05landfill 2013 PDF

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Rellenos Sanitarios
Institute of Waste Management

Marion Huber-Humer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Peter Beigl
Erwin Binner
Katharina Böhm
Robert Glanz
Marlies Hrad
Günther Kraus
Sandra Lebersorger
Peter Lechner
Sabine Lenz
Roland Linzner
Peter Mostbauer
Florian Part
Andreas Pertl
Stefan Salhofer
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Felicitas Schneider
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Julia Nowotny
Zorica Stamenkovic
Mathias Stiedl
David Wiederschwinger
Erwin Binner MSc. Julia Zeilinger
BOKU-
BOKU-University / Vienna
1 Institute
© Erwin Binner of Waste Management LIMA 2013
Outlook
 Emissions from Landfills (Gas and leachate)

 Landfill Ordinance
• Requirements on Wastes
• Requirements on Location
• Requirements on Landfill Construction
 Landfill Aftercare
 Methane Oxidation
 Landfill Remidiation
 Recultivation and Use of Landfills
2 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013
ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Waste Collection in Austria

Source Separate Collection (Definitions)
Municipal Solid Waste collection centers
(MSW)
hazardous treatment
household wastes
bulky wastes
electronic wastes
recycling
glass plastics metals
biowaste paper
treatment
landfill co
residual waste mp
os recycling banks
ti ng
Separate Collection
Recycling Bank
paper
glass
white colour
plastics textiles
metals
biowaste glass
other colours

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Waste Management Concept

Waste Treatment Strategy for MSW
energy
incineration
residual landfill
waste
MBT
clasificaton recycling
organic
composting
wastes
compost agricultur
Waste Management Concept SS = sewage sludge

MBT = mechanical
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) biological pretreatment
recycling
use residual MBT landfill 4

productio separate waste use?
resources n collection
MSW incineration landfill 3
recycling
thermal treatment
separate composting
biogenous con-
soil
sumption collected
resources productio anaerobic treatment
biowaste
n
recycling
SS anaerobic treatment composting
thermal treatment biogas biogas
excavated soil reuse landfill 1
construction and
6demolition
© Erwin Binner
waste recycling landfill 2 LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Emissions from Landfills

Reactor Landfill (for Untreated Wastes)
~ 90 % of carbon
greenhousegas
CH4 = 21- 35 x CO2
Waste 3rd largest

source
Leachate
~ 10% of carbon
-- -
SO4 H S, HS 2
anaerob abbaubarer org. Stoff
-
NO N
many other pollutants 3 2
Fe
++
Fe
+++
(fällt aus)
(heavy metals, chemicals, HS SO4 - --
organic compounds, ……)
Rautenweg landfill
7 © Erwin Binner
Vienna,LIMA
2002
2013

Methane Sources source: DEUTSCHER BUNDESTAG (1990)
Million tons CH 4 each year
Natural sources
Swamps, bogs, wetlands 115 (50-200)
Oceans 10 (5-20)
lakes 5 (1-25)
Decomposition of CH 4 Hydrates 5 (0-100)
Termites and other Insects 40 (10-100)
Fermentation (by wild ruminants) 5 (2-8)
All natural sources 180 (68-453)
Anthropogenic sources
Rice production 130 (70-170)
Cattle breed ing 75 (70-80)
landfills 40 (20-60)
Biomass burning (fire clearing) 40 (20-80)
Losses of natural gas through mining and 30 (10-50)
distribution
Coal mining 35 (10-80)
all anthropogenic sources 350 (200-520)
unknown fossil sources 60
All sources 590 (268-973)
Sinks
Chemical reaction with OH -radical in the
troposphere 470
Transport and photochemical degradation in the
stratosphere 50
Microbial oxidation in aerobic soils 15 - 30
8 © Erwin Binner
All sinks 550 LIMA 2013
Accumulation in the atmosphere 40 - 55

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Relevance of Emissions form Landfills
million t CH4 / a
Austria 0.18
EU (15) 4.3
USA 11.8
World 40 - 60

Relevance of Emissions form Landfills
70
60
50
Mio. t CH4/a
1995
40
2010
30 2025
20
10

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Increase of Methane Emissions in the World
0%
+5
2000 2025
until 2025 methane emissions will increase 50 %

main reason: landfills

Anaerobic Degradation
polymer organic substance
carbon hydrate proteins lipids
hydrolysis
e.g. bacillus e.g. clostridium e.g. pseudomonas
monosaccharide amino acids fatty acids

acidic digestion
monomer organic substance

~ 1/3 of organic
acidogenic phase acid forming bacteria ~2/3 to
material converted to
CO2 and H2O aldehyde, ketones, butyric acid, propionic acid, alcohol acetic acid
acetic acid forming bacteria

acetogenic phase
requires
methane forming bacteria
energy
methanol CO2, H2 acetic acid formic acid
methanogenic phase
energy is released

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Phases of a Reactor Landfill
leachate
carbon acids mg/l
acetic acid
propionic acid
butyric acid
valeric acid
time
hydrolysis and acidification

acetogenic phase and start of methane formation
stable methanogenic phase
leaching phase

Phases of a Reactor Landfill
leachate
BOD, COD [mg/l] sum
sum methane
COD
BOD5
time
hydrolysis and acidification

acetogenic phase and start of methane formation
stable methanogenic phase
leaching phase

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Leachate
fermentativ-anaerobe Phase
fermentative-anaerobic phase stabilemethane
stabile Methanphase
phase
‘saure Phase’
“Acidogenic Phase” ‚Methanphase‘
“Methanogenic Phase”
Einheit Bereich Mittelwert Bereich Mittelwert
parameter unit range average range average
pH --- 4.5 – 7.5 6.1 7.5 – 9 8
COD mg/l 6,000 – 60,000 22,000 500 – 4,500 3,000
BOD5 mg/l 4,000 – 40,000 13,000 20 – 550 180
Ca mg/l 10 – 2,500 1,200 20 – 600 60
SO4 mg/l 70 – 1,750 500 10 – 420 80
Zn mg/l 0.1 – 120 5 0.03 – 45 0.6
Fe mg/l 20 – 2,100 780 3 – 280 15

Leachate
fermentativ-anaerobe Phase
fermentative-anaerobic phase stabilemethane
stabile Methanphase
phase
“Acidogenic Phase’”
‘saure Phase’ “Methanogenic Phase”
‚Methanphase‘
parameter Einheit
unit Bereich
range Mittel
average
Total N mg/l 50 – 5,000 1,350
NH4-N mg/l 30 – 3,000 750
Chloride mg/l 100 – 5,000 2,100
Pb mg/l 0.008 – 1.02 0.09
Cd mg/l 0.0005 – 0.14 0.006
Cr mg/l 0.03 – 1,6 0.3
Cu mg/l 0.004 – 1.4 0.08
Ni mg/l 0.02 – 2.05 0.2
AOX g/l 320 – 3,350 2,000

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Organic Matter in Leachate
“Acidic Phase”
95 % of TOC are low carbon acids, i.e. substances with
low molecular weight (< 100 g/mol)
only a low percentage of BOD5 is high
substances with a high BOD5
ca. 0.5
molecular weight COD
(>> 1,000 g/mol)
easily biological
“Methane Phase” degradable
most of TOC are substances with a high molecular weight
BOD5 is low not easily biological
BOD5 degradable
ca. 0.1 compounds similar to humic
COD
17 © Erwin Binner substance LIMA 2013
Reduction of Emissions from Landfills

European Landfill Directive
the amount of disposed biological degradable

municipal waste needs to be reduced to
• 75% since 2006

• 50% since 2009
• 35% until 2016
of the amount disposed in 1995.

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Austrian Landfill Ordinance
• 2008 Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)

– requirements at waste quality
(1st barrier = internal safety):
limit values for solids (e.g.: TOC < 5%, LOI < 8 %)
and eluate
– mechanically-biologically pretreated wastes may
exceed TOC, if calorific value (content of energy)
Ho < 6,600 kJ/kg DM
respiration activity AT4 < 7 mg O2/g DM
gas formation potential GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM


– requirements at waste quality:
reduces
and eluate
reactivity
amendment 2004: Ho < 6.600 kJ/kg DM
respiration activity 4 AT < 7 mg O /g DM
2
2012: 19 MBT-plants on work
(~ 670,000 t/a)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Legal Situation
Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
concept of 3 barriers
3rd barrier = landfill construction

and operation
1st barrier =
internal safety =
waste quality
2nd barrier = exterior safety

= location
Legal Situation
Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
concept of 3 barriers
3rd barrier = landfill construction

and operation
reducesst
1 barrier =
internal safety =
waste quality
emissions
nd
2 barrier = exterior safety
= location

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Quality of Wastes
1st Barrier
Relevant Parameters for

Evaluation of Wastes – Total Amounts
• total amounts of hazardous compounds

= evaluation of emissions (risk) potential
(long term emissions)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Analysis for Landfilling Wastes

Determination of Elements
waste sample
digestion
analytical technique elements

acid + energy
ICP AES As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn,
Cu, Cr...
Flame AAS Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, ...
Hydride AAS As, Sb, Se
Cold Vapour AAS Hg
... ...
Analysis of Wastes
(Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion
26 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Analysis of Wastes
(Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion
27photo: Erwin
© Erwin Binner
Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013

Evaluation of Wastes – Soluble Amounts

• amounts of soluble compounds
= evaluation of risk for ground water
(short term emissions)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Analysis of Wastes
Pretreatment of Samples - Elution
+ 1,000 ml
100 g solid
deionized
sample
water
29 © Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes
Pretreatment of Samples - Elution


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Centrifugation
30 min. with 6,000 rpm
31 © Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Evaluation of Wastes – Reactivity Parameters

• amounts of soluble compounds
= evaluation of risk for ground water
(short term emissions)
• limits for reactivity of wastes
= stability of wastes
(degradation, gas formation)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Control (Analyses) at Landfill

According to Landfill Ordinance (DVO 2008)
conform to EU-landfill ordinance
basic characterisation
(grundlegende Charakterisierung)
detailed analyses prior 1st delivery
compliance test
(Übereinstimmungsuntersuchung )
periodical (depending on amount) analyses
on site verification
(Kontrolle auf der Deponie)
visual check, quick tests, main parameters
Control (Analyses) at Landfill

According to Landfill Ordinance (DVO 2008)
input control at landfill site

 visual check (waster according to landfill type)
 declaration,
 quick tests, identity control
 record of type, amount, origin and disposition of
wastes
 retain sample each 1,000 t input
(not for immediate analyses but stored for 2 years)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Waste Management in Austria

Landfill Ordinance / Types of Landfills
limits in solid matter and eluates (DEV S4), (= 1st barrier)

 typ 1: “Bodenaushubdeponie” (excavated soil)
 typ 2a: “Inertstoffdeponie”
 typ 2b: “Baurestmassendeponie”
(inert part of construction and demolition wastes)
 typ 3: “Reststoffdeponie”
(e.g. residues from incineration plants)
 typ 4: “Massenabfalldeponie”
(e.g. MSW = municipal solid wastes)
 typ 5: Underground Landfill (for hazardous wastes)
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type “Bodenaushubdeponie”

photo: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill-type 1: “Bodenaushubdeponie”
total amount in solids amount in eluate (1:10, 24 hours)
parameter limit value [mg/kgDM]

parameter limit value [mg/kgDM]
Zink
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 2b: “Bauschuttdeponie”

photo: Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 3: “Reststoffdeponie”

photo: Erwin Binner
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 4: “Massenabfalldeponie”

photo: Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance / Landfill-types

Parameters Limited in the Solids
type of landfill: parameters limited in solids:
“Bodenaushubdeponie” TOC < 3 % (< 9% Humus)
allowed concentration of limit values

Landfill for Excavated Soil As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni,
(not contaminated/cont. by geogene background) Hg, Zn, HC, PAHC, BTEX
standard of landfill technique

“Inertstoffdeponie” TOC < 3 %
Landfill for Inert Wastes As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni,
(similar to rock) Hg, Zn, KW, PAHC, PCBs,
BTEX
“Baurestmassendeponie” TOC < 3 %
Landf. f. Demolition Wastes like landfill for excavated soil
“Reststoffdeponie“ TOC < 5 %
Landfill for Inert Residues mainly only As, Cd, Hg, HC, PAHC,
inorganic, low solubility (e.g. bottom ash) BTEX
“Massenabfalldeponie” TOC < 5 %, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni,
Landf. f. Organic Residues Hg, Ag, Zn, Ba, Ag, POX, HC, PAHC, BTEX,
41 e.g.©waste
Erwin Binner
after MBT Cross Calorific Value, AT4, GS21 or GBLIMA
21
2013
“Boden- “Inert- “Baurest- “Massen-

„Reststoff-
limit values Parameter aushub-
deponie”
abfall-
deponie”
massen-
deponie”
deponie“
abfall-
deponie”
in Solids Inorganic Contaminants

I II1)
(mg/kg DM)
Arsenic (as As) 50 200 200 200 5,000 500
according to Barium (as Ba) 10,000
different Lead (as Pb) 150 500 500 500 5,000
Cadmium (as Cd) 2 4 > 4 >10 >5,000 30 <
Austrian Chrometotal (as Cr) 300 500 500 500 8,000
Cobalt (as Co) 50 50 100 500
landfill-types Copper (as Cu) 100 500 500 500 5,000
Nickel (as Ni) 100 500 500 500 2,000
Mercury (as Hg) 1 2 2 3 20 1) 20
Silver (as Ag) 100
Zinc (as Zn) 500 1,000 1,000 1,500 5,000
soluble amounts Organic Parameters
30,000 2) 30,000 1) 30,000 1)2) 50,000 2)3) 50,000 1)2)
are more important TOC (as C)
Hydrocarbon- 3)
(wastes like slag, with Index 50/100/200 500 1,000 5,000 20,000
very high concentrations POX (as Cl) 1,000

PAK (16
of immobilized hazardous compounds) 4 20 30 300 4)
300
compounds) thereof
0.4 2 6 6
Benzo(a)pyren
total amounts are PCB (7 comp.)
BTEX 6
1
6 6
more important Calorific Value and Stability Parameters for mechanical-biological treated wastes
according to § 7 Z 7 lit. f (limit for TOC < 5% is not relevant)
(wastes like MBT, with Upper Calorific Value (Ho) in kJ/kg DM 6,600
low concentrations of Respiration Activity within 4 days (AT4) in mg O2/g DM 7
42 © Erwin Binner Gassum in Incubation Test within 21 days (GS21) or Gasformation in
hazardous compounds) Fermentation Test within 21 days (GB21) in Nl/kg DM
LIMA 2013
20

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Parameters Limited in the Eluate (S/L = 1/10)
type of landfill: parameters limited in eluate:
“Bodenaushubdeponie” TOC < 200 mg/kg DM
allowed concentration of limit values

Landfill for Excavated Soil pH, EC, Al, As, Ba, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu,
Fe, Ni, Hg, Ag, Zn, Sn, NH4-N, CN, F,
standard of landfill technique

(not contaminated/cont. by geogene background)
NO3-N, NO2-N, PO4-P, HC, EOX, tensides
“Inertstoffdeponie” TOC < 500 mg/kg DM
Landfill for Inert Wastes like landfill for excavated soil
(similar to rock) plus: Sb, Mo, Se, Cl, SO4, phenole
“Baurestmassendeponie” TOC < 500 mg/kg DM

Landf. f. Demolition Wastes like landfill for excavated soil
plus: evap. residue, B, CrVI, Cl, SO4
“Reststoffdeponie“ TOC < 500 mg/kg DM
Landfill for Inert Residues mainly like landfill for excavated soil
inorganic, low solubility (e.g. bottom ash) plus: evap. Residue, Sb, Mo, Se,
without: NO3-N
“Massenabfalldeponie” TOC < 2,500 mg/kg DM, like excavated soil
Landf. f. Organic Residues plus: evap. residue, CrVI, Mo, Se, SO4, phenole,
43 e.g.©waste
Erwin Binner
after MBT without: EC, NO3-N, tensides LIMA 2013
“Boden- “Inert- “Baurest- “Massen-

„Reststoff-
Parameter aushub- abfall- massenabfall-
deponie“
limit values deponie” deponie”
pH-Value, Electr. Conductivity and Soluble Substance
pH-Value 6.5 bis 11 1) 6.5 bis 12 1)
deponie”
6 bis 13 1) 6 bis 12 1) 2)
deponie”
6 bis 13
in Eluate (mg/kg DM) Electr. Conductivity

in mS/m
Evaporation Residue
150 2) 150 2) 300 2) 3)
25,000
(*) 3)
60,000 100,000
according to Inorganic Contaminants

Aluminium (as Al) (*) 3)
(*) 3)
100 4)
different Austrian Antimony (as Sb)

Arsenic (as As) 0.5
0.06
0.5 0.75
0.7
2
5
25
Barium (as Ba) 10 20 20 100 300
landfill-types Lead (as Pb)
Boron (as B)
1 0.5 2
30
10 50
Cadmium (as Cd)

Chrome gesamt (as Cr)
0.05
1
= 0.04
0.5
< 0.5
2
< 1
10
< 5
70
Chrome sexavalent (as Cr) 0.5 20
soluble amounts Cobalt (as Co)

Iron (as Fe)
1
(*)3)
1
(*) 3)
2 5
20 4)
50
Copper (as Cu) 2 2 10 50 100

are more Molybdenum (as Mo)
Nickel (as Ni) 1
0.5
0.4
-
2
10
10
30
40
important Mercury (as Hg)
Selenium (as Se)
0.01 0.01
0.1
0.05 0.1
0.5
0.5
7
(wastes like slag, with Silver (as Ag) 0.2 0.2 1 1 10
Zinc (as Zn) 20 4 20 50 200
very high concentrations Tin (as Sn) 2 2 10 20 200
Ammonia (as N) 8 8 40 300 10,000
of immobilized hazardous Chloride (als Cl) 800 4) 5,000
totalcompounds)
amounts are Cyanide, easy
purgeable (als CN)
Fluoride (als F)
0.2
20
0.2
10 50
1
150
1 20
500
more important Nitrate (als N)
Nitrite (als N)
100
2
100
2
500
10 15 1 000
Phosphate (als P) 5 5 50 50
(wastes like MBT, with Sulfate (als SO4) 1,000 4)5) 6,000 25,000 1)
Organic Parameters
low concentrations of TOC (als C) 200 500 500 500 2.500
hazardous compounds) Hydrocarbon-Index 5 5 50 100 200
EOX (als Cl) 0.3 4) 0.3 6) 3 5) 30 5) 30
44 © Erwin Binner anionenactive

Tensides (as MBAS)
Phenol-Index
1 1
1
5 LIMA
20 2013
1.000

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Standard of Technique
technical standard for base liner system

depends on waste quality
– “Bodenaushubdeponie” - no bottom layer necessary
– “Inert- and Baurestmassendep.” - two mineral layers (> 50 cm)
– “Massenabfall-” and “Reststoffdeponie” - combination-liner

liner composed of different materials
 plastic liner
 3 mineral layers (clay)
Disposal of
Incineration Residues
and Hazardous
Wastes

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Disposal of Hazardous Wastes
• disposal (landfilling) is necessary

- for the residual amount of waste which
cannot be prevented or treated
- residue from waste treatment
• options for wastes with high contents of

hazardous contaminants
- immobilization by means of pretreatment
- barriers which impede the diffusion of a
contaminant source: Tabasaran, 1997
Main Elements in MSWI – Bottom Ash
K2 O
N a2 O Cl SO 3
0 ,8%
MgO 3% 0,5% 3%
3% SiO 2
32 %
Ca O
19%
Fe 2 O 3 Al2 O 3
21% 12%

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Disposal of Incineration Residues

Example Vienna (2007)
MSWI (3 plants)
bottom ash sewage sludge inc.,
160,000 t/a
storage in hall hazard waste incineration
APC
sieve > 50 mm fly ashes
landfill
underground
< 50 mm landfill
cement, water
separation
of iron and Al mixer
compaction in landfill
49 © Erwin Binner
source: MA48, 2009
LIMA 2013
Pretreatment of Ashes
Slag Consolidation in Vienna
bottom ash
Schlacken: ashes
Aschen:
EBS ca. 15.000 t/a storage
Lagerung storage
Lagerung EBS 42.600 t/a
MVA 1 ca. 80.000 t/a in hall
in der Halle in in silo
Silos MVA 1 8.000 t/a
MVA 2 ca. 80.000 t/a MVA 2 8.000 t/a
screen,
Siebung,
> 50 mm magnetic
Magnet-
landfill
Deponie separation
abscheidung
0 - 50 mm
Scrap
Schrott
7.000 t/a
Mixer
Mischer Water
Wasser 15.000 t/a
Zement
Cement 21000 t/a
262.600 t/a
disposal onverdichteter
Lagenweise landfill in layers of in
Einbau consolidated material
Deponie (Randwall)
(edge wall)
50 © Erwin Binner
source: MA48, 2009
LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Solidification Plant in Vienna

photo: ABF-BOKU,

Deposition of Solidified Waste

photo: ABF-BOKU,

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Deposition of Solidified Waste
embankment at landfill Rautenweg (Vienna),

5-10 years after disposal

photo: ABF-BOKU
Disposal of Hazardous
Wastes

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Underground Landfill
• using cavities from mining for the disposal of
waste
• particularly in evaporite (salt cavities)
• advantages:
- huge natural barrier
- very distant from those zones, in which the
transport of contaminants affects humans
- the surface area can be re-cultivated and used
- can also be used as packing to improve the
stability of the cavities source: Tabasaran, 1997

Underground Landfill
bore hole overlying rock
mine shaft
type 2: caverne type 1: mine
salt dome

source: Tabasaran, 1997

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Types of Underground Landfills
1. landfill body above groundwater table
• if the top side and the sides of the landfill body are
sealed by layers which are impermeable for water
• if the groundwater level does not rise in the long run
2. landfill body in aquifer layer

• no effective separation can be achieved long-term
• can only be used for wastes, if an elution does not
cause relevant changes in the composition of the
groundwater (i.e. for water-insoluble waste)
3. landfill body below groundwater table

• salt cavities situated in a layer which is
impermeable for water source: Tabasaran, 1997

Underground Landfill in Cavities from Mining
• waste is permanently
excluded
• during operating phase:
accessible, waste can be
retrieved
overlying rock
• separate storage of waste
as well as storage in
containers is possible
evaporite • particular sections can be
sealed
• pits in the aquifer overlying
rock can be sealed

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Deep Well Injection
• waste is permanently excluded
• wastes cannot be retrieved
• borehole can be sealed in the
overlying rock
aquifer layer
• waste can only be disposed in
cavities which have been pumped
dry before
evaporite
• only free-flowing and pumpable
waste can be disposed by means
of in-situ solidification
• separate disposal of wastes
within one cavity is not possible
Location of Landfills
2nd Barrier

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
requirements at location of landfills

(2nd barrier)
aim: long term protection from emissions
– geology, hydro-geology, geo-technique
– hydrographical conditions (water bodies like
rivers, ground-water, ...)
– landscape and mode of landfill (no dumps, free
leachate run off ---> no pumping necessary)
– climate
– .......
Landfill Ordinance
requirements at location of landfills

(2nd barrier)
geologic and hydro geologic location has to ensure

safety against possible emissions from the landfill
= 2nd barrier = exterior safety
it is not allowed to change

an “inappropriate” location
into an “appropriate” location
by using technical barriers

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance
assessing the hydro-geological properties:

- ground water situation
- underground flow situation
- groundwater layers
- groundwater catchment area, extension, thickness,
depth of groundwater blocker, aquifer
- system of different aquifers
- groundwater chemistry
- usage of ground water
- climatic situation
Landfill Ordinance
positive criteria:
• low permeability of rock
• high potential to absorb toxic substances
• good thickness and spatial extension of rock
• no usage of ground water
restricting criteria:
• site in the wider catchment area of used ground water
• limited effectiveness of geological barrier
• major groundwater bodies beneath the site
• jointed or karst formation under a sufficient thick layer of
low permeability

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance
restricted areas
karst
65
clefty
© Erwin Binner
lime stone photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
proper area
clay
66 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance
excludet locations
 water-protection areas
general
 spas areas
 flood-water areas
 erosion areas and areas where slops are not stable
demolition waste
 areas with clefts (e.g. karsts-formation)

Massenabfall
Reststoff
 areas with highest ground water level < 1 m below level

of landfill
 areas above confined ground water
Massenabfall
 areas for present or future use of groundwater

Reststoff
(for drinking or agricultural purpose)
Landfill Ordinance
“dump”-landfill
(not allowed in Austria)
„Freie Sickerwasservorflut“ !
= free leachate run off
(no accumulation of leachate)
“slope”-landfill
“heap”-landfill

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Geo-technical Issues
a landfill has to be planned like a building:

- structural elements ( e.g.: bottom liner, side dams...)
- landfill body
subsidence have to be estimated

landfill base and top need to be designed
accordingly
=> in this way slope of base is determined in the
long term
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Subsidence and Deformations
subsidence = deformation of the underground due to a load

sagging = low / lack of structural strength of waste
=> deformation on the surface

=> consequences for surface cover, gas collection
deformation behaviour of a landfill depends on:

- underground
- waste composition
- shape of landfill
- age of landfill
- performance of structural elements

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Stability
exterior stability (land slide, base failure ...)

depends on ground static
internal stability (e.g.: breaking of single layers)
depends on biochemical degradation of waste
structural stability, depends on
- structure of the underground
- shear strength of underground
- shape of landfill
- shear strength of landfilled material
prognosis of structural stability must consider the
variability of a soils mechanical parameters over time
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Construction of Landfills
requirements at construction of
landfills (3rd barrier)
assessment and examination of landfill emissions
 base liner system

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Construction of Landfills
Base Liner System
base liner system

– “Bodenaushubdeponie” - no bottom layer necessary
– “Inert- and Baurestmassendep.” - two mineral layers (> 50 cm)
– “Massenabfall-” and “Reststoffdeponie” - combination-liner

liner composed of different materials
 plastic liner
 3 mineral layers (clay) > 75 cm
Base Liner System
consists of: - leachate collection
- drainage
- bottom liner
• leachate collection:
HDPE pipe, diameter 200-250 mm,
perforated or slotted, slope about 2 %
• mineral drainage:
min. thickness 0,5 m,
leachate resistant,
slope about 3 %
• mineral base liner:
(several layers)
- plastic layer (if necessary)
- 3 mineral layers
• stabile underground
source: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Bottom Liner
• low permeability
prevents convective flows
• absorption potential for toxic substances

reduces leaking of leachate components
• combination of different materials prevents diffusion
lowest bottom liner always mineral layer
Mineral Liner Materials
• clay
• sand-gravel mixtures improved with clay
requirements: - technical leak prove

- ductile
- high toxic substance absorption potential

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Mineral Liner Materials
hydraulic conductivity (permeability): kf < 10-9 m/s
by mixed grain size distribution
at a low hydraulic gradient:

- no active flow
- no transport of leachate components
problem:
- formation of cracks by shrinkage
- loss in ductility which causes cracks
- loss of absorption potential for toxic substances
setting free of before bound toxic substances
Plastic Liner
from HDPE (produced in sheets in an extrusion process)
sheets are welded on landfill construction site
advantages:
- only a few mm thin
- chemical resistant
- constant properties by industrial manufacture
- hydraulic leak prove due to no pores
substance transfer solely by diffusion
permeation of hydrocarbon occurs
disadvantages:
- easily perforated

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Asphalt Liner
consists of:
- base- and even-up layer (sand and rubble)
- bottom liner from mineral components, bitumen,
additives
- seal layer (closure of pores) with matrix
(= Bitumen + stone flour)
properties:
- mechanical flexibility
- high chemical resistance
(can be dissolved on the surface)
- low pore volume => low permeability
Combination of Liners
compensation of flaws in manufacture of materials by

combination of materials
materials have different permeability prosperities for

leachate and toxic substances
in general sheets of plastic and mineral layers are used

in interference fit assembly

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Bottom Liner System
mineral layer plastic liner
81 © Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
 bottom liner system

 drainage system

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Drainage System
drainage system
– “Freie Sickerwasservorflut” = free leachate run off
no technique (pumping) necessary
no backwater in drainage system and waste
geo technical stability of the landfill body
Drainage System
spatial drainage (horizontal filter)

coarse gravel kf > 10-2 m/s (high permeability)
hydraulic water head h(max) depends on

- permeability of filter gravel
- filter distance
- distance in between leachate pipes
- slope of landfill slope

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Drainage System – Leachate Collection
slotted HDPE pipe

d > 200 mm (accessible with video camera)
requirements:
- monitoring
- flushing
- static resist strains from landfill
- chemical
- physical
pipe line linear and not ramified

length depends on the range of flushing equipment
Drainage System – Shaft and Collector
purpose: - control
- revision of leachate pipe line system
have to be easily accessible on the long term
are located at the end of leachate collection pipes

(in general outside of landfill body) d > 2.5 m

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Drainage System – Leachate Gallery
waste
50 cm drainage layer, 16/32 mm grain
geotextile
foil
min. 75 cm liner, min. 3 layers à 20 cm
compressed concrete
mater
electricity
supply
supply
main collection pipe in

flexible fitting
drainage pipe 200 mm

collector reinforced
concrete diam, HDPE
walkable leachate gallery in landfill base

Drainage System
geotextile (protection)
3 mineral layers
plastic layer
gravel layer
(drainage)
88 basis liner system

© Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
drainage system
LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Drainage System - Leachate Collection
photo: Erwin Binner
Drainage System – Leachate Well
photo: Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Drainage System – Leachate Gallery
leachate collector
landfill Cröbern (D)
91 © Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Basis Liner System / San Ramon 2010


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Basis Liner System / San Ramon 2010

Landfill Ordinance

 drainage system
 leachate management

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Leachate Disposal – Legal Requirements
directly discharged
limit values for leachate when into a water system
indirectly discharged
Austria: - Ordinance on the Limitation of Leachate from
Landfills
- General Ordinance on Waste Water
Emissions
Germany: - Frame Ordinance on Waste Water
management (= Rahmen-Abwasser-
Verwaltungsverordnung)
- Ordinance on Waste Water (since 2004)
Leachate Treatment – Legal Requirements
EU Austria Germany
limits for discharge similar to Austria

into:
in • waste water
responsibility treatment plants
of countries • water system
(river)
treatment often on
landfill site

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Comparison of Limit Values for Direct or

Indirect Discharge of Leachate
Para- Austria Germany

meter (AEV 2003) (AbwV 2004 –Anhang 51)
Unit mg/l direct indirect direct indirect

COD 50 65% / 300 200 400
N-total 50 - 70 -
NH4-N 10 200 - -
P-total - - 3 -
parameter unit Germany (since 2004) Austria (since 2003)
direct indirect direct indirect
pH-Value --- --- --- 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 9.5
Filterable mat. mg/l --- --- 20 ---
BOD5 mg/l 20 10 65 %
COD mg/l 200 50 degradable
Output-COD % 5 of Input > 4,000/--- --- ---
Total P mg/l 3 --- --- ---
Total N mg/l 70 --- 50 ---
NH4-N mg/l --- --- 10 ---
NH3-N mg/l --- --- 0.5 20
NO3-N mg/l 2 (NO2-N) --- 35 ---
S- mg/l 1 (H2S) 1 (H2S) 0.5 2
98 © Erwin Binner
HydroCarb tot. mg/l 10 --- --- LIMA
- - -2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
parameter unit Germany (since 2004) Austria (since 2003)
direct indirect direct indirect
AOX g/l 500 500 500 500
CFC mg/l --- --- 5 15
BTX mg/l --- --- 0.1 0.5
Pb mg/l 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Cd mg/l 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Cr / Cr VI mg/l 0.5 / 0.1 0.5 / 0.1 0.5 0.5
Cu mg/l 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Ni mg/l 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5
Hg mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.01
Zn mg/l 2 2 0.5 0.5
As mg/l 0.1 0.1 --- ---
99 © Erwin Binner
GF (tox. fish-eggs) --- 2 2 3
LIMA 2013
---
Leachate Treatment
biological treatment
reduction of degradable organic compounds by
biocenosis
problem: changes in biodegradability (BOD5) with time =>
high age of sludge => poor flocculation and precipitation
properties, high salt content & AOX => blocks biology
in general: clearing pool necessary (N, waste water
treatment plant burden)
low COD-value limit requires chemical-physical aftercare
N-Elimination requires a source of C during
methanongenic phase (methanol)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Leachate Treatment
• chemical oxidation and UV- light => COD, TOC, AOX

=> without residue if completely mineralised
• adsorption (adsorbent: activated coal) => COD, AOX

=> re-activate (water gas reaction) => waste air thermal
• precipitation / flocculation => (COD, AOX partly), heavy metals

=> combined with biological process, adsorption necessary
=> treatment of sludge => landfilling
• membrane processes (Micro-, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis)

=> mainly large organic molecules + salts
=> thermal treatment or pumped back into landfill (problematic!)
• stripping => N in alkaline milieu (NH3)
Leachate Treatment
problems with residues
• quantity?
• quality?
• usability?
• disposal properties?
 solubility (salts!)
 criteria of organic substance for landfills

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Leachate Treatment
does leachate recirculation make sense??
depending on climate situation!
low rainfall: evaporation helps to minimise leachate
high rainfall: low evaporation  leachate runs through
amount gets bigger and bigger
example Aich Assach (Stmk/Austria)
Experiences in Austria / Impact of MBT

Water Budget / Leachate Volumes
Plant Duration Opening Landfilled Leachate Flushing of
of Treat- of Volume Amount Drainage-
ment Landfill System
[weeks] [m3] [l/t WM.a] [l/t DM.a] per Year
Aich 28-36 1979 110,000 110 1) 185 1) not
Assach 10 17 possible
Aller- 30 1979 500,000 95 155 1, but not
heiligen necessary
Sigger- 3 1978 700,000 210 350
wiesen
Tauf- sc.1979 30,000 not separated 1, but not
24
kirchen sc.1984 90,000 60 100 necessary
Luste- 14 1974 500,000 not separated not
nau 0 sc.1984 300,000 not separated necessary
literature: MSW-landfill 2 to 3
experimental landfill Breitenau
(N = 500-750 mm/a) 30,000 30 to 60 (low precipitation,
1) intensive vegetation)
leachate recirculation

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Leachate Treatment
does leachate recirculation make sense??
leachate recirculation - yes or no?
depends on local situation
• rainy season just for few months
storage during rainy season,
recirculation during dry season
surplus has to be treated
• low annual rainfall (costal area)
recirculation whole over the year possible
• high rainfall whole over the year
recirculation does not make sense
Leachate Management
106 © Erwin Binner

photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
leachate collection

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance

 drainage system
 gas collection / gas management
Gas Management
EU Austria Germany
like in EU, A
collection collection
+ + for MBT landfill
use or treatment use or treatment passive exhaust
with methane
oxidation layer
possible

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Gas Management - Exhaust System
• active exhaust: gas is removed and disposed by gas

torches
• active exhaust + energy recovery:
- gas motor
- gas turbine
- gas liquefaction
• passive exhaust: CH4- content is biologically oxidised
via „gas windows“
• passive exhaust by biological methane oxidation,
construction of interim and final covers
Gas Management - Exhaust System
active passive
exhaust (sucking) convective (low resistance)
gas well (vertical) gas window

gas trench (vertical)
gas drainage (horizontal)
cover layer (horizontal)
combinations combinations
energy methane oxidation discharge

recovery cover layer of gases by
bio-filter gravel-bed into
gas flare gas window atmosphere
bio-filter
methane oxidation

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Construction of Landfills - Gas Management

Passive Exhaust System
gas migration (more than 100 m) causes explosion- and
suffocation danger in cellars and pits
gas flows via paths with least resistance:

is collected in gravel (gas window)
- in the plane
- combined in horizontal and vertical
migration layers (gas trenches)
passive exhaust is an appropriate measure for

- contaminated site
- methane oxidation
Gas Management - Active Exhaust
exhaust systems
fan
low pressure horizontal
compressor
removes gas vertical
ventilation
combined
only 40 – 60% of gas is collected

reasons: - gas formation starts shortly
after disposal=> gas removal is
not yet in operation
- small area of influence of gas
collection system
source: ABF-BOKU
- obstruction by accumulated
leachate

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Exhaust System - Efficiency
active exhaust efficiency:
35 % landfill during operation (without cover)
65 % intermediate cover by clay
85 % final cover by mineral layer
90 % final cover by combination layer
40 – 60 % during whole life of landfill
40 % 60
CO2 % CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases
source: ABF-BOKU

Active Gas Exhaust System
without
daily or
interim interim cover final cover (e.g., infiltration barrier) top cover
cover
ca. 35 % ca. 65 % > 90 % recovery rate
recovery system turn-off
methane not captured
produced methane
amount of methane
recovered methane
end of waste input
methane not captured
-10 0 10 40 years
operation phase landfill closure and active aftercare phase „passive“ aftercare phase (monitoring phase)
114 © Erwin Binner source: ABF-BOKU LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
40 – 60 %
emissions
40 % 60
CO2 % CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases 40 – 60 %
source: ABF-BOKU

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
in combination with
methan oxidation layer
there are only 5 – 10 %
emissions
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O
40 % 60
CO2 % CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases 40 – 60 %
source: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Methane Emissions
flare biofilter CO2 Emission
CO2 Emission
source: ABF-BOKU
Generation & Utilization of Landfill Gas

Gas utilization and disposal facilities – operation ranges (Haubrichs, 2004)
biocover
biofilter
4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 % CH4
passive ... active aftercare / landfill closure landfill operation
weak gas medium gas strong gas rich gas
economic
CHP
muffle/steam engine
high temperature combustion/flare
technical limit for high temp. combustion
upper explosion limit at 15 Vol %
fluidized bubbling bed combustion
lower explosion limit at 4,4 Vol % (acc. IEC 60079-20)
118 ©fluidized bubbling bed combustion with pre-heating/auxillary gas

Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Collection System

photo: Erwin Binner
Gas Management
well for gas collection
energy win from landfill gas
and flare
120 © Erwin Binner

photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Fluidisation air
blower
Landfill gas
blower
Condensate trap
121 © Erwin
Landfill Gas SFBCBinner
plant at Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Steinbrecht (2007) LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance

 drainage system
 gas collection / gas management
 surface cover (recultivation)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Recultivation
surface cover
(recultivation)
123 © Erwin Binner

photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Cover
surface cover surface liner
sometimes part of cover
surface liner
the landfill ordinance requires
- surface drainage
- surface liner
surface drainage
surface liner
leaching prevented or
reduces leachate
microbial degradation reduced
conversion processes
source: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Cover - Components
components design alternative
re-cultivating layer with or without root barrier
drainage layer sand, gravel resp. with soil filter
with geo-textile filter
geo-textile drainage- and filter layer
plastic drainage components with geo-textile filter
liner layer mineral liner
plastic sheet liner (PL)
PL+ mineral liner (+ KDB)
PL+ geo-synthetic-mineral liner (+ PL)
exhaust and even- sand, gravel resp. with soil filter
up layer geo textile drainage and filter layer
plastic drainage components with geo-textile filter
Landfill Cover - Impacts on Cover
strains from the environment

sagging of landfill
- chemical impact: landfill gas

frost
- moisture – drying up
- erosion
- root penetration
- deformation and sagging

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Cover – Landfill Ordinance
permeable cover layer <=> surface sealing

should the layer be water tight??
leaching and microbial degradation in

landfill-body stops or runs very slow
in future (e.g.100 years) times surface sealing will fail
processes in landfill will start
uncontrolled emissions
Construction of Landfills - Gas Emissionst

35 Years Old MSW Landfill
paper found in a ca. 35 years old MSW landfill
covered with clay material
photo: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Construction of Landfills – Landfill Cover

Cover Sealing – Yes or No?
breakdown of cover sealing at

gas formation
time X ?
relevant gas amount

remaining gas
20 - 30 years 100 years

leachate
BOD short term

N and COD long term source: ABF-BOKU
Construction of Landfills – Landfill Cover

Alternative Surface Cover
no: drainage liner

“open system“
high
transpiration
performance
re-cultivating layer
high water storage capacity
gas distribution layer
reduced leachate
microbial
production
degradation
source: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Cover – Landfill Ordinance
vegetation surface sealing

according to LO
> 50 cm
recultivation-layer
= landfill ordinance
alternative
drainage layer
permeable cover-layers
> 50 cm
-2
kf > 10 m/s
for “Reststoff-” and
(without sealing)
protection
plastic liner d>2,5mm “Massenabfall”
„layer ofmineral
water balance“ in adequate thickness;
landfills
> 50 cm
layer
material with high water holding capacity
mind. 2-layers, kf < 10 m/s-9
(e.g. compost) in combination with

> 30 cm
gas drainage layer

(CaCO and MgCO < 30 %)
vegetation with high evapotranspiration
3 3
compensation layer
> 50 cm
grain size 100 mm
waste
Construction of Landfills - Recultivation

Influence of Vegetation on Leachate
miscanthus bistort poplar grass fallow
50
45
leachate amount (%prec.)
40
35 influence
influenceof of
70cm cover
70 cm layer
cover layer
30
onon
leachate amount
leachate amount
25
20 (precipitation 740
(precipitation mm)
740 mm)
15
10
5
0
substrate: SSC 60 % SSC 40 % BIO 40 % BIO 60 % soil
source: Gomiscek, 1997
SSC = sewage sludge compost
133 © Erwin Binner
BIO = bio waste compost
LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Landfill Cover by Miscanthus
Upper Calorific Value Ho = 17 MJ/kg DM

year 1999 year 2001
photo: ABF-BOKU photo: ABF-BOKU

Landfill Cover by Miscanthus

photo: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Management of
Landfills
Management of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance / Input Control
 area for input-control

 balance for weighing waste amount
 fence (>2 m)
 separate streets for different compartments
 cleaning of leaving trucks
 manager + deputy for input control (they need
special qualification)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance / Waste Placement
 compaction according to geotechnical
properties of waste
 avoidance of emissions (dust, aerosols, odour,
noise, movement of waste by wind, insects,
birds and animals) by proper placement
technique (intermediate cover)
 data about water management
 data about control of emission resp. immission
(control system around the landfill, collected
leachate, collected gas)
 data about landfill stability
Landfill Ordinance / Waste Placement
compactor
humus
soil embankment
dam
horizontal gas drainage
soil
2nd layer of waste (~50cm)
1st layer of waste leachate drainage

soil
basis liner system
139 vertical gas drainage

© Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Ordinance / Landfill Inspection
 local public authority authorises a person for landfill
inspection
 control intervals:
• once a year for types “Bodenaushub” and “Inert”
• every 3 months for other types
 control of:
• recorded data inclusive leachate management
• sampling for identity control
• sampling from landfill body if there is a
reasonable suspicion for wrong declaration
Landfill Ordinance / Financial Save Guarding
financial save guarding for:

 final surface cover
 landfill aftercare (leachate treatment, gas collection
system, …) until landfill is out of aftercare period

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Aftercare
Landfill in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Landfill Aftercare
How Long is the Rattail?
Time for active aftercare?

EU-landfill directive: > 30 y
(ensured financial security)
Emissions:
Simulation and lab-data, modelling:
30 – 50 years for gas
150 – 200/300 years for leachate (N, COD)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Aftercare
Strategies for Landfill Gas Aftercare
extension of forced degradation of simple, robust, low-
(profitable) gas landfilled waste => maintenance gas
utilization phase to shorten aftercare disposal
up-grading techniques watering measures microbial methane

In-situ aeration oxidation systems,e.g.
improved combustion
techniques permeable cover biocover
combinations biofilter
bio-windows
Further Possibilities
for Reduction of
Emissions from
Landfills

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Reactor Landfill
• in Europe the disposal of untreated

waste is in decline
• degradation is dominated by
anaerobic processes (‘digestion’):
organic C-compounds are converted
into CH4 and CO2 under absence of
air

European Landfill Directive
the amount of disposed biological degradable

municipal waste needs to be reduced to
• 75% since 2006

• 50% since 2009
• 35% until 2016
of the amount disposed in 1995.

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill


– requirements at waste quality
(1st barrier = internal safety):
and eluate
Ho < 6,600 kJ/kg DM
respiration activity AT4 < 7 mg O2/g DM


– requirements at waste quality:
reduces
and eluate
reactivity
amendment 2004: Ho < 6.600 kJ/kg DM
respiration activity 4 AT < 7 mg O /g DM
2
2005: 19 MBT-plants on work
(~ 650,000 t/a)

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Gas Emissions
Gas Generation Potential in Incubation Test -

Impact of Mechanical Biological Pretreatment
Oberpullendorf DANO-Output
300 GS21 = 34 Nl/kg DS - acidification!
Siggerwiesen 3 weeks
250
Gas Generation [Nl/kg DM]
GS21 = 54 Nl/kg DS
Allerheiligen 5 weeks
200 GS21 = 35 Nl/kg DS
Allerheiligen 5 weeks
150 GS21 = 25 Nl/kg DS
Liezen 16 weeks
100 GS21 = 4 Nl/kg DS
Oberpullendorf 20 weeks
50 GS21 = 9 Nl/kg DS
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480
Test Duration [days]
source: Binner, 1999

Gas Emissions
Impact of Pretreatment on Gas Generation Potential

300 Siggerwiesen
oxygen starvation during treatment
Gas Generation GS240 [Nl/kg DM]
Allerheiligen
250 dried during treatment
Aich Assach
Oberpullendorf
200
Oberpullendorf
dried during treatment (oxigen starvation)
150 Frojach Katsch / Frohnleiten

(very intensive
mech. treatment)
100 Zell am See
Liezen
50 Lüneburg
Bassum
(anaerobic treatment)
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68Darmstadt"Ringtest"
72 76 80
others
Duration of Pretreatment [weeks]
source: Binner, 1999

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Gas Emissions / Effects of MBT
• reduction and stabilization of org. substance

• better input-control at landfills
• reduction of gas generation
• reduction of leachate (amount and
concentrations)
• lower consumption of landfill volumes
• lower settlement
• reduction of harmful substances
• use of thermally valuable compounds
Methane Oxidation
Layers

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Methane - Oxidation Layers
MSW-landfills / reactor landfill (50 sites in

Austria)
• active gas collection efficiency factor 40 - 60 %
old dumps have no gas collection system
~ 180.000 t CH4/year from landfills and old dumps in Austria
(UBA, 1997)
that is ~ 30 % of CH4- emissions in Austria
CH4 has 25-times (100 years-period) higher green house effect as CO2
 3,5 Mio t CO2 / year
Kyoto goal: decrease of 10 Mio t CO2 until 2010
(13% reduction)
 35 % of Kyoto goal

Methane-Oxidation
temperature
te e of
tra nc
bs sta
moisture
content
su sub
depth [cm
Biomass+
CH4 + 2 O 2 => CO2 + 2 H2O nutrients
nic
(N, P)
ga
CO22
even supply
or
of O2and CH4
gas concentration [Vol%]

source: Huber-Humer

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Methane Oxidation / Lysimeter-Tests
soil column used in

laboratory tests
in a climate chamber
visible methane
oxidation layer
ripe sewage sludge compost
source: Huber-Humer


source: Huber-Humer

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

typical profile of gas-concentration
gas-concentration (vol%) gas concentration (vol%)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 horizon
45 50 55 60of
methane-
0 0 oxidation
10 10
CH4
20 CO2 20
depth [cm]
30 30 CO2
depth [cm]
40 O2 40
O2
50 50
60 60
70 70
80 80
90 90
Lys 1 - without methane Lys 4 - with methane

158 © Erwin Binner source: Huber-Humer LIMA 2013

Methane Oxidation / Field Tests
biofilm of methanotrophs growing biofilm of methanotrophs covered

under moderate methane supply with EPS growing under high
(150 l CH4/m²d) methane supply (355 l CH4/m²d)
EPS......exopolimeric substances, mainly sugar source: Huber-Humer

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / Experimental Set-up
Field 2 Field 4
0.8 - 0.9 m waste compost 0.3 m sewage sludge compost
0.2 - 0.3 m gravel 0.3 m clayey soil
barrier to surroundings: mats

of bentonite/compost
Field 1 source: Huber-Humer
0.8 - 0.9 m sewage sludge comp. Field 3

0.2 - 0.3 m gravel 0.4 m sewage sludge compost
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / FID-Measurement
10 °C
in 10 cm: 45 - 50 °C 5 - 10km/h
0.9 m waste compost 1019 mbar
0.3 m gravel > 5,000 ppmv CH4
wind
Field 2 ~ 800Field
l CH 4 / m2.d
4
gas well 0.3 m sewage sludge compost
0.3 m clayey soil
< 0.1 ppm
0.1-10 ppm
11-100 ppm
101-500 ppm gas well
501-1,000 ppm without cover
1,000-5,000 ppm
> 5,000 ppm
Field 1 Field 3
0.9 m sewage sludge compost
0.3 m gravel F5 5
Field
c ku ng
Er d a b d e
measuring point gas

measuring point temperature source: Huber-Humer 0.4 m sewage sludge compost

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Methane Oxidation
10 °C
0 - 3 l CH4 / m² .d 0 - 220 l CH4 / m2.d 5 - 10km/h
15 - 80 l CO2 / m². d 10 - 510 l CO2 / m2.d 1019 mbar
wind
Field 2 Field 4
gas well
< 0.1 ppm

0.1-10 ppm
11-100 ppm
101-500 ppm gas well 2 – 1,100 l CH / m².d
4
501-1,000 ppm
10 - 715 l CO2 / m².d
1,000-5,000 ppm
> 5,000 ppm
Field 1 Field 3
F5 5
Field
c ku ng
0 – 0.1 l CH4 / Er d a b d e
m–2.d
10 240 l CO2 / m2.d
measuring point gas 0 - 990 l CH4 / m².d
measuring point temperature
5 – 1,500 l C02 / m².d source: Huber-Humer
Methane Oxidation
field 5 - open landfill-body 2 – 1,100 l/m²d

cover layer average reduction
field 1: 0.9 m SS-compost (0 – 0.14) 0,1 l/m²d 99 – 100%

0.3 m gas distribution
field 2: 0.9 m MSW-compost (0 – 3.0) 3,0 l/m²d 97 – 98%
field 3: 0.4 m SS-compost (0 – 900) 350 l/m²d 60 - 65%
0.3 m clayey soil
source: Huber-Humer

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Methane Oxidation
field 5 - open landfill-body 2 – 1,100 l/m²d

cover layer average reduction
gas distribution
field 1: 0.9 m SS-compost layer
(0 – 0.14) 0,1 l/m²d 99 – 100%
is essential
field 2: 0.9 m MSW-compost (0 – 3.0) 3,0 l/m²d 97 – 98%
for function
0.3 m clayey soil
source: Huber-Humer

Construction of CH4-Oxidation Layers
Oxidation Layer > 1,0 m TOC: 15 – 18 % DM
AT 7: < 8 mg O2/g DM (AT4 < 5 mg O2/g DM)
important for function in winter NH4-N: < 350 mg/kg DM
rough structure: e.g. 5 – 15 %(weight)
wood chips ( 20–63 mm)
100 - 150 cm Compost
Methane - Oxidation - Layer
50 - 60 cm
Gas – Distribution - Layer
(gravel, poor of lime)
(e.g. Ø 16 /32 mm)
source: Huber-Humer

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

design of landfill top cover to reduce

methane emissions
 the uppermost layer of waste should no

longer be actively compacted.
 this should be covered with 0.5 – 0.6 m
low-lime, coarse gravel to permit areal
distribution of the landfill gas.
 this layer should be covered with 1.0 m
- 1.5 m of compost.

methane oxidation - substrates
requirements parameters
nutrients and organic matter TOC > 8 % DM;
C/N-ratio  15
stability of organic matter Respiratory Activity in 7 days
AT7  8 mg O2/g DM;
high humic substance content
most nitrogen should already be Ammonia < 350 ppm DM
bound in humic substances
Nitrite: non-existent
high pore volume sufficient content of bulky material, e.g.
wood chips 5 – 15 % DM
water-holding capacity > 80 % wet substance

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

top cover with methane oxidation function
design of the landfill perimeter
run-off
slope for surface water
driveway HDPE geomembrane
1.2 m oxidation layer
0.5 m
0.5 m gas distribution layer embankment made of
dense material, e.g.
loam
landfill body
demolition waste (optional)

for gas distribution and
stability of embankment source: Huber-Humer

Methane Oxidation - Measurement
photo: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Methane Oxidation - Comparison of Emissions
emissions of CH4
g/m²d
landfill
(with collection and incineration of gases)
35 - 40
methane oxidation layer

0,9 m Compost 0,1
0,4 m Compost 12
peat bogs 0,09 – 0,38 Bubier et al., 1995

(up to 1,35)
rice fields 0,07 – 7,4 Chen et al., 1997
In Situ Aeration

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Landfill Remediation
In-situ Aeration ↓ methane-emissions
↑ TOC-loss (CO2)
gas
treatment
water Infiltration
forced gas (diffusiv) exhaust
aeration gas
solid waste
mineralisation landfill gas stabilisation

↓ TOC ↓ CH4
↓ mobile organics ↓ CH4 / CO2
↓ reactivity leachate ↓ gas formation
↑ stability
leachate leachate leachate

treatment source: ABF-BOKU
↓ org. content
172 © Erwin Binner ↑ org. + inorg. pollutants LIMA 2013
In-situ Aeration / Investigations
lab-scale (LSR) pilot-scale
photo: ABF-BOKU photo: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
In-situ Aeration / Investigations
174 © Erwin Binner photos: ABF-BOKU LIMA 2013
In-situ Aeration / Results and Conclusions
• In-Situ aeration is possible and effective also to

remediate rather old MSW-landfills (> 25 years)
• cost effective remediation technology (2 - 5 Euro / m3)
• proposed remediation duration: 4 - 6 years
• monitoring the quality of the aerated waste material is
suitable for process control
• identification of most suitable parameters for process
control: BOD, COD, NH4-N, RA4 and infrared
spectroscopy
• definition of target values for properties of solid waste
material, leachate and the exhaust gas

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
In-situ Aeration / Results and Conclusions
gas phase: increased C- discharge
mainly CO2
strongly decreased CH4
16
methane C (anaerobic)
14
total C (anaerobic)
total C
carbon discharge [g C / kg DM]
12 methane C (aerated) discharge:

total C (aerated) + 530%
10
2 methane
emissions:
0 - 485%
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
time [d]
176 © Erwin Binner
source: Prantl et al., 2005
LIMA 2013
Recultivation and Use

of Landfill Sites

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill
Recultivation and Use of Landfill Sites
source: Tintner et al., 2009

Photovoltaic Power Plant

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Photovoltaic Power Plant
Solarpark Leipziger
Land, Germany

Parks (Donaupark, Vienna)


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

Golf Course (USA)

„Dry Lawn“
„Dry Lawn“ are areas with

grass and herbage,
characterised by dryness and
low nutrient content

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill

„Dry Lawn“

e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
“Sustainable MBT-Landfill”
Muchas Miscantus
Gracias por
1-2 m mature compost
0,5 m non calcareous gravel
mechanical-biological
pretreated waste
Su Atencion landfill liner (DVO)

drainage system for surface runoff
“free leachate discharge”

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Curso Doctorado

Institute of Waste Management

 Emissions from Landfills (Gas and leachate)

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

Waste Collection in Austria

3 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 2

Waste Management Concept

Waste Management Concept SS = sewage sludge

use residual MBT landfill 4

thermal treatment biogas biogas

excavated soil reuse landfill 1

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 3

Emissions from Landfills

Waste 3rd largest

organic compounds, ……)

Emissions from Landfills

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 4

Emissions from Landfills

9 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

Emissions from Landfills

10 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 5

Emissions from Landfills

until 2025 methane emissions will increase 50 %

11 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

Emissions from Landfills

monosaccharide amino acids fatty acids

monomer organic substance

acetic acid forming bacteria

methanol CO2, H2 acetic acid formic acid

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 6

Emissions from Landfills

hydrolysis and acidification

Emissions from Landfills

hydrolysis and acidification

14 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 7

Emissions from Landfills

pH --- 4.5 – 7.5 6.1 7.5 – 9 8

COD mg/l 6,000 – 60,000 22,000 500 – 4,500 3,000

BOD5 mg/l 4,000 – 40,000 13,000 20 – 550 180

Ca mg/l 10 – 2,500 1,200 20 – 600 60

SO4 mg/l 70 – 1,750 500 10 – 420 80

Zn mg/l 0.1 – 120 5 0.03 – 45 0.6

Fe mg/l 20 – 2,100 780 3 – 280 15

15 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

Emissions from Landfills

Total N mg/l 50 – 5,000 1,350

NH4-N mg/l 30 – 3,000 750

Chloride mg/l 100 – 5,000 2,100

Pb mg/l 0.008 – 1.02 0.09

Cd mg/l 0.0005 – 0.14 0.006

Cr mg/l 0.03 – 1,6 0.3

Cu mg/l 0.004 – 1.4 0.08

Ni mg/l 0.02 – 2.05 0.2

AOX g/l 320 – 3,350 2,000

16 © Erwin Binner LIMA 2013

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 8

Emissions from Landfills

Reduction of Emissions from Landfills

the amount of disposed biological degradable

• 75% since 2006