable inside the shelter. Basically there are two pattern
we use in Indoor cable tray one is ‘H’ pattern and another one is O’ pattern.
H – Pattern O-Pattern Cable Tray

Fig 5.3 Cable Tray Pattern
We use these cable tray according to own requirement at the site.
4. Grounding Bar:
Grounding bar is used to ground all the equipment inside the shelter. It is connected
to EGB (External Grounding Bar). This EGB is connected to the earthing kit. It is
made up of capper and width is 19”.
53
5. Battery Bank:
Battery bank is made up of cell of 2 volt and give output of 48 Volt is absence of
mains and DOG.
6. Anchor Fastener:
Anchor fastener is basically bolt type accessories which is used to grouting the
TRSM rack with concrete floor.
Bolt
Nut Head(13 No.)
Expansion Unit
(Sleeve Port)
Fig 5.4 Anchor Fastener

For concrete floor we use M13 Anchor fastener. For this we use 16 No. bit of drilling
machine. We use mallet hammer or ball pin hammer to put the anchor fastner in
floor.
54
7. PVC Washer:
PVC washers are basically used Chile grouting when we dries to fix TRSM rack then
after drilling first we fix the PVC washer and than anchor fastener.
Floor
Anchor Fastener
PVC Washer
Fig 5.5 PVC washer
8. Cage Nut:
Cage nut is basically used with TRSM rack to fix the DCDB and grounding bar. It is
made up of steel. It consists of bolt which can be attached with DCBS and grounding
bar.
9. Marker Pen:
We use marker pen of black colour to mark the area where we need drive.
10. Sprit Level:
To measure the level of the rack with rest to the horizontal place or vertical place.
55
Tools Required:
There are the tools which required for indoor installation.
1. Measuring Tap – 5 meter

2. Screw Driver set
3. ESD Band
4. Drilling Machine with 16 No. bit
5. Torque Wrench
6. Crimping Tool (Small duty)
7. Knife
8. Cutters
9. Allen Key Sets
10. Ball Pin Hammer
11. Centre Punch
12. Mallet Hammer
13. Pliers
14. Ring Type Spinney set
15. D-Type Spanner Set
Procedure of Indoor Installation:
1. First of all we should take a measurement of floor where we want to fit our
TRSM rack.
These should be a distance of minimum 200mm between wall and TRSM

rack.
2. We mark the place by black marker where we have to drill,.
56
3. After that we start drill, for concrete floor we take B No. bit to drill.
4. Now we put the plinth on the mark and put anchor fastener inside it
temporarily.
5. After that we put out anchor fastener and put PVC washer before anchor
fastener and fix it.
6. We use torque wrench to fix the anchor fastener but before it we will use sprit
level to check its position.
7. Now we have done fixing of plinth of rack and we put the TRSM rack on it
and fix cage nut on it.
8. Now we fix this TRSM rack on plinth and tightened its bolt with torque
wrench to 45 N-M.

(For Indoor Installation)

1. The distance between No 1. The distance
the wall and plinth is between the wall
back side should be and plinth is less
minimum of 200 mm. than that of 200
mm.
2. We should properly No 1. The plinth is not
mark the place by at proper
marking it through distance with
black marker before drilled hole it is
drilling to proper hardly adjusted
57
distance maintaining.
3. Levelling of TRSM No 1. The level of
rack should be proper. TRSM rack is
not proper as one
side is raise high.
4. PVC washer should be No No use of PVC
used to align anchor washer is carried
fastener. out.
5. Torque wrench should No Anchor fasteners are
be use to tightened not tightened by
anchor fastener. torque wrench.
6. The equipment in the No DCDB have more
TRSM rack should than 50 mm
have a distance of 50 distance.
mm
7. Grounding bar is side No Grounding bar is of
the TRSM rack should 7”
be of 9”
8. Cage nut of TRSM No Cage nuts are loose,
Rack should be not properly
properly tightened tightened.
9. We should use four No No anchor fastener
anchor fastener for is used on the left
four different sides. top side.
10. Grounding bar of No Grounding is not
TRSM should be proper.
connected to IGB.
11. Battery bar X should No B.B. is not properly
be properly install. connected to SMPS.
12. There should be a No Bakelite is not used
58
Bakelite part with with IGB.
IGB.
13. Indoor cable tray must No It is loose not
be properly installed. properly connected
with bolts.
59
Chapter- 6 Outdoor Installation
Work Execution:
To execute the work of outdoor installation, we have to work according
to given RF Plan. There are the work which we have to done during
installation of antenna line:-
I. Antenna Assembling:
First of all we have to select an antenna or antenna according to RF Plan. The

antennas have its port. Basically the connecting port of antenna are female port.
We assembled the clamp according to the antenna.
After assembling of clamp we arrange the Tilt for antenna according to RF Plan.
Mostly we use electrical tilt which is from O0 to 100.
Fig 6.1 Antenna Assembling
60
For electrical tilt we have a knob (in case of Katherine) Hook (Andrew) Mostly we
used two lamp for proper assembling. All the work of clamp assembling and lilt
arrangement should be on ground.
II. Jumper Cable Assembeling:
We have to assemble jumper cable according to RF plan. Means if we have 3 pannel

antenna which are dual port, we used 6 jumper cable for all six antennas. In which
one is for transmitting and other one is receiving.
On the port of panel antenna we connect the connector of jumper cable. These cable
have connectors of 7/8” Mall and 7/8” Female for connection. After that we connect
the cable to antenna port. These connections should be tool tight. After tightening the
connection we use weathering proofing Kit at the connection of jumper cable to
panel antenna.
The jumper cable have its open female port in other end. These open female port
should be covered by temporary sealing of polybags etc. we use temporary sealing to
protect the cable from sudden rain at the time of installing we make a circle of
pumper cable to prevent it from damage and we use two cable tie at this place. Fig
6.2 Jumper Cable Assembeling
Weather Proofing Antenna
Cable Tie
O/D Jumper Cable
61
RF Cable Measurement:
RF cable we used mostly, made up of as although we also have feeder cable of

aluminum but because it have less flexibility and durability so we prefer Cu Cable.
Mostly at the sites the feeder cable we got in the form of bundle and in the bundle we
got to know that the cable we receive is of proper length. For length measurement the
permanent labels are percent on feeder cable which shows the length of cable.
We cut the cable according to RF plan let we need a cable of 47.5 meter we cut it by
the help of Andrew cutter or feeder cutter. After cutting of cable we should use
temporary sealing at every end of cable to present it from sudden rain or water etc.
for the duration of installation.
Fig 6.3 RF Cable Measurement

We have printed number at every certain distance to which tells the exact length.
62
III. RF Clamp Assembling:
We use RF clamp to hold the feeder cable with cable tray. The cable tray may be
vertical or horizontal. At vertical cable tray the distance between two RF clamp
should be I to 1.5 meter and in horizontal cable tray we should maintain a distance of
0.6 to 9.
Let we are maintain a distance of 1 meter with VCT and O.8 meter at HCT.
The RF clamp should not be properly tight until we pass cable through it.
There should not be Zig-Zag routing for cable.
Tx Rx
III-Sector I-Sector
II-Sector II-Sector
I-Sector III- Sector
Fig 6.4 RF clamp
C-Clamp
63
IV. Sector Selection:
We got RF Plan in which we see that we have to install panel antenna according to
sector given to it. To know the sector we have to use mirror compass and after that
we should see the position of sectors.
We use azimuth of antenna which is angle of an object with respect to north in

clockwise direction.
N
III-Sector I-Sector
45°
200°
300°
II-Sector
Fig 6.5 Sector Selection
V. Antenna Hanging:
Before antenna hanging we write all the configuration by permanent marker on the
backside of antenna.
Now we have to use rope and pull or geared machine to carry the antenna from
ground to tower. We fit a pulley on a height of tower which is about 3 to 5 meter
more than the height of panel antenna. Now we fit a rope on this pulley and slowly
64
pull the rope which have one end tied with antenna and other end is pulled to carry
the antenna at tower height.
But in carrying of antenna from ground to tower we should be careful that antenna
should not be touched with tower body.
Fig 6.6 Antenna Hanging
65
VI. Routing of RF Cable:
For routing of RF cable we should route the cable from to P to bottom. We should
route only two cables at same time rest cable should be in bend like structure.
According to the clamp we should open the feeder cable, we should not open the hole
band of cable in one time.
After putting the RF cable in the RF-clamp we should not tight RF clamp properly
because we may need more cable in the bottom.
Routing of RF cable should be through the Roxtec and using 2-band inside the
shelter.
The routing of cable should not be in Zig-Zag Way. It should be according to sector.
Fig 6.7 Routing of RF cable
VII. RF Connectorization:
66
RF connectorization is the process in which we fit the connector in the RF cable.
For connectorization we should have male and female connector according to our
need.
For fitting the connector we should remove the outer insulation of Rf cable to ½ 11
and then fit connector on it. We remove the outer insulation by the help of 32”
spanner.
Fig 6.8 RF connecters

VIII. Earthing Kit Assembling:
To assemble the earthing kit at feeder cable we have to remove the outer insulation of
feeder cable and then we should apply the cu-strip of earthing kit and after that we
close that connection by the help of weather proofing kit.
Earthing Kit should be use at 1 to 1.5 meter jumper feeder connection and should be
terminated with EGB or Tower body.
To terminated with tower body we have to remove the outer paint of tower with
scrubber and then we should terminate it.
67
For one cable we should use minimum two earthing kit and maximum according to
height of antenna.
Earthing kit
assembled on RF
Cable
Fig 6.9 Earthing kit assembling
68
IX. Dummy Clamp:
We should use dummy damp at bending point of feeder cable from VCT to HCT.
This bending should make a virtual circle of radius <300 mm.
The dummy clamp is used according to feeder cable if no of feeder cable is size, then
we should use six dummy clamps.
X. Cable Tie:
We should use cable tie according to need at outdoor we mostly used 10” cable tie,
these cable tie are mostly of black colour.
In case of Indoor we must use cable tie of 6” size. The colour of tie in case of indoor
is black & white.
We should maintain a distance of 250-300 mm between two cable tie. The cable tie
should not be loss.
XI. Entry of Cable inside the Shelter:
To entry of feeder cable any type of cable we use Roxtec. The cable pass through it
and we should connect the cable to surge arrestor. The connections should be hand
tight. There we do not need any weather proofing kit. We should properly connect
the surge arrestor to IGB by the help of 416 sq. mm grounding cable.
69
XII. Labeling:
Labeling is the most important part of installation we should use temporary labeling
as well as permanent labeling to know the cable location and which sector it is using
for.
We use three types of tape for labeling
Green PVC Tape, Red PVC Tape, Bene PVC Tape

First of all we should use labeling at antenna and then at every bending we should
mark the cable according to sector and TX and RX.
We should use transparent sticker for these a places..

1. On outdoor jumper near antenna port.
2. On outdoor jumper near feeder cable
3. On feeder cable near outdoor jumper
4. On feeder cable before Z-bends
5. On feeder cable inside the shelter
6. On indoor jumper cable near BTS port.
Fig 6.10 Labellling Of Antenna line
70
Except this labeling we also use temporary labeling for particular sector according to
tx and rx sections.
XIII. Site Cleaning and Dismantllizing:
After complete installation of site the site should be clean of unused accessories.
These any be cable insulations and nut and bolt, unused cable ties, cutting piece of
cable tie, cutting of cables etc. we should clean it as the person who visit at site
should not be disturbs by it.
The things which can be use should dismantlize and should send the warehouse.
71
Chapter-7
All the Indoor Grounding Connections of Site.
1-EGB
35 sq.mm.
Yellow-Green
Grounding Cable
1-BTS IGB 2-PIU

IGB
35/25 sq.mm. 35/25 sq.mm.
Yellow-Green Grounding Cable Yellow-Green

1-TRSM 6-SA 1-DDF 1-BB/PP 35/25
Grounding Cable
sq.mm.
35/25 16sq.mm. 35/25
1-ICT sq.mm.
sq.mm. Yellow-Green
Green Grounding
35/25 sq.mm. Yellow- Grounding Yellow-
Yellow- Cable
Green Grounding Cable Green
Green
Cable Grounding
Cable
Fig 7.1 Grounding connection Of site

There are the grounding connections which require in door:
1. BTS grounding
2. Cable Tray Grounding
3. TRSM rack grounding
4. DDF grounding
5. Battery Bank / P.P. Grounding
6. PIU Grounding
7. IGB Connection with EGB
8. Surge Arrester Connection with IGB
72
1. BTS Grounding:
Requirement:
1.
1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm Y-Green 2.5 meter
2. Lags Ur, Ring Type Size 2
35 Sq.mm
3. PVC Tape Green 1 Packet
4. Labels Transparent 1 Packet
5. PVC Channel 40x40x 650 mm 1
6. Screw ½ “, Full Threaded 3
7. Cable Tie 9/D, 6” 1 Packet
Fig 7.2 BTS grounding
73
Procedure:
1. First of all remove the insulation of power cable by knife or cutter and put it
in the lugs.
2. Now crimp the lugs with hex crimp of 35 Sq. mm. crimping tool (small duty).
3. Apply PVC tape to cover it properly and use hot air gun to properly stickness.
4. Now fixing this lugs with grounding bar of BTS and route it through
equipment body.
5. Cable should be properly tie with equipment body.
6. Now in the back side of BTS make a loop of 100 mm and attach the lable
with PVC channel.
7. After routing of PVC channel cable reached at cable tray now route it through
cable tray and after that it is terminated with IGB with a loop of 100 mm.

properly crimped. insulation is
caring out
2. Lugs are not
hex-crimped
3. Size of lugs is
more than that
of 35 sq.mm.
2. These should not be No These is a bending
any unusual bend. cable which are ore
74
than that of 100 mm
loop
3. Routing of Cable with No Routing of cable is
PVC channel should in Zig-Zag way.
be in perpendicular
direction.
4. Cable tie should be No 1. Distance
used properly. between cable
ties are not
followed
throughout
2. Knot of cable
ties are in the
down direction.
5. Proper labeling should No 1. No. labeling is
be done. done.
75
2. Cable Tray Grounding:
Requirement:
1.
1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm X-Green 9 meter
2. Lags Ur, 35 sq. mm. Ring 14
Type
3. Cable Ties 9/D 6” 1 Packet
4. PVC Tape Green Colour 1 Packet
5. Labels Transparant Tape 1 Packet
Fig 7.3 Cable Tray Grounding
76
Procedure:
1. First of all cut the cable in 7 pieces in which six of 100 mm. and rest one is of
300 mm.
2. Remove the insulation of all cables and fit ring type lugs in it.
3. These lugs now should be properly crimped with crimping tools.
4. Now one piece of 300 mm. joined with IGB and cable pay as both ends
should be properly attached.
5. Now the second part of 100 mm. of cable is attached where the joint of cable
tray is present.
6. Now all the cables are done in proper manner where the joint is present.
7. Now labeling of the cable on the IGB is done by the keep of transparent tape.

1. Cable tie should be No Less number of
used on each strip cable ties are used.
2. These should be a 100 No No loop is formed
mm loop before IGB. before IGB
3. Lugs should be No 1. No hex
properly crimped crimping is
used.
2. There is a gap
between outer
insulation of
lugs.
77
4. Extra parts of Cable No No extra part of
tie should be cut cable tie is cut down
down.
5. Size of lugs should be No Size of lugs is more
according to size of than that of Size of
cables cable
3. Transmission Rack Grounding:
Requirements:
1.
1. Power Cable Cu, 35 Sq. mm 3.9 Meter
2. Lags U or Ring Type 35 2
Sq. mm
3. Cable Channel 40x 40 x 650 1
4. Screw ½”, Full Threaded 3
5. PVC Tape Green Colour 1
7. Cable Tie I/D, 6” 1 Packet
78
Fig 7.4 TRSM Rack Grounding
Procedure:
1. First of all remove the insulation of wire by knife or cutter and then add lugs
in it.
2. Properly use PVC tape to cover the connection of lugs with cable.
3. Now put the cable in the grounding bar of TRSM rack and route it through
TRSM rack side and hold it properly with cable ties.
4. Now making a 100 mm. loop and put the cable of PVC Channel.
5. After routing with PVC channel the cable reached at cable tray and it should
be properly hold by cable ties.
6. After that the cable should be terminated with IGB by 100 mm. loop and lugs
should be properly attached.
79
1. Proper use of cable tie No 1. Cable ties are
should be done at different
distances
properly crimped cable is using
out from
lugs.
2. Lugs are
loose
3. These should be 100 No No loop is formed
mm loop before before IGB.
termination with IGB
4. Distance of Cable tie No No pattern is
should be equal followed for
throughout the cable distance.
tray
4. DDF Grounding:
Requirements:

1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm Y- Green 0.4 meter
2. Lags 35 Sq.mm, Cu Ring 2
Type
80
3. PVC Tape Green Colour 1
Fig 7.5 DDF grounding
Procedure:
1. First of all remove the outer insulation of cable by knife or cutter.
2. Add lugs with cable on both ends.
3. Route the cable to IGB from DDF after connections.
4. Now route the cable through body of battery bank.
5. Tie it with proper cable tie.
81
6. Route the cable through PVC Channel.
7. After that route the cable through cable tray and it should be properly tie with
cable tie.
8. After that cable should be terminated to IGB and before termination these
should be a 100 mm. loop.

1. These should be No No connections with
properly attached the 2nd stack of battery
cable of grounding
with every stack of
battery
2. Lugs should be No Lugs are not
properly crimped properly crimped.
3. These should be a No No labeling is done
properly labeling.
4. Tape should be used No No same colour tape
with lugs is used with lugs and
cable.
82
5. Battery Bank and Power Plant Grounding:
Requirements:

1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm Y- Green 7.4 meter
2. Lags Cu lugs 35 Sq.mm 2
4. PVC Channel 40 x 40 x 650 1
5. Screw ½” Full Threaded 3
6. PVC Tape Green 1
Fig 7.6 B.B grounding
Procedure:
83
1. First of all remove outer insulation of cable by knife or cutters and then add
lugs on it.
2. Lugs should be properly crimped or hex crimped.
3. Make a 100 mm. loop before termination.
4. Connect with IGB
5. After that labeling is done.

1. A loop of 100 mm. No No loop is used
should be made before
termination of IGB
2. Labeling should be No No labeling is used
done on both end of at IGB
cable.
3. PVC Tape should be No NO tape is used
used on lugs
4. Lugs should be No 1. No. crimping
properly crimped tools is used
2. Label is not hex
crimped.
5. Cable tie should be No. No cable tie is used.
used at proper distance
84
6. PIU Grounding:
Requirements:

1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm Y- Green 8.5 m
2. Lags Cu 35 Sq.mm Ring 2
Type
4. PVC Tape Green 1
7. Screw ½”, Full Threaded 3
Fig 7.7 PIU grounding
Procedure:
85
1. First of all remove the outer insulation of cable and fit the lugs and properly
hex crimped.
2. Now cable should be routed through the equipment and tie with PVC channel
and these should be of 100 mm PVC channel.
3. Cable should be properly hold with cable tray
4. After that cable tray cable should be routed to IGB and before IGB these
should be 100 mm. loop.
5. Proper labeling should be done.

1. Lugs should be No 1. Size of lugs is
properly crimped more than that of
cable
2. Outer part is not
covered by PVC
Tape
2. Cable should be No Cable is not properly
routed through PVC routed
Channel from bottom
to tap
3. These should not be No These is a Zig-zag
Zig Zeg routing routing of Cable
4. Labeling should be No No labeling is done
done in proper way.
86
5. These should be a 100 No. No loop is used.
mm loop before IGB
7. Surge Arrester Grounding:

1. Grounding Cable 16 Sq. mm Y- Green 6 meter
2. Lags Cu 16 mm Ring 12 lugs
Type
3. PVC Tape Green 1 Packet
Fig 7.8 Surge Arrester Grounding
Procedure:
1. Remove the insulation of cable and fit the lugs in it.
2. Lugs should be properly crimped.
87
3. From bottom portion of surge arrester the cable should be joined and properly
fit and terminate to IGB.
4. These should be a 100 m loop before IGB and after surge arrester.
5. These should be properly labeling of wire.

1. These should be No 1. No hex crimped
proper hex crimped is used.
lugs. 2. Proper size lugs
are not used.
2. Zig-Zag routing No Zig-Zag routing is
should not be used. used.
3. Surge Arrester should No Surge arrester are
be in serial not is serials
4. Labeling should be No No labeling is done
properly used.
5. These should be 100 No. No loop is followed
mm loop before IGB
8. IGB to EGB:
Requirements:

1. Power Cable 35 Sq. mm Y- 2 meter
Green
88
2. Lugs Cu Ring Type 2
3. PVC Tape Green 1
5. Cable Tie 6” I/D 1 Packet
Fig 7.9 IGB TO EGB Connection
Procedure:
1. First of all remove insulation of cable by cutter or knife.
2. Adjust lugs with it of 35 sq. mm and properly hex crimped.
3. After that the lugs should be properly tighten with IGB and make a loop of
about 1 meter through Roxtec and terminate with EGB.
89
Chapter-8 Site Analyzer
Fig 8.1 Site Analyzer
Site Analyzer and how we use it:

Site analyzer is a test equipment which is used in telecom sites to measure the
different reading like VSWR, return loss, reflected power, forward power etc. and it
is also used for fault localization in antenna and antenna line.
Requirement for Using Site Analyzer:
1. Dummy Load
2. ½” F – 7/8” F – Adapter
3. ½” M - 7/8” F Adapter
4. ½” F – 7/8”M Adapter
5. Site analyzer software
6. Data cable (D-9 RS 232 serial straight cable)
7. Calibration Kit
8. Element 50W, 5W
90
Procedure to Operate:
1. Put ‘ON’ the site analyzer by pressing the ‘ON’ button. The display will be
on.
2. After few second the display goes to any one mode in which it previously
operated
3. To change mode press mode button and screen changes to made, here three
modes:
(i) Measure Match

(ii) Fault Localization
(iii) Measure Power
4. To measure VSWR just set the measurement with selection button of its front
side.
5. After that screen changes to measure match
6. Now press the configuration button and select change frequency by selection
button after that screen will change.
7. After that process arrow to fill upper limit of frequency it should be 960
MHZ.
8. Press escape button and screen changes to measure match.
9. Now we see at the bottom of the display the calibration is OFF. We have to
calibrate to get the reading is a proper manner.
10. Now we press calibration button from the functions and screen changes to it
11. Now we connect open calibration kit and from selection open it after few
second it shows that open calibration done.
12. Now we connect short calibration kit and select it from the selection key,
after few second it also calibrated.
13. Now we connect dummy load on RF Port and press load after few second it
shows that calibration is done.
91
14. We see that now calibration is full.
15. Now we press configuration button and select scale.
16. After select scale for VSWR readings.
17. Now we can take VSWR readings.
18. To take VSWR readings press marker button from the function and press
enter.
19. Press marker-1 and On it from selection keys after that we see the readings of
VSWR.
Fault Localization
For fault localization we do the following procedure:
i) Press mode button from functions key

ii) And select Fault localization
iii) After that press configuration and screen will change.
iv) After connection of RF line with port of site analyzer press marker button.
v) After that ‘on’ marker 1 from selection button and take scale from 1 to 8
meter or desired meter value.
vi) After that we see various marks of different distances will localized the
fault.
92
Chapter -9 Conclusion
Now a days telecom is a growing field as everywhere the project of 4G installation
and 3G installation is coming and work of installation and commissioning is in the
full swing. Whenever a company install a site at any place they required engineers
who can work their and should know the basics of telecom engineering and should
know how to work on the equipment. After undergo training for the telecom field I
would be aware of the field and the things related to it. That was a platform where I
learn that how to commission and integrate the equipment and learn many things and
co-ordination with team. Really it was very helpful, After undergo training I would
be able to installation of RF equipment with commissioning and alignment of
microwave equipment and integration and testing of cell site.
Future Scope:
If we talk about future scope of telecom field ,it relly have great opportunities and
now days every things is depend on internet. In every business we are using mobile
phone and at evry aspect of life we require a source of communication for that
communication we need cell sie so installation is in full swing. If we talk about the
scenario of india in telecom. Installation of 4G just stared and the engineer who is
able to work at the 3G can easily work on 4G .
Recently in Delhi Reliacnce Jio stared their project of 4G and they require about
6000 engineer in delhi location.
As a telecom engineer none should be faced problem if he know how to work.
93
REFERENCES
Book Code Title Year Author
STRATEGIES FOR
SUCCESS IN THE
ISBN1580531423 NEW 2000 KAREN STROUSE
TELECOMMUNICATI
ONS MARKET
THE
ISBN0849385733 COMMUNICATIONS 1996 GIBSON.E.
HANDBOOK
OPTICAL FIBER
ISBN0123951690 TELECOMMUNICATI 1997 KAMINOW I.P.
ONS III
GSM SYSTEM
ISBN0890068607 1997 A. MEHRORTA
ENGINEERING,
GLOBAL
CONNECTIONS:INT'L
ISBN0442023626 1997 R.VAN NOSTRA
TELECOM &
INFRASTR.
NETIZENS: ON THE
ISBN0818677066 HISTORY AND 1997 HAUBEN
IMPACT OF USENE
INTERCONNECTION
ISBN0818678003 NETWORKS: AN 1997 DUATO
ENGINEERING APP
PHYSICAL LEVEL
ISBN0818656972 INTERFACES AND 1995 BLACK
PROTOCOLS 2D ED
PRACTICAL
CRYPTOGRAPHY FOR
ISBN0818671408 1996 STALLING
DATA
INTERNETWORKS
TELECOMM
NETWORK
ISBN0780310136 1995 AIDAROUS
MANAGEMENT INTO
THE 21ST CEN
NETWORK AND
ISBN0780311078 INTERNETWORK 1995 STALLINGS
SECURITY
ENGINEERING
NETWORKS FOR
ISBN0780311582 1997 BHATNAGER
SYNCHRONIZATION,
CCS
94
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Chapter-1 TELECOM SITES

BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS

Fig. 1.1 Representation Of Telecom Sites

i) Call Routing & Management (Voice & video)

We consider VLR as RAM HLR as ROM

Protocol Engineer (PE) works on implementation of protocol implementation.

Training Institutes of this protocol Engineer is in Bangalore, an American based

(One Circle = One Network)

In Indian Scenario networks are divided into 23 Circles.

How many MSC’s are required in one Network?

Basically, for a network requires only one MSC.

MSC = 23 x 2 + 1 = 47 MSC for 23

MSC Hub Location:

Switch Equipment (most important)

BSC (Base Station Controller) in 2G

It controls the BTS, BTS work and the instructions of BSC.

1 BSC = 1200 TRX

# Transcoder Site (X-CDR Site)

Fig 1.2 Transcoder Site

MSC 64 kbps BSC

Total No. of Trans coder depends on total no. of BSC.

BSC site on MSC site (according to location)

Node B refers to 3G site

Fig 1.4 BTS site

What are the equipments installed in BTS site?

1. BTS (or Node-B, e-Node-B)

Who can work on BTS Site?

BSC Site BTS Site

Fig 1.5: Linking of BSC site and BTS Site

If more data is used then we used fiber optics in place of microwave.

There will be two sites in a link

Transmission Link Equipment:

Who can work on Transmission Link?

How many links are required?

Fig 1.6 Repeater Site

BTS BSC BTS BTS

(This site acts as a Repeater)

[That means size of the antenna is inversely proportional to frequency.]

Fig 2.1 PIU (Design)

4. Auto Mains Failure Panel:

Fig 2.2 AMF panel

F = Same as D but without armed.

P - phase, N - Neutral , C – core

1. When mains available: On this condition that is mains is available, there is

External Alarm Status:

There is no active “External Alarm” from AMF panel.

(1) Mains fail (Active)

(b) The D.G. will shift from X to Y

Mains Fail (Active)

3. Condition: Mains get Back:

Alarm status = 1. MAINS FAIL (Clear)

Mains Fail (Clear).

4. Condition: DG NOT STOP

At this condition, if there is an input at Y. Then, this alarm will be cleared.

1. HIGH ROOM TEMPERATURE

ALARM NAME : “HIGH ROOM TEMPERATURE”

Generation of Alarm: Current Alarm Status = No active Alarm

Alarm Status = No active alarm

Name : “AC -1 FAIL”

Definition : when AC-1 fails to work due to some issue on power

Activity for Generating Alarm

Current Alarm Status = No active alarm