CHAPTER4

MODELING OF THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

4.0 Introduction

Transformers provide the capability to transform ac voltages from one level to other.
They can step up or down voltages with very little loss in power. To transmit megawatts
of power efficiently over long distances, very hlgh line voltages arc desirable. However,
practical design voltage for large generators is far below transmission level voltages.
Connecting a step-up transformer between a generator and a transmission system permits
a practical design voltage for the generator and at the same time an efficient transmission
line voltage. Step-down transformers connected between the transmission system and
loads permit a safe voltage level to be used at the distribution load points.

4. i Ideal Transformation

The construction of an ideal transformer is shown in Figure 4.1.1

r::<I>
+ +
V1 eI N1 N2 e2 V2

tF1 F2i

Figure 4.1.1 Ideal transformer

To idealize the transformer, the following assumptions are made:

• Winding resistances are negligible.

• All of the flux is confined to the core and links both windings.
• Core losses are negligible.
• Permeability of Lhe core is high enough, so that only a negligible exciting
cunent is required to establish the flux.

According to Faraday's Law:

4-1
 e =N dcj> 4.1.1
I I dt

4.1.2

Here,

cj> is the flux linking both windings

N1 Number of turns of primary winding
N2 Number of turns of secondary winding
e1 Voltage induced in primary winding
e2 Voltage induced in secondary winding

Since the windings have zero resistance, the induced voltages must be equal to the
corresponding terminal voltages.

4.1.3

By dividing equation 4.1.1 by 4.1.2 we get

- e1 - N1 4.1.4
- ---
v2 e:- N2

For steady state sinusoidal voltages, phasor notation yields:

4.1.5

The magnetomotive force, which establishes the flux cj> in the core, must be the same in
both the primary and secondary windings:

$, = <1>2
4.1.6
N1i1 =N2i2
i, _ N 2
---
i2 N1

In phasor form

4.1.7

4-2
If a =N 1/N 2 , which is known as the transformation ratio or turns ratio, then

_I
v =a
v2
I1 1 4.1.8
-=-

An ideal transformer should not introduce any change in angle and should have zero
internal power loss. Therefore, the following relationship should hold for an ideal
transformer.

4.1.9

where Yu is line-to-line voltage at the input terminal,

lu is input Line current,
Vu is line-to-line voltage at the output terminal,
IL 2 is output line current,
0 is the angle between phase current and phase voltage.

Solving Equation 4 .1. 9 for the current ratio,

4. L.10

Which is the same equation asEquation 4 .1. 5

4.2 Circuit Representation of Ideal Transformer

The ideal transformer can be modeled as two perfectly mutually coupled windings. In this
model dots are used to define polarity of induced voltage in the windings as shown in
Figure 4.2. l.

+ +

Figure 4 .2. I Circuit representation of ideal transformer

4-3
Let us connect a generator on the primary side and a load of impedance ZL on the
secondary side.

+ +

Figure 4.2.2 Ideal transformer with load V1 = aV2 and 11 = 12/a

The impedance seen by the generator is given by:

v av
Z =-1 =--2 =a2_2 =a2zL
v
4.2.1
Ul 11 12 12
a

4.2.2

This is also known as transferring the impedance from the secondary to the primary side.
Similarly, we can transfer impedances from the primary to the secondary side without
disturbing the circuit parameters.

4.3 Per-Unit Ideal l\lodel

ln power systems, per unit quantities arc extensively used. Therefore, it is important to
understand the per unit analysis for transformer models.

Selecting the following base quantities

V1b = Base voltage on primary side.

Sb = Base power for the whole system.

Then the base voltage of the secondary is

4.3.1

4.3.2

By definition the base currents are

4-4
 4.3.3

4.3.4

The per unit quantities are

Vl p-u v,
-- 4.3.5
Vlb

4.3.6

v = aVv2 = aVv2 = Vv2

lpu
=v
2pu
4.3.7
1b a 2b 2b

The per unit voltage on the primary side is equal to the per unit voltage of the secondary
side, also

- 4.3.8

4.3.9

4.3.10

4.3.11

The per unit current is also the same in both windings. The equivalent circuit in per unit is
shown in Figure 4.3. l.

Figure 4.3. l Ideal transformer in pu

4-5
The practical transformer does not strictly match the assumptions of an idealized
transformer. In fact, in a practical transformer:

• Winding resistance is present,

• Iron core losses occur due to hysterisis and eddy currents,
• Permeability of core is not infinite, and
• The presence of leakage flux.

The winding resistance is accounted for by adding resistance in series with each winding
self inductances.

r::_4>______,
+ ~, ...... ,
\ '\ /
/_.I
I
I \ I I

~I ; \ N2
I I ' \

_.__________::..r:- £:_/leakage nux - I ' \

~-

Figure 4.3.2 Transformer with leakage flux and winding resistance

r1 = winding resistance of primary side.

r2 = winding resistance of secondary side.

ln practical multi-winding transfonners some of the flux linking one winding does not link
the other. This leakage flux provides self inductance to the winding and introduces a
voltage drop, which is accounted for by an inductive reactance called leakage reactance on
both sides of the windings.

r::_4>----.
+

Figure 4.3.3 Ideal transformer with leakage reactance and winding resistance

4-6
 x 1 = Leakage reactance of primary side.
x 2 = Leakage reactance of secondary side.

Additional consequences of finite permeabilily is that the flux density inside the core
requires a small magnetizing field intensity H. To maintain this field a certain amount of
current is required. This is referred to as magnetizing current and is represented by a
shunt reactive element Xr. Hysterisis and eddy current losses in the iron core are
represented by a resistance r, in parallel with x,.

1, r1 jx1 I' I
r:: qi
jx2

+
V1 jx.p r.pEI N1 N2

Figure 4.3.4 Transformer with magnetizing and eddy current shunt elements

After including each non-idealized effect, the transformer itself can be replaced by an ideal
transformer.

Ideal Transformer: a= N1 I N2

Figure 4.3.5 Ideal transformer with circuit elements

The ideal transformer may be omitted in the equivalent circuit if we refer all quantities
either to the primary or secondary side of the transformer.

4-7
 I. -_+_~ ~_r_,_·_J_·~_.·"'_-_Q~ -1~-=·~:-._/~a~-~-x
1 2 2

--a_12 ~_ ._l ~av,

2

v_, __ ___ v,

Figure 4.3.6 Impedance referred to primary side

4.4 Approximate Circuit Model

The circuit model just derived is more accurate than necessary for most engineering
calculations. In addition, it suffers from the fact that the leakage reactances x 1 and x2 can
not be measured independently, although they may be estimated based on the geometry of
the core, and winding and tank characteristics of the transformer; or by using complex
field-mapping computer programs. For the vast majority of problems an approximate
model is used. The approximate circuit is obtained by noting the fact that the voltage drop
in the impedance r1 + jx 1 is small, even at full load. Also the excitation current (le} is so
small that the voltage drop it produces in r1 + jx 1 is negligible. Therefore, it does not
matter if the shunt elements, ril> and x$, are connected before or after the primary series
impedance. As shown in Figures 4.4.1 to 4.4.3 connecting shunt elements before the
primary series impedance has an advantage of permitting series impedances to be
combined into one equivalent impedance.

Figure 4.4.1 Shunt element moved before series impedance

jXeq I Req I
+

Figure 4.4.2 Impedance added to form equivalent

4-8

··---··-------------
 If we refer all elements to the secondary side then

+ +
V1 /a

Figure 4.4.3 Impedance transferred to secondary side

jX eq2 Req2

Figure 4.4.4 Impedance transferred to secondary side

Similarly we will have

Rcq 2 =r1 I a 2 +r2 , Xcq 2 =x 1 /a 2 +x 2 4.4.1

The value of this equivalent impedance for a particular transformer depends, of course on
whether the model used is referred to the primary or secondary side.

If referred to the primary

zcql =(rl +a2r2)+ j(xl +a2x2)

4.4.2
=Rcq1 + jXcq1
. If referred to the secondary
2 2
zcq2 = (rl I a + rz)+ j(xl I a + X2)
4.4.3
=Rcq2 + jXcq2
But the values in per-unit remain the same whether they are referred to the primary or
secondary of the transformer.

Frequently, we neglect the magnetizing current because it is too small compared to the
usual load currents. This results in the following simplified model.

4-9
 +

Figure 4.4.5 Simplified transfonner model

4.5 Per Unit Exact and Approximate Models

In the following some of the expressions are repeted in order to avoid refering to the other
sections.

Let V1b =Base voltage on the primary side and

Sb = Base power of the system.

The base voltage on the secondary side is

4.5.l

4.5.2

The base currents are

I
lb
=~
v & 4.5.3
lb

The per unit quantities are

vlpu =vi
v & v, = 4.5.4
lb
-p!J v2b

I ipu =IL
I & 4.5.5
lb

The base impedance on the primary side is

Z lb -- v,b 4.5.6
lib

and on the secondary side is

4-10
 4.5.7

The per unit values for impedance are

r
rlpu =-'
z 4.5.8
lb

r+i>u = r+ -~- 4.5.9

z,b
r
r,
.pu
=-2-
z 4.5.10
2b

When all quantities are referred to the primary side

V\=aV2
V' = aV2 = aV2 = Y2 = V 4.5.11
lpu y y V 2pu
1b a 2b 2b

l' 1 =_!_1 2
a
4.5.12

4.5. 13
I _ 2
XI - a X2

, a 2 x2
2 a 2 x2 x
x tpu
=--=--=-=
z x 2pu 2z z 4.5.14
1b a 2b 2b

The pnme (') represents quantities referred to the primary side and z,B IS the base
impedance on the primary side.

Similarly, we can show that

V'2pu = Y1pu 4.5.15

4.5.16

r' 2pu = rlpu 4.5.17

X'2pu = X1pu 4.5.18

4-11
That is, when quantities are referred to the primary side their numerical values in p.u
remain unchanged. It can be ~hown that the same is true when quantities are referred to
the secondary side. Now we can redraw our circuit model of Figure 4.4. l in per unit
quantities.

l t.pu
+ +

jxq,,pu

Figure 4.5. l Per unit exact circuit model

Which can be simplified to:

l 2.pu
+

Figure 4.5.2 Moving shunt element before series impedance

I Lpu jXpu l 2.pu

A----'
+

Figure 4.5.3 Approximate circuit model with magnetizing current and core loss

Neglecting magnetization and core losses:

+ +

Figure 4.5.4 Approximate circuit model with magnetizing current and core loss neglected

4-12
 and

Recall that the impedance does not change when referred to either the primary or
secondary side of the transformer when expressed in p.u.

4.6 Three Phase Transformers

Three identical single-phase transformer units may be connected to form a three-phase

transformer. Although single three-phase transfom1er is usually available where all three
phases are on one iron structure, the theory is the same as for a three phase bank of single-
phase transformers.

The single-phase per unit transfonner equivaknl circuit used in the analysis of three phase
transformers is given in Figure 4.4.1, which is the same as previously developed and is
represented in Figure 4.6.1.

Figure 4.6.1 Circuit model of a single-phase transformer

Here

All quantities are in per unit. Remember that transferring per-unit quantities from one side
of the transfonner to the other does not change its numerical per-unit value.

Let us now connect these single-phase transformer in such a way that their input teffilinals
are Y-connected and common neutral point is grounded through an impedance Z 0 • The
output circuit remains open as shown in Figure 4.6.2.

4-13
 a la ZI Z2
v&1.---..--1 r-----...,.-------1c=:--i--~

b Ib Zt Z2
Vbn .----1 ..J--------...l-..--1C 1---

Figure 4.6.2 Primary side connected in Y, secondary left open

Applying KVL

4.6.I

Similarly

4.6.2

4.6.3

In matrix form:

4.6.4

If we assume that the system is balanced, and is symmetrical (which is clear from
the matrix) then we can use the symmetrical component transfonnation. Applying
symetrical component method discussed in Chapter 2 we obtain,

4.6.5

Zl(I) = Z1 -z. 4.6.6

4.6.7

4-14
In order to avoid confusion on identifying parameters on the primary or secondary side of
transformer, instead of I and 2 Wt: use I and II to indicate the positive and negative
sequence parameters respectivly.

The sequence equations are

0
z -z.
1 4.6.8
0

The sequence networks are shown in Figure 4.6.3

! 0(1)
-.-+-----1 3Zn 1 1----1

(a)

I I(l)
Z1
+

(b)

(c)

Figure 4.6.3 Sequence networks (a) Zero sequence, (b) Positive sequence, and
(c) Negative sequence network

In the same manner, consider just the output winding in a Y-connection with the neutral
point grounded through the impedance Zn2 and the input remains an open circuit as
shown in Figure 4.6.4.

4-15
 a

Ia+lb+lc

c le
vcn2
b z, Z2 lb
V1m2

Figure 4.6.4 Secondary side connected in Y, primary left open

Applying KVL and writing equations in matrix form.

zn2
Z2 +Z<I> +Zn2 4.6.9
. zn2

ln symmetrical component form

4.6.10

The sequence networks will remain the same as shown in Figure 4.6.3, except subscript I
changes to 2.

The zero sequence network is shown in Figure 4.6.5 for a Y-Y connection with the input
and output neutral points connected to ground through impedances Znl and Zn2,
respectively.

---i 3Zn1 3Zn2 t----.-

Y0(2)

Figure 4.6.5 Zero sequence representation of transformer for Y-Y connection

4-16
 Z41

Figure 4.6.5 Positive and negative sequence representation of transformer

Now consider the primary side connected in Y, the neutral point connected to ground
through impedance Zni and secondary side is connected in £\.

la
-
au------1 -Ix

i
lb- Ix
- Ix

lb
....._. Ix
....._.

c -le
- h

le Ix
....._.
....._.

Figure 4.6.6 Y-ll connection of transformer

Applying KVL on the Y side

Yau= Z1la +Z<Ji(Ia -lx)+Z 11 1l 11

= Z 1Ia+ Z<Jila -Z<l>lx + Z 11 1la+ Z 11 1lb + Z 11 1lc

4-17
 4.6.11

Similarly

4.6.12

4.6.13

K VL around !J. side

4.6.14

4.6.15

K =---''---
x 3Z 2 + 3Zqi
4.6.16

Substituting Ix into the voltage equations

v.n =(Z 1 +z<Ii +ZJl. +Znlb +Znlc -Z<t>Kx(Ia +Ib +IJ

4.6.17
Van =(Z 1 +Z<l, +Zn -zt1,K.,)I. +(Zn -ZwKx)lb +(Z 0 -Z<t>Kx)Ic

Similarly

4.6.18

and

4.6.19

Define

4.6.20

4-18
and

z2
Z =Z
m n
-z <I>
K =Z -
x n 3Z + 3Z
<.t> 4.6.21
2 <l.>

then

4.6.22

Transforming to symmetrical component form

4.6.23

We can synthesize a circuit for the zero sequence network as shown in Figure 4.6. 7 by
noting that the last term in the previous equation is the parallel combination of Z 2 and
z<b
10( 1)
1--
3Zn1

Yo(l) Vo(2)

Y side /J. side

Figure 4.6. 7 Zero sequence equivalent circuit

and

4.6.24

4-19
Note that the positive and negative sequence impedances are the same as a Y-connection only
on the primary circuit.

The ~side can be considered as an equivalent Y ungrounded, and the numeric value of the
impedance remains the same in per-unit; thus as shown in Figure 4.6.8 the equivalent circuit
will be similar to the YY case for positive and negative sequence circuit.

Y side .1. side

Figure 4.6.8 Positive and negative sequence equivalent circuit

4.7 Symmetrical Component Models for Different Three Phase Transformer

Connections

For the general single-phase two-winding transformers banked together to form a three phase
transformer, the sequence component networks are shown in Figure 4.28. Only the zero
sequence network is changed depending on the type of connection used, positive and negative
sequence networks remain the same irrespective of connection.

4-20
 Z1 2

(a)

,_ 1. ., '
~2

(b)

Figure 4.7. l General sequence equivalent circuits for any connection

(a) Positive and negative sequence, and(b) Zero sequence

Depending upon the connection, Y or 6, at each tenninal, the primed and double primed
tenninals must be handled as follows.

Solidly grounded WYE: short primed and double primed together.

Grounded WYE through Z 0 : Connect primed to double primed through 3Zn.
Ungrounded WYE: Leave primed and double primed open.
Delta: Short double primed to reference.

But this kind of representation of the symmetrical component for three phase 6- Y
connections neglects the phase shift that exists between primary and the secondary sides of the
transformer. Actually in balanced power system analysis, such as power flow analysis we are
dealing with only the positive sequence network, so we are not concerned with the way the
three phase transformer banks are connected. There is an inherent phase shift in certain three
phase transformer connection in the positive sequence network, but since its effect in power
flow analysis is in consequential, it is usually ignored. However in short circuit studies 6 - Y
three phase transformer bank connections require more complete models showing the phase
shift caused by the connection. In general in 6 - Y three phase transformers the positive

4-21
sequence voltage and current on high voltage side advance thirty degrees or ninety degrees
(depending on the windings' connection) from the voltage and current on the low voltage side.
On the other hand, the negative sequence voltage and current on the high voltage side have
opposite phase shifts, e.g. thirty degrees or ninety degrees behind.
Hence special consideration is needed to be taken to model a 8 Y three phase transformer.
In the following different 8 - Y three phase transfonner connections and grounding effect
will be considered and the phase shift induced by a transformer connection will be
demonstrated.
Before starting our analysis the same magnetically coupled circuit as shown in Figure 4.1.1 for
single phase is considered; except for model here we assume the flux linkage <j> in the primary

and in the secondary sides to be different, namely <j> 1 and <j> 2 respectively.

If the secondary side is assumed to be open, then <j> 2 , the flux passing through secondary

winding is a fraction of the flux produced by the current i 1 in the primary windings. If a is

assumed to be a fraction of the leakage flux, then

.~

4.7. l

Hence the flux linkages for each \'v'inding can be written as

't'1 = N1<!>1li1) 4.7.2

't'2 = N2<l>2Ci1) 4.7.3

The self inductance in the primary winding and the mutual inductance between the two
windings can be defined as:

L
I
= d'tf
~·
I 4.7.4
ul 1

and

M = d'o/ i 4.7.5
di,
Substituting Equations 4.7.2 and 4.7.3 into Equations 4.7.4 and 4.7.5, respectively, yields

4-22
 4.7.6

and

4.7.7

Then by substituting Equation 4.7. l into E4uation 4.7.7. the mutual imluctance becomes:

4.7.8

or

4.7.9

rearranging Equations 4.7.6 and 4.7.8 will give

4.7.10

and

4.7.11

since

4.7.12

The mutual inductance can be defined as follows:

4.7.13

However if the primary side opens while the secondary side is energized, the relation between
<?, and <? 2 will be given as a function of the fraction of leakage flux, ~,

4.7.14

Then in a similar manner, the self inductance in the secondary side can be defined as follows:

L = N aq,2 4.7.15
2 - 2 di2

4-23
and the mutual inductance between primary and secondary sides can be defined by

A d<j> 2
M=N 1 (1-JJ)-;:- 4.7.16
012

Then M can be represented in terms of L 2 , such that

4.7.17

Since in Equation 4.7.13 and Equation 4.7.17 the left hand sides are equal, then by setting
their right hand sides equal, the relation between L 1 and L 2 will yield,

4.7.18

Now if we define the coefficient of coupling, K such that,

4.7.19

Then by substitution of Equations 4.7.17 and 4.7.18 into Equation 4.7.19, the coefficient of
coupling can be defined in terms of the flux leakage fractions.

4.7.20

In general, specially in a practical power transformer, a and ~ are not equal but very much

smaller than unity.

4-24
Figure 4. 7 .2 illustrates the possible transformer connections and their corresponding zero
sequence networks. Note that, in many analyses Z~ is assumed to be infinity, hence it wiH be
open.

Connections Zero-Sequence Equivalent Circuit

~?C =+=
~~=mer=
:ft~ =[#~~
=y:?? ~-OU#=
~8C ::C¥~~
:? 61: ~--Di]+~~
~g;;;_ -r:+~-
Figure 4.7.2 Possible transformer connections and their equivalent zero sequence circuits

4-25
4.7.1 The Grounded Wye-Dcl~a Three Phase Transformer Connection

In Figure 4. 7 .1.1 the coupled circuit models represent the grounded ~ - Y three phase
transformer banks. In this analysis three identical single phase transformers are considered as
a three phase transformer. However the san1e procedure can be used for the three phase
transformer with common core.
As shown in Figure 4.7. l. l, based on the branch orientation and their numbers, the self
impedances can be written as follows:

R1 M R2
,,..-~~~~-.~--~~-.J A

Figure 4. 7. I. I Coupled circuit model for ¥ D. transformer

4.7.1.1

4.7.l.2

4.7.1.3

4.7. l.4

Also the mutual impedances between branches can be defined such that

4-26
 4.7. l.5

and 4.7. l.6

Then the primitive impedance matrix relationship between branch voltages and currents can be
calculated.

VI ZJ Zm 0 0 0 0 11
V2 Zm Z2 0 0 0 0 12
V3 0 0 Zt Zm 0 0 13
V4
= 0 0 0 0
4.7. l.7
Zm Z2 14
V5 0 0 0 0 Zt Zm 15
v6 0 0 0 0 Zm Z2 16

The inverse relationship is:

11 Z2 -Zm 0 0 0 0 VI
12 -Zm z, 0 0 0 0 V2
i3 0 0 Z2 -Zm 0 0 V3
= Z1Z.:;-Z~ 1 0 0 -Zm 0 0
4.7. l.8
14 ZJ V4
15 0 0 0 0 Z2 -Zm V5
16 0 0 0 0 -Zm z, v6

The geometric configuration of this circuit can be completely described by the relationship
between branch voltages and node voltages. The matrices which define these relationships are
called connection matrices, N, as was defined by Gabriel Kron. Such that

4.7.l.9

Where V8 is the branch voltages Bx 1 matrix, and VN are the node voltages with reference to
ground, an N x 1 vector.

Now by using the node connection matrix, N, the relation between the branch voltages and
node voltages can be obtained.

4-27
 VI 0 0 0 0 0 Va
V2 0 0 0 1 -1 0 vb
V3 0 1 0 0 0 0 Ve
V4
=0 0 0 0 I -1 VA
4.7.1.10

V5 0 0 0 0 0 Vs
v6 0 0 () -1 () Ye

We can demonstrate that the relationship between nodal admittance matrix and primitive
admittance matrix can be written as
r -T- -
\node =N YpnmN 4.7.1.l l

Hence by using the above equation, the node admittance matrix becomes:

a b c A B c
Z2 0 0 : -z Zm 0 a
I m
0 z, 0 I
I 0 -Zm Zm b
I
0 0I Z2 I
Zm 0 -Zm c 4.7.1.12
---------------r--------------
-z O z 2z -z -z
m rn 1
1 1 1 1 A
I
Zrn -Zm 0 I
I
-Zt 2z 1 -zl B
L
0 z r.1 -zm
I
I -zl -z, 2z 1 c
Where the rows and columns of the matrix are labeled to denote the node positions, and the
matrix is partitioned to separate the self admittance three-phase sub-matrices from the mutual
admittance three-phase sub-matrices. By performing the short circuit and open circuit test,
the values for R 1 , R 2 , L 1 , L 2 , and Mare obtained and then the node admittance values are
calculated from Equation 4.7.l.12. lf Equations 4.7.1.l through 4.7.1.7 are substituted into
the grounded wye side self admittance term, e.g. z 2/(z 1z 2 -z~). then we get:

4.7.1.13

Similarly, for the diagonal element of the delta side self admittance submatrix we can write,

4.7.1.14

4-28
 If the secondary side of a transfom1er i~ short circuited, we can show that the input impedance
at the primary side is equal to the reciprocal of the right hand side of Equation 4. 7 .1.13.
Similarly, if the primary side of a transformer is short circuited, then the input impedance from
the secondary side will be equal twice the reciprocal of the right hand side of the Equation
4. 7. l.14 Hence the self adminance three phase submatrices can be defined in terms of the
short circuit admittances. The three phases mutual submatrices also can be written in terms of
the short circuit admittances.

If we consider the coefficient of coupling in an actual power transformer to be very close to

unity, but not exactly unity, also if a.<<l and P<<l, then Equations 4.7.13, 4.7.17 and
4. 7 .19 can approximately be written as

4.7.1.15

4.7.1.16

4.7.1.17

- Furthermore if we assume that R 1 << wL 1 and R 2 << wL 2 then an element of the

mutual three phase node admittances can be approximately defined as:

4.7.1.18

or 4.7.1.19

Finally, the node admittance matrix for the three phase transformer can be written in terms of
the primary side short circuit admittance, y 1 ,

4.7.l.20

4-29
 4.7.1.21
I
y, 0 0 I .t:i. ..'.::J.. 0
I - N: Yi N: Y1
I N, N,
0 Yr 0 I 0 - N: Y1 N: Yi
I
I _.'.::J._ ..'.::J..
0 0 Y, 0 N, Y1
Y oode = --N-;----- -- ---N,Yi I
--1---~---
N.
--(-N; )1 ____ (-N.·52--
-

-v.Y, 0 N:Yi
1 2(N')2
I N, Yi - N: Yt - N: YI
I .
..J::L .'.::.I.. I - ( .'.::J..) 2 2( .'N:
.::.I..) 2 Y,
N: Y, - N: Yi 0 I N: Y, - (.'.::.I..)
N:
2
Y,
N1 N,
0 N.Y1 N: Yi
: ( N1 ) 2
I - N: Y1 - ( N.
N1 ) 2
y, 2(~)2 yt
N:

by considering the fact that, Equation 4.7.1.21 is written in the p.u system, and in order to
have l p.u line to line voltage on both side of the transformer, we need to have

4.7. l.22

Then Equation 4.7.1.21 can be written as follows:

Yt 0
0 Yt
0
Ynode = - 4.7.1.23
Yt
I
..fj y l
0

It is clear that y t is the short circuit admittance of the transformer in per unit. In Equation
4.7.1.23 the upper left hand side submatrix is the self admittance for the grounded Wye side of
the transformer, similarly the lower right hand side submatrix is the self admittance for the
delta side of the transformer.

The mutual three phase admittance submatrix is equal to the upper right hand side and lower
left hand side submatices. It is important to note that the phase shift in the voltages and
currents arc induced by this submatrix in the Delta-Wye transformer connection. Also, it is
worthy to note that a set of zero sequence voltages multiplied by the self admittance for the
delta side of the transformer (lowed right hand side submatrix) or by the mutual three phase
admittance submatrix produces no currents. However zero sequence voltages multiplied
4-30
across the self admittance for the gro~nd Wye side (upper left hand side submatrix) does
produce zero sequence currents. Hence the zero sequence equivalent circuit in Figure 4.6.7
and positive and negative sequence equivalent circuits in Figure 4.6.8 for a Wye-Delta
grounded three phase transformer are justified, and phase shift is taken into consideration.

A similar procedure may be used to obtain the admittance submatrices for other three-phase
transformer connections including unbalanced transformers, and those having neutral circuit
impedance in Wye connected windings. As we know there are many possible connections for
a three-phase transformer bank, therefore we will limit our discussion on various Delta and
Wye connections in lhe primary and in the secondary side of the transformer and possible
grounded Wye connections. Not all of them will be discussed here. However, one more
example, the grounded Wye-Wye transformer admittance matrix will be developed because
the connection matrix produces an extra node at the neutral point of the ungrounded Wye side
of the transformer.

It is important to note that the unbalanced transformer model just derived has a numerical
problem when it is applied directly by the optimally ordered factorized YBus or direct inverse
YBus methods. For some connections such as grounded Wye-Delta and Delta-grounded Wye,
the models make the system Y Bus singular. Therefore the application of factorized or directly
inverse Y Bu~ methods becomes imp1..)ssible. As we will see in the following discussion, in
order to over come this problem, artificially injected currents will be used to make the system
YBus a nonsingular matrix.

If the off-nominal tap ratio between primary and secondary windings of the transformer is
a: p, a and p are taps on primary and secondary side, respectively, in per unit, then the
submatrices must be modified to account for off-nominal tap ratios as follows:

(a) Divide the self admittance matrix of the primary by a. 2

(b) Divide the self admittance matrix of the secondary by p2
(c) Divide the mutual admittance matrices by a.p
For an off-nominal grounded Wye-Delta transformer, the admittance matrix presented in
Figure 4.7. l.23 is modified as shown below.

4-31
 Yr -yl Yr
-, 0 0 0
a· J3ap J3ap
l.L -yr Yr
0 0 0
a·' T3aP f3ap
\' -v
0 0 _:'.J_
0 __:'._L

abc J:"°"lap J3ap

YT = -Yr Y1 ~ -y, -yl
0 3p2 _1132
.f3ap J'Jup 3p2 4.7.1.24
Y1 -yt -yl 2yl -yl
0
J3ap fiap 3p" 3r32 3p2
\' -v ..:Ii_ -yl 3-ri_
0 _:'.J_ __:'._L
J:"°"lap .f3ap Jp2 Jp2 3p2

The equivalent circuit of Equation 4.7. l.24 is shown in Figure 4.7.1.2.

Primary y, Secondary

-
Figure 4. 7.1.2 Equivalent circuit for 3-phase fr'6. transformer

Where
y ,--,'
- .1
\'
y --1'.L
2- 3p2
and y =_Yt_
3 .r3ap 4.7.1.25
a·

In Figure 4.7.1.2, the equivalent circuit of a grounded Wye-delta transformer, there are three
elements ( Y1 ) connected to ground. These three elements must be represented by current
injections because the Zbus method (actually, optimally ordered factorized Ybus method) is
usually used to solve the system equations for both power flow and short circuit studies.
Then these three elements are replaced by current injections, the system admittance matrix
( Ybus) becomes singular, if the grounded Wye side is the end bus or swing bus. To avoid the
system admittance matrix becoming singular, another three elements ( -Y3 ) are represented by
current injections. If there is no load applied to the system and no current flows are allowed
in the first step, then, three Y2 elements in the delta side also have to be represented by
currcnL injections. As a result, only the equivalent lines between the primary and secondary

4-32
sides in the same phase are used to form the system admittance or impedance matrices ( Ybus
or Zbus ). All other equivalent lines are represented by their equivalent injected currents. The
programming model (the modified equivalent circuit models for power flow and fault analysis
program) of a three-phase grounded Wye-delta transformer is shown in Figure 4.7.1.3.

Primary Secondary

Figure 4. 7. l .3 Programming model for 3-phase ¥ 6 transformer

Where

I _ Y1 ye
J - a2 p

I
6
= .l'.L(yc
}pz S
_ya)
s

I =---1.!.._(yc_ya)
9 ..r3ap p x

Another representation of the programming model for a three-phase grounded Wye-delta

transformer is the same as Figure 4.7.1.4.

4-33
 Primary Secondary

Y1
a a

Y3
b b

Y3
c c
Ip I~ I~ I~ I~ 1:

Figure 4. 7.1.4 Alternate programming model for 3~phase ~~transformer

Where

y. l
y
3 ./3ujj

Ia =-{y~ ya _ _Zi_(ya -Vb)}

P H• P .f:lu13 P s
Ib
P
=-{.IL u2
yb __.I!_(yb _ y.: )}
P ./3ufl P 5

Ic =
p
-{1.L yep __.f:loP (Ve_
(l2 p
Va)}
Y_t
s
Ia =..2'.L.(Vc -Va)-..2'.L(va - Vb)--1L(Vc -Va)
s 3p2 s s 3132 s s .J3af} p s

lb= l'.L(va - Vb)-..2'.L(Vb - Vc)--1L(Va - Vb)

s 3132 s s 3132 s s .J3oP p s

1cs =l'.L(Vb
3p2 s
_ Vc)-..2'.L(Vc _Va)- Y1 (Vb_ Ve)
s 3p2 s s J3af} p s

4.7.2 Grounded Wye-Wye Three Phase Transformer Connection

As shown in Figure 4.7.2.1, the primary side of the transformer is grounded Wye and the
secondary side is ungrounded Wye connection.

4-34
 B

c
Lz

Figure 4.7.2. l Coupled circuit model of a grounded Wye-Wye three phase transformer

The primitive admittance matrix of the circuit in Figure 4.7.2. l is the same as that of Equation
4. 7.1.8 However, the node connection matrix, N, is considerably different and is represented
by Equation 4.7.2.1.

Ya
VI I 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -l
vb
V2 0
Ve
V3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
::::: VA 4.7.2.1
V4 0 0 0 0 0 -1
Vs
V5 0 0 I 0 0 0 0
Ye
v6 0 0 0 0 0 -I
Yn

By substituting the above connection matrix, N, in Equation 4.7.2.1 into Equation 4.7.1.11,
the following admittance matrix for seven nodes (including the neutral node) will yield,

4-35
 a b c A B c n
I
Z2 0 0 -zm 0 0 I Zm a
I
I
0 Z2 0 0 -zm 0 I Zm b
I
0 0 Z2 0 0 -Zm I
I Zmc
I
y - I -Zm 0 Zm Zt 0 0 : -z, A 4.7.2.3
node - Z1Z2 -z~
I
0 -Zm 0 0 Z1 0 : -z. B
0 0 -zm 0 ___0 ____ ZJ
..._
I
I -z, c
-------- ------ -1----

Zill Zm Zm -z1 -z1 -z1 : 3z 1 n

By using the node admittance matrix we can write the relation between node current and node
voltage as follows:

4.7.2.4

by considering there no current source connected to node n, and also substituting the node
admittance matrix of Equation 4.7.2.3 into YN in Equation 4.7.2.4, will yield,

I
la Zz 0 0 -zm 0 0 I Zm Ya
I

lb 0 Zz 0 0 -Zm 0 I
I
I
Zm vb
le 0 0 Z2 0 0 -Zm: Zm Ve
I
= -Zm 0 Zm Z\ 0 0 : -z1 VA 4.7.2.5
'
Ztl;:-z;;,

l::
I
0 -zm 0 0 Z1 0 : -z1 Vs
I
le 0 0 -Zm 0 0 Zt I -zi Ve
----------------------- -1----
0 Zm Zm -z,
Zm -z, -z, : Jz, vn

Ifwe write Equation 4.7.2.5 in a coupled matrix form and after partitioning by dotted lines we
will have

4.7.2.6

From the second set of equations in the above matrix, Vn can be solved in terms of other
node voltages denoted by the column vector, Vx .

4.7.2.7

4-36
Now if we substitute the above equatiqn into the first set of equations in matrix Equation
4.7.2.6, it will yield,

[Ix]= [Yx -Yxn Y1~~Y~ 11 )[Yx] 4.7.2.8

After expanding we get:

I z~ I Z~ _lzm2 2 I I
Zz--- -3-z:;- -3Zm ]Zm 3Zm
Ia 3 Z 1 3 Z1 Ya
I Z~ z2 z2
lb -3z;- Zz - _I .::J!L _l .:::m. I
3Zm
2
-3zm
I
3Zm vb
3 Z1 3 Z1
le I
z2
_l__1!t I Z~ I z~, I I Ve 4.7.2.9
=--~
3 Z1 -3-z:;- Zz---
3 Z1 3Z111 3zm -1.z
3 m
IA ZJZ2-Z~1
_lz l l VA
3 Ill 3Zm 3 Z111 1z1 -fz1 -fz1
Is I , 2 I Vs
}Zm -3Z111 3 Zm -1z1 %z1 -1z1
le l I 2 Ye
3Z111 3Zm -3 Zm -1z1 -1z1 iz1

If the impedances in the above equation are considered to be in p.u., then the effective turns
ratio in a grounded Wye-Wye transformer will be unity. By applying the same approximations
as were made for the grounded Wye-delta transformer the following relationships between z 1,
Zm and z 2 will arise.

4.7.2.10
4.7.2.l l

However this approximation should not be applied for the constant z 1z 2 - z~n in pre-
multiplication in Equation 4.7.2.9, but it can be applied for the elements in the matrix itself.
After using this approximation, Equation 4.7.2.9 will have the following form.

a b c A B c
iz2 -!z2
-tz2 f z2
-!z2 -tz2 c 4.7.2.12
--2------r--
--z2
3 -Z2
3
A
1z2 -tz2
1z2 !z2

4-37
As we mentioned, since z 2 / { z 1z2 - z~ 1 ) is the short circuit admittance of the transfonner,
then the node admittance matrix can be written in terms of Y1 such that,

a b c A B c
2yt -yl -yl : -2yl
I
Yt Yt a
-yl 2yl -yl II Yt -2y. Yt b
I
-y, -y, 2yl II
Yt Yt -2y, c 4.7.2.13
_I -------------- .,-
Y' N-3 -
-2y,
-----------
Yt Yt I 2yl
I -yl -yl A
I
Yt -2y, Yt II -y, 2yl -y, B
Y1
I
Y1 -2y1 I -y, -yl 2y, c

From this equation it can be realized that the self admittance submatrix for the grounded Wye
side of the transformer is essentially the same as that for the ungrounded Wye side, and no
zero sequence currents can flow into either side of the transformer.

The off diagonal sub-matrices are the mutual three phase admittance submatrix.

4.7.3 Wye-Delta Three Phase Transformer Connection

Figure 4. 7.3. I shows a coupled circuit model for Wye delta three phase transfonner
connection.

4-38
 R1
b o-----'' ~--1---- B

777777777777777777777777777777

Figure 4. 7.3.1 Coupled circuit model of a Wye-delta three phase transformer

- By using the primitive admittance matrix as Equation 4. 7.1.8, the node connection matrix
relating branch voltages to node voltages is defined by

v, r1 0 0 0 0 0 -1
-f Va
i

-l 0 0
vb
Yz 0 0 0 l
Ve
V3 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1
=0 VA 4.7.3. l
V4 0 0 0 -1 0
Vs
V5 0 0 I 0 0 0 -1
Ve
v6 0 0 0 -I 0 0
Vn

Substituting the above connection matrix into Equation 4.7. l. l l will give the resulting node
admittance matrix .

4-39
 a b c A B c
2.3 Z2 -lz2
3
-lz2
3 -zlll Zill 0 a
_lz2 2.3 Z2 --!z2 0 -zm Zm b
3

y - -{-z2 -1z2 i-z2 Zill 0 -Zill c 4.7.3.2

N- 2
z I z2 -z·m
-zm 0 Zm 2z 1 -z1 -z1 A
Zm -zm 0 -z, 2z 1 -z, B
0 Zill -Zm -z1 -z1 2z 1 c

Based upon our previous discussion, z2 /(z 1z2 - z~) is the short circuit admittance from the
primary side and z 1/ ( z 1z2 - z?n) is the short circuit admittance from the secondary side of the
transformer. However, as we did before, the above node admittance matrix can be written in
terms of these short circuit admittances. The short circuit admittance is considered in per unit
value, then it is required that the effective turns ratio between the Wye and delta windings to
be 1/
Ji in order to maintain one per unit line-to-line voltage on both sides of the
transformer. Then a single per unit short circuit admittance, y t, is be substituted into
Equation 4.7.3.2, which it yields,

Yt
z,
= z 1 z,~z"
• m
(per unit) -
4.7.3.3
. _ 3z. 1
j t - z1z,-z 2 (per unit)
• m

4.7.3.4
and - ../3zm (per unit)
Yt - Z1Z2-Z~
4.7.3.5

Again by applying the same approximations as before, the node admittance matrix for the
Wye-delta transformer will have the following form:

440
 a b c A B c
2yt -yt -yt !-J3yl Yt J3yt a
I
-yt 2yt -yl I J3yl -J3yt Yt b
I

YN =1 -yt
-_JJ-y~---
-yt 2yl : Yt
-------t-------- {Jy_1 __ ~!JJ1 c 4.7.3.6
Yt Jjyl : 2y, -yt -yt A
I
...{jyt -..[jy, Yt I
I -yt 2yt -yt J3
I
Yt Jjyt -J3yt I
'
-yt -yt 2yt c

Here we can realize that the self admittance submatrices.are equal and by multiplying a set of
zero sequence voltages to the self and mutual admittance for the both sides of the transformer
produce no currents. Thus the zero sequence equivalent circuit will be open from both sides.

4.7.4 Wye-Wye Three Phase Transformer Connection

The coupled circuit model for Wye-Wye three phase transformer is presented in Figure

- 4.7.4.1.

777777777777777777777777777777

Figure 4.7.4.l Coupled circuit model of a Wye-Wye three phase transformer

4-41
Here the original node admittance matrix for Figure 4.7.4. I will have eight rows and columns
since the neutral points are not grounded. The node connection matrix relating the six
branches to these eight independent nodes is given by the following equation

Ya
VJ 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 vb
V2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 Ye
V3 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 VA 0
:::;

V4 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 -1 Ve 4.7.4.l
V5 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 Ve
v6 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 vn
vm
If the node connection matrix in Equation 4. 7.4. 1 and the primitive admittance matrix in
Equation 4.7. 1.8 are substituted into Equation 4.7. 1.11, then an eight-by-eight node
admittance matrix will result. However, since nodes m and n are not connected to current
sources, they can be eliminated by matrix reduction. After eliminating these nodes and using
appropriate approximations, then a six-by-six node admittance matrix representing the Wye-
Wye transformer will yield,

4-42
 a b ·c A B c
-y, : -2y, Yt a
I
-y, : Yt
Yt b
I
- I -y, -y, 2y, : Yt Yt -2y, c 4.7.4.2
YN -3 --- ------------,--------- ------
-2y, Yt Yt l 2y, -y 1 -y 1 A
Yt -2y, Yt l-yt 2y 1 -y 1 B
Yt Y1 -2y, : -y 1 -y 1 2y 1 C

4.7.5 Delta-Delta Three Phase Transformer Connection

A coupled circuit model for a delta-delta transformer connection is shown in Figure 4.7.5.1.

R1 M Ri
a u----<1,___ _,, "·----.~.----" f'-------0 A

777777777777777777777777777777

Figure 4.7.5.1 Coupled circuit model of a delta-delta three phase transfonner

Here we only have six independent nodes, hence the connection matrix directly yields the six-
by-six admittance matrix when Equation 4. 7.1.11 is applied. The connection matrix for this
model is defined as follows:

4-43
 VI 1 -I 0 0 0 0 Ya
V2 0 0 0 -l 0 vb
V3 0 1 -1 0 0 0 Ve
V4
= 0 0 0 0 -I
4.7.5. l
VA
V5 -I 0 l 0 0 0 VB
v6 0 0 0 0 Ve

By applying the procedure as before the node admittance matrix for the Delta-Delta
transformer will be exactly the same as Equation 4.7.4.2.

4. 7.6 Grounded Wye-Grounded Wye Three Phase Transformer Connection

The circuit model of the grounded Wye-grounded Wye connected transformer is shown in
Figure 4.7.6.1.

-
R1 M R1
a o--------"' "~-----•r-"'\• -----· J F\---.n A

Figure 4. 7 .6.1 Coupled circuit model of a ~~three phase transformer

The connection matrix for this three-phase transformer is defined by Equation 4. 7.6.1.

4-44
 v, 0 0 0 0 0 Ya
V2 0 0 0 1 0 0 vb
V3 0 I 0 0 0 0 Ve
= 4.7.6.l
V4 0 0 0 0 0 VA l
V5 0 0 0 0 0 VB
v6 0 0 0 0 0 Ve

After using the connection matrix in Equation 4.7.6.1 and the primitive admittance matrix in
Equation 4. 7.1. l 1, the six-by-six node admittance matrix results. Again, after using the same
approximations as before, the node admittance matrix can be represented in terms of the per
unit short circuit admittance of a transformer y 1 .

a b c A B c
Yt 0 0 :I -yt 0 0 a
0 Y1 0 II 0 -y, 0 b
I
0 0 0 I 0 -y, c 4.7.6.2
YN = --- Yt
---r---
I
-------
-y, 0 0 i Yt 0 0 A
I
0 -y, 0 I 0 Yt 0 B
I

0 0 -y, I
I 0 0 Yt c
If the taps a. and ~ are not equal to 1, i.e., off-nominal tap ratio, then the admittance matrix
must be modified as Equation 4.7.6.3. Equation 4.7.6.3 is the general form of the admittance
matrix for a nominal and off-nominal Grounded Wye-Grounded Wye transformer. The
equivalent circuit of Equation 4.7.6.3 is shown in Figure 4.7.6.2.

Yt 0 0 Yt 0 0
{1.2 u.p
0 Yi 0 0 Yt 0
{1.2 u.I}
0 0 .I!_ 0 0 Yi
yabc _ u.2 ap
T - Yi 11. 4.7.6.3
ap 0 0 p2 0 0

0 Yt 0 0 Y1 0
up ~
0 0 Y1 0 0 Yi
uj\ ~

4-45
 Primary Secondary

bo----1----~---..._/
ao----

Figure 4. 7.6.2 Equivalent circuit for 3-phase ~~Transformer

Where
y = l:'.L ( ll-u )
I up o: '
y
2
=l'.L(o:-p)
ap u and

For a nominal tap grounded Wye-grounded Wye transfonner, both a and Pare equal to one
so the shunt elements in the equivalent circuit disappear, but for the off-nominal tap ratio
transfonner, either a or p or both are not equal to one, therefore, the shunt elements reflect
the effect of the off-nominal tap ratio.

The programming model of a three-phase grounded Wye-grounded Wye transformer is shown

in Figure 4 7.6.3.

Primary Secondary

bo-----1--------r
a Y3

Figure 4. 7.6.3 Programming model for 3-phase ~ ~ transformer

Where
Y3 = ~~ 4.7.6.4.

Ia
P
=_l'.L(P-u)Va
ap a P
Ic
P
=_J:'.L(P-o:)Vc
ufl u P
Ia __ l'.L(a-l})Va
s - ap p s 1sc =_J'.L(o:-fl)vc
ufl p s

4-46
 or in vector forms

pbc =_1.!._(P-u)Vabc 4.7.6.5

P up u P
labc = _1.L(u-~l)yabc
s ullll s 4.7.6.6

The artificial current sources reflect the effect of the off-nominal tap ratio. If a. is equal to ~
then

-abc -abc -
Ip =I s =0

It means that there is no injected current on both ends of the transformer. Figure 4.7.6.3 is
redrawn as Figure 4.7.1.4.

But

- 4.7.6.7

4.7.6.8

4.7.6.9

4. 7. 7 Delta-Grounded Wye Three Phase Transformer Connection

The network connection diagram for the three-phase delta-grounded Wye transformer is
shown in Figure 4. 7. 7 .1.

Primary Secondary

Figure 4. 7. 7 .1 Connection diagram for 3-phase 6.~ transformer

4-47
The admittance matrix for the three-phase delta-grounded Wye transformer is

")
-l -yl Yi
)Yt 3Y1 Yt .fj .fj 0
-I ")
-J
0 -Yi Yi
3Y1 )Yi 3Y1 T3 73
=.l 1. Yt -y,

Yr'"' =[y" y'"]=

Ym Y1 -yt
Yt 3

0
Yi 3 Yt
Yt
.fj
Yt
0
0
.fj
0 4.7.7.1
.fj .fj
.vt -y,
0 0 Yt 0
.[j 73
0 Yt -yl
0 0
7j 73 Yt

For an off-nominal delta-grounded wye transformer, the admittance matrix is modified as

shown below.

2 .vI -I Yi -v. I Yt
3 u2 0
3 u2 .f3u11 T3u13
2 .vi v Yi -Yi
_.1
0
3 a" u-' .[jap Jjap
-I Yt -I Yi 2 Y1 Y1 -y,
3 3 3 uz 0
abc (1;; (12 .{jup .J.3<~
Yr = -yl Yi 0 Yt 0 0
.J)ap 43u13 P2" 4.7.7.2
-Yi y
• t
0 ..,Gujj 0 0
1:\2
l Jt
.{juf3
0 -:i
.{jufl
0 0 .vi
l:l2

The equivalent circuit of Equation 4.7.7.2 is shown in Figure 4.7.7.2.

Primary Seconda.Iy

Figure 4. 7. 7 .2 Equivalent circuit for 3-phase .6.~ Transformer

4-48
Where
y _ Yt
l - 13~ ' 4.7.7.3

In Figure 4. 7. 7. 2, the equivalent circuit of a delta-grounded Wye transformer, there are three
elements ( Y1 ) connected to ground. These three elements must be represented by current
injections because the Zsus method and iterative compe11satio11 method are used to solve the
system equations for power flow and short circuit studies, respectively. After replacing these
three elements by current injections, the system admittance matrix ( YBus) becomes singular, if
the grounded Wye side is an end bus 1 or reference bus. To avoid these, three elements ( -Y3 )
and three Y2 elements are replaced by current injections. As a result, only the equivalent lines
bet ween the primary and secondary sides in the same phase are used to form the system
admittance or impedance matrices ( Zsus or YBus)· AH other equivalent lines are represented
by their equivalent injected currents.

An alternative model of a three-phase delta-grounded Wye transformer used is shown in

Figure 4.7.7.3.

Primary Secondary
y
a

Figure 4.7.7.3 Model for Three-phase Delta-G Wye Transformer

Where

I 2 = 2'..L(yb
Jul p
- Ve)
p

I The bus connected to only one bus.

4-49
 l
4
= l.L
pl yns l =l.L
p2 ybs l = l.L ye
5 6 p2 s
Y1 b n
17 = --·-
.J)up (Yp - Vs ) I = --1'.L(ye -Vb) I = __Y_t_(Va _ye)
8 .J)ap p s 9 .J)ap p x

Another representation of the model for a three-phase grounded Wye-delta transfonner is the
same as Figure 4. 7.1.4.

But

4. 7.8 Significance of Self and Mutual Admittance Submatrices

In all of our results for the self and mutual admittance submatrices in the node admittance
matrices of different transfonner connection there exist a similarity. In order to reach a
conclusion from these similarities, the self admittance and mutual admittance submatrices for
the nine common three phase transfonner connections are summarized in Table 4.7.8.1 and
are analyzed separately.

For Table 4.7.8.1 we define following matrices:

[~
0
Yt
0

4-50
 Table 4. 7.8.1 Characteristic submatrices of three-phase transformers

Connection Self Admittance Mutual Admittance

ubc ynli1: abc obc
Dus p Buss yp ~ Yps Ysp
~ :€( Y1 Y1 -Yi -Yi
~ _l Yn Yu -Yu -Yu
yl
~ !::,. Y1 Yu Ym
III

_"'(_ ~ Yn Yn -Yu -Yn

y '(' Yu Yu -Yu -
-Yu
y !::,. Yu Yu Ym yl
Ill

yt
!::,. ~ Yu Y1
Ill
Yrn

!::,. y Yu Yu yt
m
Ym

6 !:::,. Yn Yu -Yu -Yu

Note: All values in the table are in per unit and y t is the leakage admittance per
phase in per unit.

As we can sec, there arc actually only two types of self admittance submatrices. In the
grounded Wye side of a grounded Wye-delta transformer and also on the either side of a
grounded Wye-grounded Wye transformer, we encountered the following type self admittance
sub matrix:

Yt 0
pp
Yabc = 0 Yt 4.7.8.l
[
0 0

where p is the bus label, so bus p is the grounded Wye bus. By applying the symmetrical
components transformation for Equation 4. 7.8. l, the positive, negative, and zero sequence
self admittance of the grounded Wye winding can be obtained.

PP -T.-1 PP T 4.7.8.2
Yo12 - s Yabc s

Then,

4-51
 pp

-~]
0 0

[
T llP
YII
0
00 ]·=[Yt
pp
Y22
0
0
Yt
0 Yt
4.7.8.3

and it is readily seen that all three components of current can enter the grounded Wye side of
the transformer in these types of connections.

The second types of the self admittance submatrix that we encountered in other connections
are shown by Equation 4.7.8.4. Even the grounded Wye side of the grounded Wye-Wye
transformer has this type of self admittance submatrix.

pp
Yabc 4.7.8.4

The symmetrieal eornponents Equation 4.7.8.2 is applied to y~f:c in Equation 4.7.8.4, the

-
symmetrical eomponents of self admittance can be given by Equation 4.7.8.5.

0
vPP
• 11
oo J= [o0 yo o0 1
1 4.7.8.5
0 yg 0 0 Yt.;

Here, as one can realize, the zero sequence self admittance is zero; therefore no zero sequence
currents can flow into this node. However the positive and negative sequence currents can
flow through the node.

For different types of transformer connection and labeling that we examined, there are three
types of mutual admittance submatrices. The first type of mutual admittance submatrix is
represented by Equation 4. 7.8.6 only occurs when both sides of the three-phase transformer
are connected grounded Wye-grounded Wye.

-~.l
-y. 0
pq -
4.7.8.6
Yabc -
[ ~

4-52
This is just the negative of the self admittance submatrix of Equation 4. 7.8.1. Therefore, the
symmetrical component admittance values of this submatrix are the negatives of those in
Equation 4.7.8.3. Thus all three components of current can flow from node p to node q when
the above mutual admittance submatrix occurs.

The second type of mutual admittance submatrix occurs with Wye-Wye, delta-delta, and
grounded Wye-Wye connections. This submatrix can be represented by Equation 4.7.8.7.

-2yt
pq - I Yt ]
Yabc -3 Yt Y1 4.7.8.7
[
Yt -2yt

Where th.is is the negative of the self admittance submatrix given in Equation 4.7.8.4.
Therefore the symmetrical components of mutual admittance between the two sides of the
transformer become the negatives of those in Equation 4.7.8.5. Thus, zero sequence current
cannot flow through a transformer whose mutual admittance submatrix has the form of
Equation 4. 7.8.7, but positive sequence and negative sequence currents can flow.

The third type of mutual admittance submatrix occurs whenever a three-phase transfonner
bank is connected grounded Wye-Delta-Delta or Wye-Delta as shown in Figures 4.7.1. l and
4.7.3. l. This mutual ;:dmiltance i~ pre~ented by Equation 4.7.8.8.

pq
Yt 0 ]
Yabc -yt Yt 4.7.8.8
0 -Yi

If t~e symmetrical component transformation given in Equation 4.7.8.2 is applied to Equation

4.7.8.8, the symmetrical component for mutual admittance submatrix will yield,

o o
Yb~2 = 0 Y1L30o 4.7.8.9
[0 0

From Equation 4.7.8.9 very clearly we can see that th.is causes thirty degree phase shifts in the
positive sequence currents and a negative thirty degree phase shifts in the negative sequence
currents that flow through the transformer while there is no zero sequence current flow at all.

4-53
If the delta winding of a grounded Wye-delta transformer is labeled differently, this causes a
different phase shift in the symmetrical component admittance. For example, in a delta-Wye
three phase transformer with the ground neutral in Figure 4.7.1.1 re-labeled as shown in
Figure 4.7.8.1, then in a similar manner, as before, the connection matrix procedure is applied
to this configuration.

Figure 4.7.8. l Re-labeling grounded Wye-delta transformer connection in Figure 4. 7.1. l

The resulting node admittance matrix can be written in terms of the short circuit admittance of
a transformer in per unit, the resulting mutual admittance submatrix becomes:

0
pq - .fj 4.7.8.10
Yabc- 3 Yt
[
-yt Yt

After applying the symmetrical components Equation 4.7.8.2 to Equation 4.7.8.10, the
resulting symmetrical component mutual admittance matrix will be given by

pq
Y012 -
-
-[oo 4.7.8.11
0

4-54
As we can see this modification causes a 90° phase shift instead of 30° phase shift. The
purpose of transforming this self and mutual submatrices into symmetrical components is to
demonstrate the inherent phase shifts of certain transfom1er connections and the lack of zero
sequence current flow.

A transfonner is one of the most important components of the modem electric power system,
and, after deregulation, transformers will provide connections between Genco., Transco. and
DistCo. In general, power transformers are considered very efficient, hence in power flow
analysis the losses generally are ignored. However in distribution systems the energy loss
caused mainly by the core and copper losses of the transformer need lO be considered. In
addition, zero sequence current, grounding method and protection strategy for distribution
transformers need to be considered. The most widely used connection on the generator side
of the transformer is the delta connection to block the zero sequence flow in the generator.
However, in the distribution step down transformer, the delta-ground Wye connection is most
popular. The positive and negative sequence voltages are shifted in opposite directions
through the transformer with this kind of connection. The phase shift must be included
properly in the model to simulate the transformer such· that the effects of system unbalance
can be taken into account.

4.8 Transformer Core Loss

As mentioned before in the distribution system, transfonner core loss contributes to the total
system loss significantly. As shown in Figure 4.8.1, the core loss for a transformer is
approximately modeled by a shunt core loss function on each phase of the secondary terminal
of the transformer.

Primary Secondary
Admillancc M·11rix
'

Yt=

a b c a b c
l [g~~ J
~·

Figure 4.8. l Overall proposed transformer model

4-55
Core loss characteristics vary according to the quality of the transformer design and
manufacturing. Test results show that the real and reactive power losses in the transformer
core can be expressed as a function of the terminal voltage of the transformer. Transformer
core loss functions represented in p.u. on the system simulation power base are:

4.8. J

2
Q( Pu) = System
kVA Rating (D·IVl2 +E·ef1vl
Base
) 4.8 .. 2

Where, typically.
A= 0.00267. B 0.734x10-9 , c 135.
13
D = 0.00167, E = 0.268x10- • F =22.7, and
!VIis the voltage magnitude in per unit.

It must be noted that the coefficients; A, B, C, D, E, and F; are transformer dependent

constants.

4.9 Transformers with off-nominal tap ratios

Transformers are also used as an additional means of control of real and reactive power flow.
Tap changing and phase shifting transformers are used for this purpose. For these
transformers it is possible that the turns ratio is different from the ratio used to select the ratio
of base voltages on the two sides of the transformer, such a transformer is said to have an off-
nominal tap ratio.

Generally load tap changing (LTC) transformers in transmission systems and voltage
regulators in distribution system have ± l 0% tap range consisting of thirty-two steps of 5/8%
each.

Consider the following example in which 15 taps are on primary side with the mid-tap at rated
voltage (i.e., nominal voltage). The nrune plate gives each tap in line-to-line KV. The
secondary side has no taps and the name plate gives the rated line-to-line voltage in KV for
this side.

4-56
 + +

Figure 4.9. l Transformer with off-nominal turn ratio

The turns ratio used for detennining the base KV of one side when the other side is known is
always the ratio of nominal(rated) KV. Assume a base KV is known for the secondary side
(i.e., V2 b ). The base for the primary side is calculated using the mid-tap (nominal) voltage as
follows:

4.9. I

When the tap changing mechanism selects a tap other than the nominal KV value, then this
change must somehow be reflected in the circuit model.

For a regulating transformer capable of phase angle control, a phase angle value a. is

associated with the transformer ratio.

4.9.1 Equivalent Circuit

The transformer with off-nominal turns ratio can be represented by its impedance connected in
series with an ideal transformer as shown in Figure 4. 9 .1.1. Note that the magnetizing and
core loss components of the current have been neglected in the circuit model.

4-57
 l:n z

Figure 4.9.1.1 Representation of transformer with off nominal tap ratio

According to the definition of an ideal transformer, the following equations are satisfied by
secondary voltage, Vs, secondary current, ls, and primary voltage, Yr, and primary current
Ir.

Voltage Lransformer 4.9. l. l

Power invariant transmission Ysls* +(Yr -Zlr )1 *5 = 0 4.9. l.2
[Is:(-lr)=n:l]

From these equations, we can solve Is and Ir using Y = l/Z, as follows:

4.9.1.3

-
2 2
Is= (n /Z)Vs -(n/Z)Vr = n YVs - nYYr and 4.9. l.4
Ir= -(nV)/Z+ Vr/Z= . . . nYVs + YVr 4.9. l.5

or

l 5 =n(n-l)YV5 +nY(V5 Yr) and 4.9.1.6

Ir= nY(Vr -V5 )+(1-n)YVr 4.9.1.7

Next we can determine the equivalent circuit for the transformer by using the following
model:

4-58
 Zin nY

(a) Representation in impedance form (b) Representation in admittance form

Figure 4.9. l .2

If the transformer has a phase shifting device. then n should be replaced with

4.9. l.8

it will result in

Is= (N 2 Vs - N*Vr )/Z 4.9.1.9

Ir= (Yr -NV5 )/Z 4.9. L 10

In this case, we cannot express this relation in the linear cquivaknt circuit.

4-59