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Selection of Various Types of UPS (Part-2)

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(2) Line-Inter active UPS:

Working Principle of Line Interactive UPS is same as OFF Line/ stand UPS. It connected directly from
mains, switching to baĴery (via the inverter) in mains Power cut condition.
The designing of line interactive UPS is same as OFF Line UPS in addition the design Line Interactive
generally includes an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) or a tap-changing transformer. This
enhances the regulation of voltage by regulating transformer taps as the input voltage differs.
The main difference between an off-line and a line-interactive UPS is that a line-interactive UPS inthe
stand-by mode has active voltage regulation.
Voltage regulation is a significant feature when the conditions of a low voltage exist, otherwise the
UPS would transfer to baĴery and then finally to the load. The usage of more common baĴery can
cause early baĴery failure.
It typically uses either a Ferro resonant transformer or a buck-boost transformer. Both helps toreduce
the frequency of transfers to baĴery, slightly improving efficiency and reducing baĴery wear.
Ferro resonant designs also offer power conditioning and tight voltage regulation, as well as an
energy store that can maintain uninterrupted power supply output while the inverter switches on.

Circuit Diagram:

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Working Function:

Normal Condition:
In Normal Power Condition, power supply will continuously provide to Load with some filtering
and voltage regulation circuit.
During normal operation, the Line Interactive UPS takes utility power and passes it through a
transformer with various tap selections on the output. When utility power is high, the Line
Interactive UPS selects a tap to lower (buck) the output voltage. Similarly, when the utility voltage is
low, the UPS selects a tap to increase (boost) the output voltage.
In Normal Condition BaĴery is charged continuous charge through BaĴery Charger
BaĴery charger convert AC power to DC Power and this DC Power charged BaĴery.
Power outage Condition:
When utility power fails, the device will start its internal inverter Circuit by Mechanical Switch.
Mechanically transfer Switch Transfer from utility power to BaĴery Power, inverter output.
This transfer can take as 2 to 4 ms.

Advantage:

small Size
Low cost
High Efficiency (because less power conversion is when AC input is present).
Sine Way Output.
BaĴery life is good compared to OFF Line UPS.
Voltage regulation is fair (more than OFF Line UPS but Less than ON Line UPS)
EMI/RFI/Noise Rejection is good.
Change over Time is 2 to 4 Milliseconds.
Lower electricity consumption (less costly to operate).
Higher reliability (Lower component count and lower operating temperatures).

Disadvantage:

No isolation between main supply and load

Higher Heat Output
More Expensive
Problematic with power factor corrected loads.

Applications:

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For small business.

IT Racks, Network Switches, Medical Instrument System where data loss is a serious problem.
The line interactive UPS may not be the appropriate choice for installations where AC power is
unstable or highly distorted, because baĴery power will be used too often to keep the UPS output
within specifications.

Capacity:

UPS in the range of 500VA to 5kVA power.

(3) ON Line UPS/ Double Conversion UPS

It is truly uninterrupted power system (UPS) provide continuous power to load in any condition.
Online UPS sometimes called “double conversion” UPS.
Today most users with highly-critical loads are choose online UPS .It is used to protect sensitive
equipment and data from mains problems at all times with any extra cost.
This UPS have no power transfer switches and therefore no transfer time is existed under the mains
power failure. Thus this is truly an uninterrupted system.
In Online UPS to maintain the charge of the baĴery, a baĴery charging unit is continuously powered
from the AC mains.
Online UPSs are often called ‘double conversion’ types because incoming power is Firstly converted
once AC to DC for the baĴery and then back Secondly Converter DC to AC before reaching the load
which is therefore well-insulated from the mains like an electrical firewall between the incoming
power and sensitive electronic equipments. It also control of the output voltage and frequency
regardless of the input voltage and frequency.
The online UPS continuously filters power through the baĴery before sending it to your computer.
By contrast, online UPS systems draw power through the power conditioning and charging
components during normal operation, so the load always receives conditioned power rather than
raw mains.

Circuit Diagram:

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Working Function:

The designing of this UPS is similar to the Standby UPS, excluding that the primary power source is
the inverter instead of the AC main.
In this UPS design, any cutoff of input AC Supply does not cause triggering of the transfer switch,
because the input AC Supply is charging the backup baĴery source which delivers power to the o/p
inverter. So, during failure of input AC Supply, this UPS operation results in no transfer time.
The Transfer switch will automatically transfer the load to mains in case of overload or UPS failure.
Normal Condition or Power outage Condition:
In Normal Power Condition, power supply will continuously feed from the Inverter, providing
conditioned, stabilized sinusoidal voltage.
Input Power is filter and regularized by RFI Filter circuit then it is feed to BaĴery charger which is
convert AC Power to DC Power. This DC Power is charged BaĴery continuously.
BaĴery DC power is converted to AC power by Inverter Circuit.

Advantage:

The cost is high compare to other type of UPS.

It provides isolation between main supply and load.
The output is pure Sign wave.
100% Power Conditioning
Constant voltage output.
Correction of Input Power Factor
Zero transfer time
The output voltage is free from distortion due to inverter is always ON.
It offers the best power protection, covering any and all types of mains disturbances of supply suchas
blackout, brownouts, spikes etc are absent in the output.
Voltage regulation is beĴer
Transfer time is practically zero since inverter is always ON.
High Reliability, Units can be connected in parallel redundant configuration.
This is the best choice, considering such issues as modularity, ability to work from generator, power
factor correction, maintenance, hot swapping, fault clearing, supervising, and communicating.

Disadvantages:

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More Expensive
Lower Efficiency (Due to inverter is always ON).
Higher Heat Output
Higher baĴery TCO
Higher operating cost (Supplies power is charge BaĴery Charger and Inverter both).
The waĴage of the rectifier is increased since it has to supply power to inverter as well as charge
baĴery

Applications:

It the preferred choice for most business applications.

Induction motor drives and similar other motor control applications.
Medical equipments and Intensive care units.
Electronics manufacturers.
Data and call centers.
TV stations
Production-based manufacturers.

Capacity:

From 1 KVA up to 5 MVA.

Comparison of all types of UPS:

Comparison of all types of UPS

Features OFFLINE Line-Interactive ON Line

Size of UPS Compact Moderate Big
Cost Cheap Cheaper expensive
Circuit Simplicity Simple Simple Complicated
Transfer Time 4 to 10 millisecond 2 to 4 millisecond 0
Efficiency High Moderate Low
Power Consumption Less Less High
BaĴery Charging Time More More Less
BaĴery Life Less Less More
Backup Time Short Short More
Surge Protection
Voltage Regulation Low BeĴer Best
Load Protection Low BeĴer Best

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Size Up to 2KVA Up to 5KVA 5 to 500KVA

Reliability Low BeĴer Best
Isolation from Mains Not Available Not Available Available
Noise Reduction Good Good Best
Frequency Stability Not Stable Not Stable Always Stable
Voltage Conditioning Low BeĴer Best
Cost/KVA Low Medium High
Inverter alwaysOperating Yes Yes Yes
Data Center,
For Domestic IT Racks ,Switches
Application Hospital,
Desktops ,Distributed Server
Banks
1000VA to
Capacity Up to 800VA 800VA to 1500VA
5000VA

Selection of UPS:

(1) Size of the UPS (VA & WaĴs)

To decide Power Capacity of the required UPS, we should decide which should be protected and its
power consumption in Amps, VA, or WaĴ.

(2) Back-up time

BaĴery Backup time is the time that baĴeries are able to back-up operation and feed the load upon
failure of utility power. Load consumption and size of UPS baĴeries decide the back-up time.

(3) Type of the UPS you need

UPS’s are divided to three main classes.

The Off Line (Stand-by) UPS is the simplest and the least expensive.
The Line Interactive type, which overcomes the major disadvantages of the off-line unit
The On-Line UPS, which provides the best power protection.

(4) Cost:

For applications where low cost is critical and it does not maĴer if backup times are short, an OFF
Line UPS is proper solution. However it will not provide adequate protection against spikes or sags
from the grid.
For applications that require complete isolation from any changes in grid power, such as many
medical applications then On Line UPS is the best solution.
For applications where power losses due to inefficiencies are less of a concern and eliminating the
delay from grid power available to back power is paramount, online UPS is the only solution.

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For typical applications where conditioning Power is required and very short transfer times fromgrid
to backup power are acceptable and daily energy consumption is a concern, Line Interactive is the
preferred solution

(5) Non-Essential or Critical Load

For small office where PC loads is less and small network data protection is required, a small single-
phase UPS is often an adequate solution.
Most single-phase UPSs use off-line or line-interactive topologies.
If the equipment to be protected is critical, an online UPS is the best choice.
For loads above 10kVA, the most practical solution is a three-phase UPS, which is most normallywith
true-online topology. Three-phase online UPSs offer the advantage of providing centralized
protection using a single UPS.

(6) Efficiency:

Efficiency is mainly affected on UPS design or operating mode.

standby and line-interactive UPSs are more energy efficient than ON Line UPSs because there is no
power conversion from AC to DC and then back to AC
Efficiency is a factor of UPS size. Larger UPS modules typically have higher energy efficiency than
smaller ones, because the support power required for control electronics and auxiliary components
becomes a smaller portion of the total capacity of the UPS system.
For example, a 500 kW UPS module of a given design would typically be more efficient than a 5 kW
UPS module of the same design.

Efficiency of UPS

Capacity Size Standby UPS Line-interactive UPS On Line UPS

5 kW 95 % 96 % 91 %
100 kW 98 % 97 % 98 %
500 kW 99% 98 % 99%
(7) Form Factor:

Form factor refers to the the outer-shape of the unit. The Form Factor refers outer shape of UPS.
Tower: This is smaller and a stand-alone unit, and It is primarily designed for simple home/office
setups.
Rack mounted: is larger, designed for a standard rack shelf, and is primarily used for more complex
commercial operations.

(8) Noise

UPS fan noise may or may not be an issue as per your requirement.
Smaller UPS does not normally require a fan for cooling, but larger ones often will.
If r work requires perfect silence, make sure your UPS is fan-free.

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Resolve Power Quality problem by Type of UPS:

Power Quality Problems & solution by UPS

Power Quality
Description Effect Solved by UPS
Problem

Off-line – Yes
Equipment shutdown, loss
Accidental total loss of
Temporary of data, file , hard disk and Line-interactive – Yes
utility power (Seconds
Interruption operating system
to minutes) On-line – Yes
Corruption

Off-line – No
Long-Term Equipment shutdown, loss
Accidental total loss of
of data, file , hard disk and Line-interactive –No
utility power (minutes to
Interruption operating system
Hour) On-line – Yes
Corruption

Off-line – Maybe
Very short planned or
Momentary Computer and network
equipment reboots or Line-interactive –
Accidental power loss.
Interruption hangs, loss of work and Maybe
(Milliseconds toseconds) data, file
On-line – Yes

Shrinking display screens,

A decrease in utility Off-line – No
Computer hangs or reset,
Sag or Under- voltage Sags Line-interactive – Yes
Voltage (Milliseconds to a few equipment power supply
seconds) On-line – Yes
damage, loss of data, file

An increase in Utility
Permanent equipment Off-line – No
Voltage ( Milliseconds to damage, Computer and
Swell or Over- Line-interactive – Yes
a network equipment
Voltage
reboots or hangs, loss of
On-line – Yes
few seconds) data

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Network Errors, Burned or

A sudden change in
damaged equipment, Off-line – Yes
Transient, voltage up to several
Impulse or computer and network Line-interactive – Yes
hundreds to thousands
Spike of equipment reboots or On-line – Yes, Higher
hangs, level of protection.
volts (Microseconds)
loss of work and data, file

Slow LAN, audible noisein

An unwanted electrical Off-line – No
telephone and audio
Noise signal of high frequency Line-interactive – No
equipment.
from other equipment On-line – Yes

An alteration of the pure

Causes motors, Off-line – No
transformers
Harmonic sine wave, due to
Line-interactive – No
Distortion nonlinear and wiring to overheat,
lowers operating efficiency On-line – Yes
loads

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Selection of Various Types of UPS (Part-1)

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Introduction:

Whenever there is a power cut, electricity supply to Computer, Desktop or other critical appliances is
cut off and they stop working. However, if we have a backup supply device such as UPS, we can
ensure uninterrupted supply of power to appliances to be not bothered with power cuts.
Electrical power supply comes from utility companies is not pure it has different Electrical
abnormalities like surges, under voltage, Over Voltage, Voltage dips, voltage spikes, Noise and
harmonics. These Electrical abnormalities can cause serious damage to Electronics equipments, Data
Systems, Computer or Desktop.
To decrease the risk of power supply distortion, UPS systems are frequently integrated in electrical
networks. Electronic power supply equipment makers can offer consistent, high-quality power flow
for various Electrical / Electronic load gear likes continuous industrial processing applications,
medical services, emergency gear, telecommunications, & computerized data systems.
Today’s UPS systems usually provide some level of power conditioning and protection against
fluctuations in voltage from the grid.

UPS:

UPS means uninterrupted power supply.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides uninterrupted power to the equipment. It means
switching time from power cut to baĴery power is very less hence important equipment like
computer, desktop is not switch off and we can lose data.
A UPS is a complete system that is consisting of many parts that include baĴeries, a chargecontroller,
circuitry any transfer switch for switching between the mains and back-up baĴery, and an inverter.
An inverter is needed because the baĴery can only store DC power and we need to convert that back
to AC in order to match the appliances connected in the main power line.
UPS= BaĴery charger + Inverter
UPS is nothing but inverter with inbuilt baĴery charger.
UPS is used only to backup your system. If we connect desktop computer on inverter. Inverter takes
some seconds to give baĴery power to equipment hence equipment shutdowns for some second in
any power loss condition and we can lose important data of desktop or computer.
Inverter is not suitable for computer backup due to the delay in switching.
One of more useful functions of UPS is to provide surge protection so connected devices can be
protected from line Surge and does not damage. UPS is also capable of conditioning the power from
the lines to provide clean and stable power throughout.

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Block Diagram of UPS:

The block diagram of this UPS is shown as below

The mains power comes to the UPS. The AC is converted to DC and this DC is constantly charging
the baĴery. The output of the baĴery is fed to the Sine wave inverter and it converts DC to AC and
this feeds the equipment. Since power out is always drawn from the baĴery, there is no time lag
when mains switches off, it just stops the baĴery from being charged and the UPS continues to
supply power till the baĴery runs out.
BaĴery Charger (Rectifier ): To convert AC Power (from Power Grid) to DC Power to charge BaĴery
BaĴery: To provide DC Power.
Inverter: To convert DC Power (from BaĴery) to AC Power (to power load i.e., electrical and
electronic equipment.)
Controller: To control functions of Rectifier (Charger) and Inverter. (i.e., when to start or stop
charging baĴery, when to start or stop power from baĴery to load, how fast to change from Grid
Power to BaĴery Power and so on)

Type of UPS:

The UPS is mainly categorized into three types according to their functions. They are as

1. Offline Standby (where system or data loss is an inconvenience)

2. Line-interactive (system or data loss is a serious problem).
3. Online/Double Conversion (system or data loss is unacceptable).

(1) OFF Line UPS / Standby UPS:

Off-line UPS systems are so-called “OFF Line” because load is normally connected directly to the

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incoming AC mains. When the incoming AC mains fails or fall below a pre-determined level, then
the offline UPS turns on its internal DC-AC inverter circuitry, which is powered from an internal
storage baĴery.
For switching purpose UPS consists mechanically / Static switches which immediately connect the
load on its DC-AC inverter output under the mains power failure condition. During this changeover
there is an inevitable break in power to the load of typically 2 to 10 milliseconds. In practice,
however, most loads can ride through this period without any problems.
The switching process causes a momentary lapse in power which is dangerous for certain highly-
sensitive equipment. This is why technically, the standby UPS is not considered a “true UPS”, as it is
not truly “uninterruptible”.
The typical lapse time 5ms,is well within tolerance for normal desktop computers

Circuit Diagram:

Working Function:

Normal Condition:
In Normal Power Condition, power supply will continuously provide to Load with some filtering
(typically the same as on a surge protection power strip) from the utility.
In Normal Condition BaĴery is charged continuous charge through BaĴery Charger
BaĴery charger convert AC power to DC Power and this DC Power charged BaĴery.
Power outage Condition:
When utility power fails, the device will start its internal inverter.
When utility power fails mechanically transfer Switch Transfer from utility power to BaĴery Power,
inverter output.

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This transfer can take as 25 ms, which may be too long for some Electronics loads.
An Offline UPS will transfer to baĴery backup during Power cut condition.
Off-line systems are generally equipped with spike suppressors, aimed to protect the hardware from
high voltages on the utility grid.

Advantage:

Cheaper than other type of UPS.

Small size.
High efficiency.
More economical
More energy efficient.
Lower operating temperature (Due to Fewer parts)
Simple Internal control Circuit.
Lower initial cost (fewer parts) and lower operating cost (Supplies power is charge only Charger).

Disadvantage:

No isolation between main supply and load

No Power Conditioning.
Slower Transfer Time.
Harmonic distortion is high.
UPS output is Quasi square wave.
The output contains voltage spikes, brownouts, blackouts.
Output is not perfectly reliable.
A more serious problem of offline systems is that the load is continuously exposed to spikes,
transients and any other abnormalities coming from the power line. This creates a risk of loss or
damage to sensitive equipment and data. However in many systems this risk is mitigated but does
not eliminated, by spike suppression and radio frequency filtering
Most of the short term spikes surges and high frequency harmonics are decayed by means of special
filters but transient of mains power existence, like over voltages can harm protected data.

Applications:

small offices, personal home computers and other less critical application
Computers, printers, scanners etc.
Emergency power supplies, EPABX.

Capacity:

Up to 800VA.

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