01situation in Austria and Europe-2013 PDF

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Management in Austria
Ingenieria y Control de
Residuos Sólidos
Institute of Waste Management
Marion Huber-Humer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Peter Beigl
Erwin Binner
Katharina Böhm
Robert Glanz
Marlies Hrad
Günther Kraus
Sandra Lebersorger
Peter Lechner
Sabine Lenz
Roland Linzner
Peter Mostbauer
Florian Part
Andreas Pertl
Stefan Salhofer
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Felicitas Schneider
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Julia Nowotny
Zorica Stamenkovic
Mathias Stiedl
David Wiederschwinger
Erwin Binner MSc. Julia Zeilinger
BOKU-
BOKU-University / Vienna
1 Institute
© Erwin Binner of Waste Management Lima 2013
Outlook
09.09.13 17:00-21:00 Waste Management in Austria

10.09.13 17:00-21:00 Waste Management Concepts
(prevention, cleaner production, collection
systems, recycling, pretreatment)
11.09.13 17:00-21:00 Incineration (MWSI) and Composting
12.09.13 17:00-21:00 Mechanical Biological Pre-Treatment
(MBT)
13.09.13 17:00-21:00 Landfill Design and Operation
(landfill types, limit values, treatment of
emissions from landfills),
Landfill Remidiation
14.09.13 09:00-13:00 Analysis of Wastes
© Erwin Binner Lima 2013
2
ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Management in
Austria
Marion Huber-Humer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Peter Beigl
Erwin Binner
Katharina Böhm
Robert Glanz
Marlies Hrad
Günther Kraus
Sandra Lebersorger
Peter Lechner
Sabine Lenz
Roland Linzner
Peter Mostbauer
Florian Part
Andreas Pertl
Stefan Salhofer
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Felicitas Schneider
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Julia Nowotny
Zorica Stamenkovic
Mathias Stiedl
David Wiederschwinger
Erwin Binner MSc. Julia Zeilinger
BOKU-
BOKU-University / Vienna
3 Institute
© Erwin Binner of Waste Management Lima 2013
Outlook
 About People and Country and BOKU

University
 Development of Waste Management
• Waste Collection
• Waste Disposal
• Organisation of Waste Management
Legal Situation in Austria
 Waste Generation in Austria and Peru

4

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
AUSTRIA
Vienna
Austria

5
Federal Republic of Austria

17° east
49° north
9 federal provinces
~ 8.1 mio. inhabitants
9° east
capital: Vienna
~ 1.8 mio. inhabitants
46° north
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Curso Doctorado
September 2013
area: 82.700 km2

• 60 % are covered by the alps (mountains)
(highest mountain Großglockner
3.797 m)
• 41 % forest
• 36 % agricultural land

8
climate:
precipitation: < 600 mm/a to > 2,000 mm/a
average = 1,190 mm/a
temperatures: extremes - 25 °C to + 36 °C
average = - 3 °C to + 22 °C

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Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Mountains

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Virgin Forest „Rothwald“

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Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Spring

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Spring

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Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Spring

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Summer

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Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Summer

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Summer

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Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Summer

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Autumn

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Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Autumn

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Winter

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Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Winter

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Winter

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Curso Doctorado
September 2013

24
University of Natural
Resources and Life
Sciences, Vienna
Peter Lechner
Marion Huber-Humer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Rupert Angermeier
Universdad de Recursos Peter Beigl

Erwin Binner
Oliver Gamperling
Naturales y Ciencias de la Vida Sandra Lebersorger

Sabine Lenz
Roland Linzner
! no oficial ! Katharina Meissl

Peter Mostbauer
Andreas Pertl
Stefan Salhofer
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Felicitas Schneider
Ena Smidt
Johannes Tintner
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Julia Nowotny
Zorica Stamenkovic
Lukas Egle
Andreas Schuh
Theresa Rossboth
© Erwin Institute
Binner of Waste Management Lima 2013
25

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
BOKU-University of Natural Resources

and Life Sciences, Vienna

26 26
BOKU-University of Natural Resources

and Life Sciences, Vienna
founded in 1872

27 27

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
BOKU-University
Universität für Bodenkultur
BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life

Sciences
Universdad de Recursos Naturales y
Ciencias de la Vida
! no oficial !
founded 1872
2011: ~11,000 students (18 % from abroad)
1200 scientists (+470 other staff)
15 departments
40 institutes
28
BOKU-University
(http://www.boku.ac.at/706.html?&L=0)
9 Bachelor and 25 Master programs (7 in English)

• Agricultural Sciences (Agrarwissenschaften)
• Environment & Bio-Resources Management
(Umwelt- und Bioresourcenmanagement)
• Environmental Engineering (Kulturtechnik und Wasserwirtschaft)
• Food Science & Biotechnology
(Lebensmittel- und Biotechnologie)
• Forestry (Forstwirtschaft)
• Landscape Architecture & Landscape Planning
(Landschaftsplanung und Landschaftsgestaltung)
• Viticulture, Enology & Wine Economics (Weinbau)
• Wood & Fibre Technology (Holz- und Naturfasertechnologie)
• Equine Sciences (Pferdewissenschaften)
29

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
BOKU-University
(http://www.boku.ac.at/707.html?&L=1&L=0)
9 Bachelor and 25 Master programs (8 in English)

• Animal Science (Tierzucht)
• Organic Farming (Biolandbau)
• Environmental Engineering (Kulturtechnik und Wasserwirtschaft)
• Land Management and Civil Engineering
(Landmanagement, Infrastruktur, Bautechnik)
• Water Management (Wasserwirtschaft und Umwelt)
• Wildlife Ecology and Wildlife Management
(Wildtierökologie und Wildtiermanagement)
• Phytomedizin (Phytomedizin)
• Safety in the Food Chain
• Mountain Forestry
• Mountain Risk Engineering
30
BOKU-University
rectorate
rector: Martin Gerzabek
3 vice-rectors:
• research
• personnel and legal affairs
• resources
links:
for education:
http://www.boku.ac.at/lehre.html?&L=1
for international relations:
http://www.boku.ac.at/zib.html?&L=0&L=1
for service:
http://www.boku.ac.at/service.html
information about departments:
http://www.boku.ac.at/departments.html ZIB
31

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
BOKU-University
Department for Water, Atmosphere and Environment

7 institutes working in the fields of:
• meteorology
• hydraulics and rural water management
• water management, hydrology and hydraulic engineering
• sanitary engineering and water pollution control
• hydrobiology and aquatic ecosystem management
• safety and risk sciences
• waste management, including planning, disposal technology
and disposal logistics
32

Team ABF

33

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Research Groups
Institute of Waste
Management
Waste Final Storage Biological Treatment

Prevention and and
and Waste Emissions Carbon Sequestration
Logistics Mitigation
Research
Laboratory
34

Major Research Topics
• optimising the classical methods in Waste Management,
especially in the fields of bio-waste composting,
biological waste treatment and landfilling of wastes
• effects of waste management systems to the climate
• landfill behaviour of organic substances
• analysis and investigation of landfilled waste
(monitoring of abandoned sites, measurement of
gaseous emissions)
• long-term behaviour of incineration residues at the
landfill
• minimisation of emissions (CH4, CO2) from landfills
(pre-treatment of waste, methane oxidation, landfill
remidiation, landfill recultivation)
35

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Major Research Topics
• development of analytical tools
(reactivity of wastes, quality of compost)
• development of humic compounds during composting
of separate collected biowastes
• waste management in economically developing
countries
• life cycle assessment
• eco design
• optimisation of collection systems
• waste prevention
• recycling of secondary materials
36
Waste Management in
Austria
Erwin Binner, MSc.

BOKU - University Vienna
Department for Water, Atmosphere and Environment

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Development of
Waste
Management
in Austria
40
Solid Waste Collection
a disordered waste-situation leads to hygienic

problems
in the 19th century in Europe the connection

between hygiene, diseases and mortality
was discovered
1st step
organisation of waste collection

41

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Collection
Development in Austria
at the beginning, collected waste was brought
out of town and used in agriculture
traditional waste collection by farmers

42
Waste Collection
Vehicles in the 1920ies
collected waste was dumped (waste disposal)
95 years ago the first waste bins („System Colonia“)

were introduced in Vienna in 1913
43

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Collection
System Colonia in the 1930ies

44 source: Frybert, 1993
Waste Collection
Vehicles in the 1930ies
87 years ago in
Linz (1921)
source:

45

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Collection
Vehicles today – Peru 2006

46 photo: Erwin Binner
Waste Collection collection of

Vehicles today residual waste
(for 240 l bin)
source: MUT, 2006

47

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
collection of
Waste Collection
residual waste in
Vehicles today 240 l bins
(centre of Vienna)
separate collection of
48 glass (1,100 l bins)
© Erwin Binner
photo: Leonor Mendez, 2008
Lima 2013
Waste Collection
Vehicles today – separate collection of glass

49 photo: Leonor Mendez, 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Collection collection of

Vehicles today residual waste (for
1,100 l bin)

50 photo: Leonor Mendez, 2013
Waste Collection in Austria

Separate Collection (Definitions)
Municipal Solid Waste collection centers
(MSW)
hazardous treatment
household wastes
bulky wastes
electronic wastes
recycling
glass plastics metals
biowaste paper
treatment
landfill co
residual waste mp
os recycling banks
ti ng

51

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Solid Waste Disposal
an inadequate waste-disposal leads to pollution

of environment
in the 1970ies in Austria the connection

between uncontrolled dumps and
pollution of ground water was recognised
2nd step
organisation of solid waste disposal

52

Problems
Solid Wastes  use of resources and loss in

value
Solid Wastes  influence on climate
Solid Wastes  contamination

53

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Output-Related Environmental Impacts -

Overview
global
continental/
regional global warming
stratospheric ozone
human toxicity
depletion
ecotoxicity
acidification
nutrient enrichment local
photochemical ozone odour
formation (photochemical noise
smog, regional) victims (of accidents)
54
Global Warming
Reactor Landfill (for Untreated Wastes)
~ 90 % of carbon
greenhousegas
CH4 = 21- 35 x CO2
3rd largest
Waste source
Leachate
-- -
SO4 H S, HS
~ 10% of carbon anaerob abbaubarer org. Stoff
2
-
NO N
many other pollutants 3 2
Fe
++
Fe
+++
(fällt aus)
(heavy metals, chemicals, HS SO4 - --
organic compounds, ……)
Rautenweg landfill
55 © Erwin Binner
Vienna,Lima
2002
2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Emissions from Landfills
MSW-landfills / reactor landfill (50 sites in

Austria)
• active gas collection efficiency factor 40 - 60 %
old dumps have no gas collection system
global 40 - 60 Mio t CH4/year are set

free
landfills are third largest source of
methane emission !!

56

Emissions from Landfills
MSW-landfills / reactor landfill (50 sites in

Austria)
• active gas collection efficiency factor 40 - 60 %
old dumps have no gas collection system
~ 180.000 t CH4/year from landfills an old dumps in Austria
(UBA, 1997)
that is ~ 30 % of CH4- emissions in Austria
CH4 has 25-times higher green house gas effect as CO2
=> 3,5 Mio t CO2 / year
Kyoto Goal: decrease of 10 Mio t CO2 until 2010
(13% reduction)
 35 % of Kyoto Goal
57

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Climate Change
Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect
sun
longwave
infrared
radiation
atmosphere
shortwave
solar radiation longwave
solar radiation
earth´s surface
www.welthungerhilfe.de
the increase of the absorbed part of the energy which is

reflected to the earth´s surface, leads to a warming of the
atmosphere.
58

Problems
Solid Wastes  use of resources and loss in

value
Solid Wastes  influence on climate
Solid Wastes  contamination

59

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Output-Related Environmental Impacts -

Overview
global
continental/
regional global warming
stratospheric ozone
human toxicity
depletion
ecotoxicity
acidification
nutrient enrichment local
photochemical ozone odour
formation (photochemical noise
smog, regional) victims (of accidents)
60
Influence on Climate
Huaraz / Pastoruri-Glacier

61
photo: Erwin Binner

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Glaciar Yanamarey/Cordillera Blanca 4.786
m
1982 1992
13
years
62 © Erwin Binner
1997 2005
Lima 2013
Großglockner (3.797 m) / Pasterze-Glacier
2006
63
ye
ar
s
source: Gerhard Lieb

63 1943

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
2007
ars
ye
10

64 1997
surface 1994
!
height above see level
60 m .
in 12 years .
surface 2006

65

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Solid Waste Disposal - Waste Delivery

Sari Mukti (Bandung) / Indonesia

66 photo Erwin Binner, 2007
Solid Waste Disposal - Waste Recovery



Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Solid Waste Disposal - Waste Recovery


Solid Waste Disposal - Landfill Sliding 2005

Leuwigaja (Bandung) / Indonesia


Curso Doctorado
September 2013

rainwater
0 m
75
reasons for sliding:

• rainwater runs into landfill
• no drainage system
70 © Erwin Binner
photo Erwin Binner, 2007
• inadequate compaction
Lima 2013

150 death people in the

village nearby


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Pollution by Inadequate Landfilling

Conakry / Guinea (Westafrica) 2006
burning waste
(by self incineration)


Addis Abeba / Ethiopia 2012

73 photo: Erwin Binner, 2012

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

74 Addis Abeba,
© Erwin Binner 2012 Lima 2013
photo: Erwin Binner, 2012



Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Slovakia / Peru 2004
photo: Erwin Binner

76
landfill Ziar/Slovakia, 2004 landfill Cusco/Peru, 2004

Waste Disposal in Peru 2005-2008
2008, photo: L. Sandoval
2005, photo: Erwin Binner

2005,

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
photo: Sperl
©2008 Basel Action Network (BAN)
photo: Albrecht

78 photo: ABF-BOKU
Pollution by
Inadequate Landfilling / Austria 1978
79 © Erwin Binner 1978

Lima 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Pollution by
Inadequate Landfilling / Austria 1978

Adequate Landfilling
Base Liner System
consists of: - leachate collection
- drainage
- bottom liner
• leachate collection: HDPE pipe,

diameter 200-250 mm, perforated or
slotted, slope about 2 %
• drainage system:
gravel min. thickness 0,5 m,
leachate resistant,
slope about 3 %
• botom liner:
(several layers)
- plastic layer (if necessary)
- 3 mineral layers
• stabile underground
source: ABF-BOKU

81

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Basis Liner System / Austria 1996
geotextile (protection)
3 mineral layers
plastic layer (geomembrane)
gravel layer
(drainage)
82 basis liner system

mineral layer
geotextile (protection)
3 mineral layers
plastic layer (geomembrane)
gravel layer
(drainage)
83 basis liner system


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
plastic layer
(geomembrane)
gravel layer
(drainage) leachate inspection
point
84 © Erwin Binner
drainage system
Lima 2013
Leachate Management
leachate
inspection point


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Leachate Management
leachate collector

Basis Liner System / San Ramon 2010


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Basis Liner System / San Ramon 2010

Leachate Management
leachate storage and treatment


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill Gas Management well for gas collection
90 use of landfill gas

photo: Erwin Binner
Solid Waste Management
waste-disposal helps to protect environment,

but it does not solve all the problems
1990 in Austria a new

waste management law
was set into effect (last amendment 2012)
3rd step
organisation of solid waste management

91

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Management in Austria (and EU)

Legal Situation
1990 Waste Management Law

(BGBL. 325/1990, set into effect 1990, amendment 2012)
priorities:
• prevention
• reuse
• recycling biological
• energetic recovery treatment
• treatment + disposal

92

Legal Situation
1992 Ordinance about Separate Collection

of Packaging Material
- producers, distributors and sellers of packaging
material are responsible for collection and
recycling after use
- they have to organise an appropriate system for
collection and recycling or have to pay for
municipal collection system
- minimum quota for recycling is 80 %
- consumers have to participate to the separate
collection of packaging materials
93

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Legal Situation
1995 Bio Waste Ordinance (BGBl.68/1992)
• separate source collection of organic wastes

– from household and garden,
– wastes of plant origin from food preparing
(kitchens, restaurants, hotels), food
industry and agriculture
– paper which is in connection with food
– exception: to high pollution
• composting of separate collected organics

94

Legal Situation
1998 Ordinance about Hazardous

Wastes and “problematic” wastes
• which wastes are hazardous
• which of them are problematic wastes
(= hazardous wastes from household)
examples:
• old medicines
• fluorescent tubes
• colours and lacquers
• batteries
95

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Legal Situation
1995 Bio Waste Ordinance (BGBl.68/1992)
• separate source collection of organic wastes

– from household and garden,
– wastes of plant origin from food preparing
(kitchens, restaurants, hotels), food
industry and agriculture
improves quality
• 1998 Ordinance
– paper which is inabout Hazardous
connection with food
– exception:
Wastes to high pollution
and “problematic” wastes
of compost
• composting of separate collected organics
96

Compost Ordinance (BGBl.II 292/2001)
Compost Ordinance regulates:

• requirements to quality of compost
• kind and origin of raw materials
• designation of compost
• rules for selling compost
• end of the waste characteristics
compost = product, not waste any longer!

97

Curso Doctorado
September 2013


• requirements to quality of compost
regulates
• kind and origin of raw materials
• designation of compost
quality
• rules for selling compost -
• end of the waste characteristics
requirements
compost = product, not waste any longer!

98


unfortunately the compost ordinance does
not regulate the real compost quality
useful effects are of low interest!
differences in quality almost

exclusively are defined by content
of heavy metals!

99

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Compost Ordinance / Quality of Compost
• 2001 Compost Ordinance (BGBL.II 292/2001)

regulates quality requirements
A+ A B
Cd 0,7 1 3
Cr 70 70 250 there are 3 classes of
Cu 70 150 500
quality (heavy metal
Hg 0,4 0,7 3
Ni 25 60 100
content in mg/kg DM):
Pb 45 120 200
Zn 200 500 1,800
not allowed for agriculture

100
Compost Ordinance
Quality of Compost / Use of Compost
5there
typesare classes of and 4 types of use for
of 3compost
quality (heavy metal compost:
content in mg/kg DM):  agriculture
 compost
table 1a:
 “high quality -  landscape gardening
additional requirements for
A+ A B
compost” and landscape
MSW-compost (class B)
Cd 0,7 1 3
conservation
parameter (incl.
limit value
 “high
Cr quality
70 - sewage
70 250
Cu 70 150 500 AOXrecultivation of DM
500 mg/kg
sludge compost”
Hg 0,4 0,7 3 landfill
Mineralöl-KW sites)
3000 mg/kg DM
 “bark
Ni - compost”
25 60 100 PAK (16) 6 mg/kg DM
 production
PCB
of soil
1 mg/kg DM
Pb 45 120 200
 “MSW
Zn -200
compost”
500 1800  for
Dioxin 50 ng DE/kg DM
bio-filter

101

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Compost Ordinance / Feedstock
in appendix 1 / part 1 - part 4 there are lists of
allowed raw materials
• part 1: allowed for “high quality - compost”
(analysis on suspicion)
• part 2: allowed for compost and “high quality -

sewage sludge compost”
(defined qualities of sludge, certificate of origin is
needed)
• part 3: allowed for MSW - compost

• part 4: allowed additives
(total amount < 5 %, soil < 15 %)

102

Compost Ordinance / Documentation
requirements at documentation
 self monitoring
 external supervision
 record keeping of correspondence with
government, of declaration and of all
confirmations
 classification and marking

103

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
concept of 3 barriers
3rd barrier = landfill construction

and operation
1st barrier =
internal safety =
waste quality
2nd barrier = exterior safety

= location

104

Legal Situation / Landfill Ordinance
1996 Landfill Ordinance

(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)
– requirements at waste quality (1st barrier)

– requirements at location of landfills (2nd
barrier)
– requirements at construction (3rd barrier)
– requirements at operation

105

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Legal Situation / Landfill Ordinance
1996 Landfill Ordinance

(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)
– requirements at waste quality (1st barrier)
reduces
– requirements at location of landfills (2nd
barrier)
– requirements at construction (3rd barrier)
emissions
– requirements at operation

106
Legal Situation in Europe

Landfill Directive
the amount of disposed biological degradable

municipal waste needs to be reduced to
• 75 % since 2006
• 50 % since 2009
• 35 % until 2016
of the amount disposed in 1995

107

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

• 1996 Landfill Ordinance

(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)
– requirements at waste quality:
limit values for solids (e.g.: TOC < 5%) and eluate
– mechanically-biologically pretreated wastes may
exceed TOC, if calorific value (content of energy)
undergoes 6,000 kJ/kg DM (1996)
amendment 2004 : Ho < 6,600 kJ/kg DM
respiration activity AT4 < 7 mg O2/g DM
gas formation potential GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM

108

• 1996 Landfill Ordinance

(BGBL. 164/1996, new BGBL. 39/2008)
– requirements at waste quality:
limit values for solids (e.g.: TOC < 5%) and eluate
– mechanically-biologically pretreated wastes may
exceed TOC, if calorific value (content of energy)
undergoes 6,000 kJ/kg DM (1996)
reduces
amendment 2004 : H < 6.600 kJ/kg DM
o
respiration activity AT < 7 mg O /g DM

4 2
reactivity
gas formation potential GS < 20 Nl/kg DM
21

109

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Experiences in Austria / Impact of MBT

Gas Generation
Gas Generation Potential in Incubation Test -

Impact of Mechanical Biological Pretreatment
Oberpullendorf DANO-Output
300 GS21 = 34 Nl/kg DS - acidification!
Siggerwiesen 3 weeks
250
Gas Generation [Nl/kg DM]
GS21 = 54 Nl/kg DS
Allerheiligen 5 weeks
200 GS21 = 35 Nl/kg DS
Allerheiligen 5 weeks
150 GS21 = 25 Nl/kg DS
Liezen 16 weeks
100 GS21 = 4 Nl/kg DS
Oberpullendorf 20 weeks
50 GS21 = 9 Nl/kg DS
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480
Test Duration [days]
source: Binner, 1999

110
Mechanical Biological Pretreatment (MBT)

Targets
• reduction and stabilization of org. substance

• better input-control at landfills
• reduction of gas generation
• reduction of leachate (amount and
concentrations)
• lower consumption of landfill volumes
• lower settlement
• reduction of harmful substances
• use of thermally valuable compounds
111

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

types of landfills
different limits for pollutants in solid matter and eluates (DEV S4),
(= 1st barrier)
– “Bodenaushubdeponie” (excavated soil)
– “Inertstoffdeponie” and
“Baurestmassendeponie” (inert part of
construction and demolition wastes)
– “Reststoffdeponie”
(e.g. residues from incineration plants)
– “Massenabfalldeponie”
(e.g. MSW = municipal solid wastes)
112

Landfill-type “Bodenaushubdeponie”

113 photo: ABF-BOKU

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfill-type “Bodenaushubdeponie”
total amount in solids amount in eluate (1:10, 24 hours)
parameter limit value [mg/kgDM]

parameter pimit value [mg/kgDM]
Zink

114

Landfill-type “Bauschuttdeponie”


Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Landfill-type “Reststoffdeponie”


Landfill-type “Massenabfalldeponie”


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Special-Landfill-type “Untertagedeponie” for

hazardous wastes (there is no one in Austria)
bore hole overlying rock
mine shaft
type 2: caverne type 1: mine
salt dome
118 source: Tabasaran, 1997
Legal Situation in the European Union (EU)
1. Regulations have to be directly applied from the

member states after coming into force
2. Directives are in principle addressed to the
member states. The member states are obliged to
enact a law to implement the directive or to adapt
existing laws within a time limit
3. European Standards have to be adopted into the
national standards of the member organisations of
CEN (European Committee for Standardisation)

119

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Legislation in the European Union

Examples
 Directive on Waste 75/442/EEC, repealed by Directive 91/156/EEC and
by Directive 2006/12/EC: contains minimum requirements for the
correct management of wastes
 Regulation on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Waste
within, into and out of the European Community 93/259/EEC,
repealed through Regulation 120/97/EC: governs shipment of wastes in
and within member states as well as into and out of the EU
 Directive on Hazardous Waste 78/319/EEC, repealed by Directive
91/689/EEC: contains basic obligations for correct handling of hazardous
wastes as minimum requirements for the member states
 Directive on the Incineration of Hazardous Waste, Directive
94/67/EC
 Directive concerning Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
(IPPC), Directive 96/61/EC

120

European Waste List (EWL)
1. European Waste List (EWL) 2000/532/EC and

2001/118/EC
2. the list of wastes contains 839 waste types and

serves as Europe-wide nomenclature system to
characterise wastes.
3. the list governs
- the classification of waste,
- the categorisation of wastes concerning
their hazardous nature.

121

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

European Waste List (EWL)
1.Waste Classification: within the waste list each waste is fully

defined by six-digit code, e.g.
04 01 04 tanning liquor containing chromium
six-digit code waste type
2.Allocation to the waste types

the waste list is structured by
- Chapters (two-digit chapter-heading) and
- Groups (four-digit chapter-heading)
3. the EWL contains 20 Chapters, 111 Waste Groups and 839 Waste
Types
122

European Waste List: Hazardous Wastes
• any waste marked with an asterisk (*) (beside

the six-digit code) is considered as a
hazardous waste pursuant to the Hazardous
Waste Directive.
• these wastes show one or more properties
which render them hazardous pursuant to
Annex III of the Directive 91/689/EC on
hazardous wastes.

124

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Directive on Hazardous Wastes

Properties pursuant to Annex III
H1 Explosive
H2 Oxidizing
H3-A Highly flammable
H3-B Flammable
H4 Irritant
H5 harmful
H6 Toxic
H7 Carcinogenic
H8 Corrosive
125
Directive on Hazardous Wastes

Properties pursuant to Annex III
H9 Infectious
H10 Teratogenic
H11 Mutagenic
H12 Substances and preparations which release toxic
or very toxic gases in contact with water, air or an
acid
H13 Substances and preparations capable by any
means, after disposal, of yielding another
substance, e.g. a leachate, which possesses any
of the characteristics listed above
H14 Ecotoxic
126

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Waste Catalogue Ordinance
• the European Waste Catalogue was put into national
legislation on 1 January 2004.
(Waste Catalogue Ordinance)
• consistent catalogue for non hazardous and
hazardous wastes
• basis is a national standard, the ÖNORM S 2100
(waste catalogue)
• in Austria still the key numbers of the ÖNORM S 2100
are used for the classification of waste.
The EWC will be changed again; after this is finished,
the codes according to the European Waste Catalogue
have to be used in Austria too

127

Hazardous Wastes
Hazardous Waste
- require very careful handling
- generators: industry, commerce, institutions
- Ordinance on the Traceability of Waste (accompanying waste
data sheet, documentation within the waste generating facility)
Hazardous Household Waste

- hazardous wastes, which are usually generated in private
households (small amounts)
- which are generated by other waste producers in such amounts
and qualities similar to those of private households
examples: - pharmaceuticals - fluorescent tubes - paint

- mercury thermometer - batteries, etc.

128

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Ordinance on the Traceability of Wastes
Ordinance on the Traceability of Waste (Austria):

• regulates obligations to provide evidence about
waste
• defines the scope and form of recording,
reporting and documentation
• in order to make transparent the proper
collection, storage, transportation and treatment
of waste

129

Ordinance on the Traceability of Wastes
general obligations for recording:

every owner of a waste has to keep records about the
type, amount, origin and destination of the waste
system of accompanying waste data sheets:

everyone who delivers hazardous waste, transports
them or have them transported with the aim to pass
them to another person, has to report the type,
quantity and destination of the hazardous waste as
well as his identification number in an accompanying
waste data sheet
both does not apply to private households !
130

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Ordinance on the Traceability of Wastes (A)

Hazardous Wastes Data Sheet
R (1-13) treatment (subject
to annex 1/column1 of the
type of waste digit code amount Ordinance on the
Traceability of Waste 2003
D (D1-15) method of
disposal
el e wi
ct r l l b • have to be numbered
on e c consecutively
ica ha • a separate data sheet for
l s nge each type of hazardous
i n ys t d waste
20 e t
10 m ( o • sheets must be retained
ED 7 years
M)
131

System of Accompanying Waste Data Sheets
waste producer e.g. treatment facility
hand over take over

transport
filing
filing
* head of federal
state
data
exchange
central database local database
©* Erwin
authority
Binnerof the federal government for environmental protection and Lima 2013
132 environmental control.

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Hazardous Wastes Disposal in Austria
disposal of hazardous waste 1999 about 972,000 t hazardous
waste were collected in Austria,
according to waste data sheets
biological currently, about 400,000
phys./chem. transports of hazardous waste
per year (according to waste data
sheets)
thermal
10 % of hazardous wastes are
exported
e.g. immoblization by
export to Germany means of additives
and the Netherlands (landfill)

133
Standardization
(Norms/Standards)

136

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Norms – Austrian Standards Institute
• norms are technical standards
• they promote rationalisation
• make quality assurance possible
• conduce to safety at work and in leisure time
• standardise test methods (e.g. in the field of environmental
protection)
• facilitate communication in economy, engineering,
science, administration and in public
• norms are not issued top down by authorities, but rather
elaborated by those who need them: economy, consumers,
administration, science. Their representatives spend time,
effort and know-how for elaborating a norm, for their own
as well as for the public benefit
137

What are Norms?
• professional recommendations
- their application is basically voluntary
- often a prerequisite for solution of technical and economic
problems
• norms or parts of norms can be made legally binding
by the legislator (State or Federal States)
- Compliance with the norm is no longer voluntary, but mandatory
• norms represent the actual state of the art in
engineering and economy
• basis for controlled procedures in all fields of economy
and administration

138

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Basic Principles of Standardization
• neutral, collaborative work

- all parties concerned have the possibility and are
demanded to participate in standardization by
sending their representatives, in all ranks
• consensus
- means general accordance, considering the point
of views of all relevant parties and clearing
refutations
- European and international norms may also be
decided by a qualified majority, i.e. a consensus
can also be reached if some of the committee do not
agree
139

• publicity
- prior to the publication of a norm, a draft of the
norm has to be published, in order to give the
public the possibility for their statement.
Legitimate objections have to be considered by the
competent standardisation committee
• consistency
- each norm has to be consistent with other
existing norms on national and European level.
This has to be regarded when elaborating a norm

140

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

• in Austria, there are 18,000 norms (ÖNORMEN) in
force. 3/4 of them are European norms.
• European norms have to be adopted into the national
system of norms by the member organisations of the
CEN (the European Committee for Standardization).
• in Austria, norms are labelled ÖNORM EN or ÖNORM
EN ISO (if the European norm is also an internat. norm).
• European norms are valid for 29 countries (whole EU +
associated countries). This means that definitions,
standards or test methods for the standardized subjects
are the same in these 29 countries. The number of the
CEN members will increase accordingly.
141
Austrian Standards
Examples for Waste Management Norms
• ÖNORM CEN/TS 14405
”Characterisation of Waste - Leaching Behaviour - Upflow Percolation
Test” (under defined conditions)
• ÖNORM CEN/TS 14429
”Characterisation of Waste - Investigation of Leaching Behaviour -
Impact of the pH-Value after Prior Addition of Acid / Alkali”
• ÖNORM EN 840-1
“Mobile Containers for Waste Collection - Part 1: Containers with 2
Wheels and a Volume up to 400 l - Dimensions and Shape”
• ÖNORM EN 1501-3
”Vehicles for Waste Collection - General Requirements and Safety
Requirements”
- Part 3: front loader

142

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Austrian Standards
• ÖNORM EN 13071
”Containers for the Separate Collection of Waste - Outdoor Containers
for the Separate Collection of Waste, which can be Mechanically Picked
up and have a Volume between 80 l and 5;000 l”
• ÖNORM EN 13592
”Plastic Bags for the Collection of Waste from Households - Types,
Requirements and Test Methods” (consolidated version)
• ÖNORM S 2000 ”Waste management” Part 1: Waste – Definitions
• ÖNORM S 2027-1 to 3
”Parameters for the Assessment of the Stability of Mechanically-
Biologically Pretreated Waste”
- Part 1: Respiration Activity (AT4)
- Part 2: Incubation Test (GS21)
- Part 3: Gas Formation Test (GB21)
143
Austrian Standards
• ÖNORM S 2097 - 1 to 4 “Sorting Analysis of Waste”
- Part 1: Concepts
- Part 2: Sampling
- Part 3: Sorting
- Part 4: Evaluation of measuring results and analysis report
• ÖNORM S 2104 ”Medical wastes”
• ÖNORM S 2106 ”Recycling and Disposal of Waste Electric and
Electronic Equipment” (WEEE)
• ÖNORM S 2123-2 “Concepts for Waste Sampling”
- Part 2: Sampling of solid waste from containers and transport vehicles
• ÖNORM S 2205
”Engineering Requirements for Composting Plants for the Treatment of
Biogenous Waste”
144

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Austrian Standards
Relevant National Norms in Austria
 norms with legally binding (laid down by ordinances), e.g.:
ÖNORM S 2070 – 2075 Relating to Landfills and Classes of Eluates
ÖNORM S 2100 Waste Catalogue
ÖNORM S 2101 Hazardous Waste Catalogue
ÖNORM S 2104 Medical wastes
ÖNORM S 2201 Compostable Biogenous Wastes
ÖNORM S 2200 Criteria for the Quality of Compost from
Organic Waste (withdrawn Compost
Ordinance came into effect)
ÖNORM S 2023 Examination Methods for Composts and
Monitoring of Compost Quality (withdrawn)
ÖNORM S 2123 Waste Sampling

145
Waste Management
Important for Peru
targets for production and disposal:

• protection of humans (direct/indirect)
• protection of animals and plants
• protection of water
• protection of soil
• protection of atmosphere

146

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Management
Important for Peru
priorities for waste-management:

• prevention
• recovery
• treatment + disposal
producer
responsibility !!
147
Waste Management
Important for Peru
separate collection of biowaste:

• high quality compost
• definition of quality requirements

(soil protection)  regulation!
• reduction of landfilled waste (amount)
• reduction of organics in landfilled waste

(reactivity)
148

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Management
Important for Peru
regulations for landfills:

• different types (depending on waste)
• prevention of emissions (reduction of

reactivity, bottom liner)
• treatment of emissions (leachate, gas)
long term behaviour !!

149
Waste Management
Important for Peru
regulations for hazardous wastes:

• prevention
(substitution, producer
responsibility!)
• separate collection
• adequate treatment (reuse, recycling,
chemical/physical, thermal, disposal)
long term behaviour !!
150

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Management
Important for Peru
Important Standards (norms) for Peru:

• waste catalogue
• hazardous wastes
• limit values and methods for analyses
(wastes, compost, landfill behavior,
leaching tests, soil, water, atmosphere)

151
Ecologically Efficient Municipalities Program

Programa de Municipios Ecoeficientes
priority of action lines
1. wastewater treatment and reuse

2. recycling and final sure disposition of solid waste
3. territorial planning for the sustainable development.
source: Ana Maria González del Valle Begazo,

152 Viceministra de Gestión Ambiental, 02 de Octubre 2008

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
1. protection of water sources

2. water saving to level of companies and domiciles
3. good practices for efficient water use
4. cleaning of riverbanks and disposal control
5. wastewater treatment and reuse
wastewater treatment and reuse

territorial planning for the

sustainable development
1. ecological - economic zoning

2. circuits of adding values for aggregation of
economic and social activities
3. green preserved and productive areas
4. city planning
5. transport planning


Curso Doctorado
September 2013
1. minimization of waste generation

2. recycling
3. compilation, transport and efficient transfer
4. safe disposal
recycling and final safe disposal of solid waste

MSW Generation
(Municipal Solid
Waste)
156

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
MSW Accumulation in Cities of the World

Waste Generation
800
very huge differences
Bucharest (Romania)
 we need local data!
Guatemala City (Guatemala)

700
Peru, 2008
[kg/Ew.a]
600
Lima (Peru, 2008) 385 kg/inh.a
New York 700 up to 1,400

United States of America
Manila (Philippines)
Djakarta (Indonesia)
/ inh.a]
800 kg / inh.a
Warsaw (PL) 450 kg/inh.a
Lima (Peru, 2001) ?
Luxemburg
500
Abfälle
MSW [kg
400
London (GB)
550 kg/inh.a
600 kg/ibh.a
Kommunale
300
Vienna
300 kg/inh.a
220 kg/inh.a
200
kg/inh.a
< 200
100
0
Sources: UN-ESCAP, OECD, own research
157
Waste Generation on Household Level
examples from households in different countries

(USA, Mali, Japan, India)
• different life-styles
• different furnishing
• different prosperity (expressed as average
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the region)
• different consumption / consume habits
=> different amount of waste to be expected
Source: „Material World. A global family portrait“ (1994)

158

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Lifestyle USA

159
Lifestyle USA
family Skeen, USA radio 3

telephone 5
4 members of family TV-sets 2
GNP (av.) $23,120 video 1
computers 1
bicycles 0
cars 3

160

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Lifestyle Mali / Africa

161
Lifestyle Mali / Africa
family Natomo, Mali

11 members of family radio 1
telephone 0
GNP (av.) $300 TV-sets 0
video 0
computers 0
bicycles 1
cars 0

162

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Lifestyle Japan

163
Lifestyle Japan
family Ukita, Japan

4 members of family radio 3
telephone 1
GNP (av.) $28,220 TV-sets 1
video 1
computers 1
bicycles 3
cars 1

164

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Lifestyle India

165
Lifestyle India
family Yadev, India

radio 0
6 members of family telephone 0
GNP (av.) $310 TV-sets 0
video 0
computers 0
bicycles 1
cars 0

166

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Different lifestyles
Examples: Food

167
Market in Somalia (Source: Menzel, So ißt der Mensch, 2005)

168

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Market in Ecuador (Source: Menzel, So ißt der Mensch, 2005)

169
Market in California (USA) (Source: Menzel, So ißt der Mensch, 2005)

170

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Examples: Food (Source: Menzel, So ißt der Mensch, 2005)

171

172

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

173

Waste Generation 2009 (FWMP, 2011)
types of wastes mill. t/a
hazardous wastes and waste oil 0.32
municipal solid wastes (MSW) 3.9
construction and demolition wastes 6.8
residues from incineration plants 1.3
wood wastes (without packaging) 4.4
wastes from waste water treatment and 0.59
maintenance of water bodies(30% DM)
separate collected recyclables from commerce and 2.25
industry
electronic wastes 0.1
others (non hazardous) wastes 10.3
excavated earth 23.5
174 sum
© Erwin Binner 53.5
Lima 2013

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Waste Generation 2009 (FWPP, 2011, 2006 + 2001)
MSW t/a kg/inh.a kg/inh.a kg/inh.a

2009 2004 1999
residual wastes 1,402,100 168 169 163
bulky wastes 259,100 31 29 27

recyclables, 1,386,000 166 148 131
separate collected
bio wastes, 752,100 90 67 59

separate collected
hazardous household
wastes, WEE sep. collected 95,700 11 51) 31)
sum 3,895,000 466 418 383

175 1) without WEE
Waste Management
Waste Generation in Peru 2007
Region Peru:
inh.: 28,000,000
8,205,000 t/a
295 kg /inh.a
source: INEI (2007)

http://www.minam.gob.pe/template.php?page=02102008
176

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Management
Waste Generation in Peru 2007
Region Piura: Region Madre de Dios:
inh.: 1,676,315 inh.:109,555
491,000 t/a 31,800 t/a
295 kg /inh.a 290 kg /inh.a
Region Lima:
inh.: 8,445,211
3,263,000 t/a source: INEI (2007)
385 kg /inh.a http://www.minam.gob.pe/template.php?page=02102008

177
Waste Management in Peru

Waste Generation 2009 (Monge, 2010)
1,1
0,961
1,0 0,918
0,9 0,782
0,8
0,672
0,7
kg / cap.day
0,586
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
Sierra Costa Selva Lima y Callao Perú

178

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Waste Generation 2002 - 2009 (different sources)
Amounts of MSW Generated and Landfilled in Peru
12,000,000
2008 2007 2009 2002 2009 2009
10,000,000
generated
8,000,000
tons / year
landfiled
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
0
W) 20
08 01
0
20
08
20
10 01
MS )2 ,2
3%
M t ed SW SW try
NA llec lM lM us
r (8 MI va va + In
d
iba ( co o o
n
ng
e nd nd SW
Ara Mo
Sa Sa lM
o va
nd
Sa

179

Waste Generation 2002 - 2009 (different sources)
Specific Amounts of MSW Generated in Peru
1.200
2008 2007 2009 2002 2009 2009
1.000
kg / capita.day
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0
W) 20
08 01
0
20
08
20
10 01
MS )2 ,2
3%
M t ed SW SW try
NA llec lM lM us
r (8 MI o va va + In
d
n iba e ( c
nd
o
nd
o
SW
Ara capita 2007: 28.2 Mio ng Sa Sa lM
Mo o va
nd
capita 2009: 29.1 Mio Sa

180

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

Waste Generation 2009 (Monge, 2010; Sandoval, 2010)
Specific Amounts of MSW Generated in Peru 2009
1.200
Monge 2010
Monge 2010 - calculated
1.000 Sandoval 2010
Sandoval 2010 - calculated
kg / capita.day
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
Costa incl. Lima Sierra Selva total Peru
181

MSW Composition (2004)
paper
Papier, and und
Pappe
cardboard
Kartonagen
plastics
Leichtfraktion
22% glass
11% Glas
8%
Mmetals
etalle
5%
wood
Holz
4%
hygienic products
Hygienewaren
4%
organicAbfälle
Organic waste
waste textiles
T extilien
Biogene
31% 3%
others
Sonstiges
10% hazardous household waste
Problemstoffe
2%
Source: Federal Waste Management Plan (FWMP), 2006

182

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Disposal
MSW Composition
very different to Austria

again the local
situation is to be
known
31%
Waste Composition in Peru
leather plastic
paper <1% 4%
7% 2009 (different sources)
textile glass
organic waste 2% metal 3% organic waste (Peru):
55% 2%
48 to 55%
wood
1% 2009 (different sources)
organic waste (some
fines
26%
districts):
183 Source: Analisis sectorial de residuos solidos 1998 up to 78%

MSW Treatment (1989 – 2009)
composted 16,0 % 18,7 %
reciclaje 35,6 % 31,7 %
hazardous waste
1,2 %
2,4 %
thermally treated
MBT 28,3 % 36,4 %
directly
landfilled 11,2 % 10,4 %
7,7 %
0,4 %
2004 2009

184 FWM, 2001, 2006, 2009

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Waste Disposal Disposal of Generated MSW in Peru - 2009

9.215.000 t/a (incl. MWS from Industry)
Situation in Peru 2009 Ambiente

62% Recycling
15%
Disposal of Collected MSW in Peru - 2009 Relleno Sanitario

Botadero
20%
6.277.000 t/a Controllado
3%
source: Sandoval, 2010
dropped away
47,0 %
Recycling
14,7 %
Botadero
Controlado 7,4 %
Relleno Sanitario Relleno Sanitario
rest of Peru in Lima
0,3 % 30,6%
185 source: Monge, 2010
Disposal of Generated MSW in Peru - 2009

Waste Disposal 9.215.000 t/a (incl. MWS from Industry)
Situation in Peru Ambiente

62% Recycling
15%
Relleno Sanitario
Botadero
20%
Controllado
3%
Waste treatment and disposal in Peru source: Sandoval, 2010
landfills
recycling
20%
15%
dropped away
20%
1998
© Erwin Binner dumps Lima 2013

186 45%

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfills in Lima
MSW Landfilled 2009: 2.060.000 t/a
Amounts of MSW Landfilled in Lima
Huaycoloro
Callao Modelo 1.036.000 t/a
(botadero controlado) 50%
245.500 t/a
Ancon / Casren
262.400 t/a
13%
Zapallal
56.100 t/a
3% Portillo Grande
460.000 t/a
source: Sandoval, 2010
22%

187
Waste Disposal
Situation in Peru 2009
Amounts of MSW Landfilled in Peru
1,400,000
1,200,000 1,098,764 closed end MINAM, 2008

of 2009? Monge, 2010
1,000,000
Sandoval, 2010
tons / year
INEI, 2011-Lima
800,000
INEI, 2011-total
600,000
463,002 464,160
400,000 302,015
200,000
56,388
664 16,276 250 1,150
0
ro de l .) az .)
ol o ll a sre
n
.C ruz rca .C
yc ran pa Ca (B aC ma r hu (B
a o G Za / lo nt aja Ca ia
Hu rtil
l on d e S a C nc
Po c o de
An oM en
l la ep
Ca B.C. = botadero controlado Ind

188

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
Landfills in Peru 2009
sources:
MINAM, 2008
Monge, 2010
Sandoval, 2010
relleno sanitario
botadero controlada
relleno de seguridad
relleno sanitario permitted by
DIGESA
189 relleno sanitario projected
e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
“Sustainable MBT-Landfill”
Muchas
Thank
DankeYou Miscantus
Gracias
for Ihrepor
für Your
1-2 m mature compost
0,5 m non calcareous gravel
mechanical-biological
pretreated waste
suAttention
Atencion
Aufmerksamkeit
drainage system for surface runoff landfill liner (DVO)
“free leachate discharge”
190

Curso Doctorado
September 2013
e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
“Sustainable MBT-Landfill”
Muchas Miscantus
Gracias por
1-2 m mature compost
0,5 m non calcareous gravel
mechanical-biological
pretreated waste
Su Atencion landfill liner (DVO)

drainage system for surface runoff
“free leachate discharge”
191

List of Abbreviations
MBT mechanical biological inh. = cap. inhabitant
pretreatment GDP gross domestic product
MSW municipal solid waste GNP gross national product
MSWI MSW-incineration BAWP federal waste
SS sewage sludge management plan =
HDPE high density report about waste
polyethylene management in Austria,
AT4 respiration activity (test- actualized every 5 years
duration 4 days) BGBl Bundesgesetzblatt =
GS21 gas generation sum federal law gazette, for
(within 21 days) anouncement of laws in
Austria
GB21 gas evolution
(within 21 days)
Ho upper calorific value

192

Curso Doctorado
September 2013

DEV S4 german method for CN cyanide
elution (L:S=1:10) MBAS anion active tensides
TOC total organic carbon HC hydrocarbons
EC electric conductivity PAHC polycyclic aromatic hydro
mS/cm millisiemens/centimeter carbons
evap. residue residue of evaporation EOX extractable organic
halogencompounds
BOD5 biol. oxygen demand POX particulate purgeable
COD chem. oxygen demand organic halogen comp.
CH4 methane AOX adsorbable organic
halogen compounds
CO2 carbon dioxide
BTEX aromatic compounds
O2 oxigen (benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, and xylenes)
CFC chlorofluorocarbon

193

m3 cubic meter = 1,000 l °C degree centigrad
l liter = 1,000 ml vol.% percent volume
ml milliliter kJ/kg energy per kg
Nl normal liter kJ/mol kilo joule/mole
(volume calculated (= energy/gram-
to 0°C,1013 mbar) molecule)
t = Mg ton = 1,000 kg MWh mega watts hour =
kg kilogram =1,000 g energy
g gram = 1,000 mg DM dry matter
mg milligram oDM organic dry matter
a year WM wet matter
h hour
min minute
s second

194

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Curso Doctorado

09.09.13 17:00-21:00 Waste Management in Austria

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

 About People and Country and BOKU

 Waste Generation in Austria and Peru

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 2

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

area: 82.700 km2

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Federal Republic of Austria

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

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Federal Republic of Austria

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

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Federal Republic of Austria

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© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

Universdad de Recursos Peter Beigl

Naturales y Ciencias de la Vida Sandra Lebersorger

! no oficial ! Katharina Meissl

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BOKU-University of Natural Resources

© Erwin Binner Lima 2013

BOKU-University of Natural Resources

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Universität für Bodenkultur

BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life

9 Bachelor and 25 Master programs (7 in English)