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Vector & Scalar quantities :
Vector quantities : are the quantities which have magnitude and direction .such as:
Force , weight , distance , speed , displacement , acceleration ,velocity .
Scalar quantities : are the quantities which have only magnitude , such as :
Time , size , sound , density , light , volume .
Force :
A "force" is an action that changes, or tends to change, the state of motion of the
body upon which it acts. It is a vector quantity that can be represented either
mathematically or graphically
A complete description of a force MUST include its:
1. MAGNITUDE
2. DIRECTION and SENSE
3. POINT OF ACTION
Resolution & Composition of a force :
Let the force ( F) shown in fig.(1) with the direction (θ )
We can resolve this force into two components :
1‐ horizontal component ( Fx ) which lies on x‐ axis
2‐ vertical component ( Fy ) which lies on y‐ axis
as shown in fig.(2)
fig.(1 )
1
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
1st & 2nd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
from fig.(2) :
The horizontal component may be
determined as :
Fx = F . cos θ
The vertical component may be
determined as :
Fy = F . sin θ
EX (1 ) :
Find the two components of the force ( 100 N ) if : θ = 30o , 120o , 270o
fig. ( 2 )
Solution :
θ = 30o :
Fx = F . cos θ
= 100 * cos 30
3
= 100 * = 50 3 N
2
Fy = F . sin θ
= 100 * sin 30
= 100 * 0.5 = 50 N
θ = 120o :
Fx = F . cos θ
= 100 * cos 120
= 100 * (‐ 0.5 ) = ‐ 50 N
Fy = F . sin θ
= 100 * sin 120
3
= 100 * = 50 3 N
2
θ = 270o :
Fx = F . cos θ
= 100 * cos 270
= 100 * ( 0 ) = 0
Fy = F . sin θ
= 100 * sin 270
= 100 * ( ‐ 1 ) = ‐ 100 N
2
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
1st & 2nd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
EX ( 2 ) :
The direction of the force ( P ) is ( 30O ) , Find the horizontal component if the vertical
component is ( 30 N ) ?
Solution :
From the diagram shown :
Fy = 30 N
Fy = F . sin θ
30 = P * sin 30
30 = P * 0.5
P = 30 / 0.5 = 60 N
Fx = F . cos θ
3
= 60 * cos 30 = 60 * = 30 3 N
2
Composition of a force :
Let we have ( Fx ) is the horizontal component and
( Fy ) is the vertical component for the force ( F )
shown in fig.
From the shape ABC we get :
AC 2 = AB2 + BC2
F2 = Fx 2 + Fy 2
F = ( Fx) 2 + ( Fy) 2
Determination of the direction of a force :
The direction of a force can be determined by :
Fy
θ = tan - 1 ( )
Fx
EX ( 3 ) :
Determine the magnitude and direction of a force ( P ) , if the horizontal and vertical
components are ( 20 N ) , ( 40 N ) respectively ?
Solution :
We have : Fx = 20 N , Fy = 40 N , F = ( Fx) 2 + ( Fy ) 2
F = (20) 2 + (40) 2 = 400 + 1600 = 20000 = 44.72 N
Fy 40
θ = tan -1 ( ) = tan -1 ( ) = 63.43o
Fx 20
3
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
1st & 2nd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
EX ( 4 ) :
The line of action of the ( 300 N ) force runs through the
points ( A ) and ( B ) as shown in fig . Determine the ( X )
and ( Y ) scalar components of ( F ) .
Solution :
L = (−7 − 8) 2 + (−2 − 6) 2 = 17
AB
L = (−7 − 8) 2 = 15
AC
L = (6 + 2) 2 = 8
BC
15
Fx = F .cosθ = 300 * = 264.7 N
17
8
Fy = F .sinθ = 300 * = 141.2 N
17
PROBLEMS
1 ‐ Determine a pair of horizontal and vertical components of
the ( 340 N ) force ?
2 ‐ Determine the horizontal & vertical components of the
force ( 200 N ) ?
4
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
1st & 2nd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
3 ‐ Resolve the ( 100 N ) force into horizontal and vertical
components for each of the following values of ( θ ):
a‐ 20o b‐ 80o c‐ 240o d‐ 210o
4 ‐ The horizontal component of the force ( F ) is ( 60 N ) to
the right through the original point . Determine the
vertical component and the magnitude of ( F ) ?
5 ‐ The body on the ( 30o ) incline is acted upon by a force
( P ) inclined at ( 20o ) with the horizontal . if ( P ) is
resolved into components parallel and perpendicular to
the incline and the value of the parallel component is
( 300 N ) , Compute the value of the perpendicular , and
of ( P ) ?
6 – The Y – component of the force ( F )
which a person exerts on the handle
of the box wrench is known to be ( 70
N ) .Determine the ( X ) component ,
and the magnitude of ( F ) .
Ans : Fx = 29.5 N , F= 75.8 N
5
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
1st & 2nd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
7 – Determine the components of the ( 2 KN ) force
along the oblique axes ( a ) and ( b ) . Determine
the projections of ( F ) onto the a – and b‐ axes .
8 ‐
9 ‐
10 : Write whether the following quantities are vectors or scalars :
Force , sound , density , velocity , weight , time , mass , acceleration , light , area
11 : Determine the angle ( θ ) and locate the force on the coordinates when :
Fx = Fy , Fx = ‐ Fy , ‐ Fx = ‐ Fy , ‐ Fx = Fy
6
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
3rd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Resultant of forces system
The resultant is a representative force which has the same effect on
the body as the group of forces it replaces.
A simplest force which can replace the original forces system without changing its
external effect on a rigid body.
The symbol of resultant force is:
The unit of resultant force is : Newton (N)
Types of forces system
1‐ coplanar forces system :
a‐ concurrent coplanar forces system
b‐ non‐concurrent coplanar forces system
2‐ Non coplanar forces system :
a‐ concurrent non‐coplanar forces system
b‐ non‐concurrent non‐coplanar forces system
Resultant of concurrent coplanar forces system
We will find out the resultant force for many forces acting on a rigid body by using
the following equations :
Rx = F 1. cosθ 1 m F 2. cosθ 2 m F 3. cosθ 3 m ... m Fn. cosθn
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2 m F 3. sin θ 3 m ... m Fn. sin θn
R = (Rx ) + (Ry )
2 2
The direction of resultant force may be determined as :
⎛ Ry ⎞
θ = tan −1⎜ ⎟
⎝ Rx ⎠
Ex ( 1 ) :
Find the resultant force for the concurrent coplanar
forces system, shown in fig.
Solution
Rx = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2 m F 3. cos θ 3
= 200 • 2
5
− 100 cos 60 + 90 cos 45 = +192.4 N
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2 m F 3. sin θ 3
= 200 • 1
5
− 100 sin 60 − 90 sin 45 = −60.8 N
R= (Rx ) + (Ry )
2 2
7
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
3rd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 2 ) :
The 200 N force is a resultant of two forces, one of the
forces "P" has the direction along the tine AB and the
other force "Q" is on the horizontal direction, determine
them.
Solution
Rx = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2
R ∗ cos θR = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2
200 ∗ 54 = P ∗ cos 60 + Q cos(0 )
160 = 0.5 P + Q
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2
R ∗ sin θR = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2
- 200 ∗ 53 = P ∗ sin 60 − Q sin(0 )
P = 138.5 N
∴ Q = 229.25 N
Ex ( 3 ) :
Determine the resultant force for the forces system
shown in fig.
Solution
Rx = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2 m F 3. cos θ 3
= 100 cos 90 + 250 cos(0 ) − 200 cos 45
= 192.5 N
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2 m F 3. sin θ 3
= 100 sin 90 + 250 sin(0 ) − 200 sin 45
= − 60.78 N
R= (Rx )2 + (Ry )2
= (192.5) 2 + ( −60.78) 2 = 201.8 N
8
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
3rd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 4 ) :
The 1000 N force is a resultant of two forces, one of
which is 600 N, Determine the other force?
Solution
Rx = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2
R ∗ cos θR = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2
− 1000 ∗ cos 60 = 600 ∗ 53 + F 2 cos θ 2
− 1000 ∗ 0.5 = 360 + F 2 cos θ 2
F 2 cos θ 2 = -860 N ________ (1) ⇒ Fx
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2
R ∗ sin θR = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2
1000 ∗ sin 60 = 600 ∗ 54 + F 2 sin θ 2
F 2 sin θ 2 = 386.02 N ________ (2 ) ⇒ Fy
F= (Fx )2 + (Fy )2
= (860)2 + (386.02) 2
= 942.62 N
Ex ( 5 ) :
Determine the resultant force of the concurrent
coplanar forces system shown in fig.
Solution
Rx = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2 m F 3. cos θ 3
= 25 cos 0 + 10 cos 45 + 30 cos 90
= 26.707 N
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2 m F 3. sin θ 3
= 25 sin 0 + 10 sin 45 + 30 sin 90
= 31.707
R= (Rx )2 + (Ry )2 = (26.707 )2 + (31.707 )2
= 41.455 N
9
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
3rd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 6 ) :
The 624 N force is a resultant of two force P & Q
shown in fig. determine these forces .
Solution
R ∗ cos θR = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2
624 ∗ 12
13 = P ∗ 5 + Q ∗ 5
3 3
1200 = 4(P − Q )
300 = P − Q ________ (2 )
Subst (1) in (2):
P = 630 N
Q = 330 N
Ex ( 7 ) :
Determine the forces P and Q when the 125 N force is the
resultant force of these forces
Solution
R ∗ cos θR = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2
125 ∗ 53 = P ∗ 12
13
+ Q cos 90
∴ P = 81.25
R ∗ sin θR = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2
125 ∗ 54 = Q − 135 P
10
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
3rd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 8 ) :
Determine the resultant of concurrent coplanar
forces system shown in fig.
Solution
Rx = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2 m F 3. cos θ 3
2
= 200 * − 100 cos 60 + 90 cos 45
5
= 192.5 N
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2 m F 3. sin θ 3
1
= 200 * − 100 sin 60 − 90 sin 45
5
= - 60.78 N
R= (Rx )2 + (Ry )2 = ( 192.5) 2 + ( - 60.78 ) 2
= 201.8 N
Ex ( 9 ) : The screw eye in Fig. is subjected to two
forces, and Determine the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force.
Solution
11
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
3rd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 10 ) :
Determine the resultant ( R ) of the two forces system
shown in fig.
Solution
h = 6 sin 60 = 5.2 m
b = 6 cos 60 = 3 m
h 5.2
tan α = = = 0.866
b+3 3+3
α = tan −1 (0.866) = 40.9
Rx = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2
= 800 − 600 cos 40.9
= 346.5 N
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2
= 600 sin 40.9
= 392.84 N
R= (Rx )2 + (Ry )2
= ( 346.58) 2 + ( 392.84 ) 2
= 523.8 N
Ex ( 11 ) :
Determine the angle ( θ ) so that the resultant ( R ) of the
two forces system shown in fig. is 100 N
Solution
R= (F1 )2 + (F2 )2 + 2 F1 F2 cosθ
100 = (70)2 + (40)2 + 2 * 70 * 40 * cosθ
cos θ = 0.625
θ = 51.3o
12
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
3rd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 12 ) :
Find out the magnitude of the force ( P ) and the resultant
( R ) of the two forces to rise the cylinder up without touch
the vertical wall .
Solution
R ∗ cos θR = F 1. cos θ 1 m F 2. cos θ 2
R * cos 90 = 200 cos 70 − P cos 60
0 = 68.4 − 0.5 P
∴ P = 136.8 N
R ∗ sin θR = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2
R sin 90 = 200 sin θ + P sin θ
R sin 90 = 200 sin θ + 136.8 sin 60
R = 187.93 + 118.47
R = 306.4 N
PROBLEMS
1 ‐ Two forces are applied at the end of a screw eye
in order to remove the post. Determine the
angle and the magnitude of force F so that the
resultant force acting on the post is directed
vertically upward and has a magnitude of 750 N.
2 – Determine the resultant ( R ) of the two forces
shown in fig.
13
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
3rd Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
3 ‐ The ratio of the lift force ( L ) to the drag
force ( D ) for the simple airfoil is
( L / D = 10 ) . If the left force on a short
section of the airfoil is ( 50 N ) , Compute
the magnitude of the resultant force ( R )
and the angle ( θ ) which it makes with the
horizontal .
Ans. R = 50.2 N , θ = 84.3o
4 ‐
5 –
6 ‐ Determine the magnitude ( Fs ) of the tensile spring
force in order that the resultant of ( Fs ) and ( F ) is
a vertical force . Determine the magnitude ( R ) of
this vertical resultant force .
14
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
4th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Moment of a force
The moment of a force : is the ability of
the force to produce turning or twisting about an
axis or point or line.
Mathematically:
The moment of a force = the applied force X
perpendicular distance
M=F*d
M = the moment of a force (N.m)
F = applied force ( N )
d = perpendicular distance between the point of action of the force and moment center.
Ex ( 1 ) :
Determine the moment of the force 225 N
about the Points A , B , and C .
Solution
MA=|F|dA=225*0.6 = 135 Nm
MB=|F| dB=225*0.4 = 90 Nm
Ex ( 2 ) :
Determine the moment of the force 500 N about
the point A and B .
Solution
Cos (60) = 200/L
Cos (60) = dac/(L-160)
L = 200/ Cos (60)
L=160+dac/Cos (60)
dac=200-160 Cos (60)=120 mm
dac=120 mm
MA=|F|dAC=500*0.12 = 60 Nm
MB=|F| dB=500*0.2 = 100 Nm
15
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
4th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 3 ) :
Find the moment of the force 200 N About the point
( A ) shown in fig.
Solution
Fx = F . cos θ = 200 cos 45
= 200 * 0.707 = 141.42 N
Fy = F . sin θ = 200 sin 45
= 200 * 0.707 = 141.42 N
M1 = Fx * d = 141.42 * 10 = 1414.2 N . cm
M2 = Fy * d = 141.42 * 20 = 2828.4 N .cm
M ( A ) = M1- M2 = - 1414.2 N .cm
Ex ( 4 ) :
Determine the moment of the force
( 70 N ) shown in fig. about the
Point ( A ) .
Solution
Fx = F . cos θ = 70 cos 30
= 70 * 0.866 = 60.62 N
Fy = F . sin θ = 70 sin 30
= 70 * 0.5 = 35 N
M1 = Fx * d = 60.62 * 8 = 484.97 N . m
M2 = Fy * d = 35 * 4 = 140 N . m
M ( A ) = M1 + M2 = 484.97 N + 140 = 624.97 N . m
Ex ( 5 ) :
Find the distance ( Xn ) , if the moment
of the force ( F ) about the point ( A )
is equal to zero .
Solution
Fx = F . cos θ = 20 cos 30
= 20 * 0.866 = 17.32 N
Fy = F . sin θ = 20 sin 30
= 20 * 0.5 = 10 N
M1 = Fx * d = 17.32 * 120 = - 2078.46 N . cm
M2 = Fy * d = 10 * Xn = 10 Xn N .cm
M ( A ) = - M1+ M2
0 = - 2078.46 + 10 Xn
Xn = 2078.46 / 10 = 207.84 cm
16
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
4th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 6 ) :
The moment of the force ( F ) about ( A ) is ( 100 3 )
N . m ), the moment of this force about ( B ) is
( ‐ 50 3 N.m ) , the distance between ( A ) and ( B ) is
( 30 m ) , Find the magnitude and the location of the
force ( F ) if its component along the line ( AB ) is ( 5 N ).
Solution
Given Fx = 5 N
M ( A ) = 100 3 , M ( B ) = - 50 3
M ( A ) = F . sin θ * x
F . sin θ = 100 3 / x
M ( B ) = F . sin θ * ( 30 – x )
F . sin θ = - 50 3 / ( 30 – x )
100 3 50 3
= X= 20 m
x 30 − x
Fy = F . sin θ = 100 3 / x = 100 3 / 20 = 5 3 N
F = ( Fx )2 + ( Fy )2 = (52 ) + (5 3 )2 = 10 N
Ex ( 7 ) :
A ( 150 N ) force acts on the end of the ( 900 mm )
lever as shown in fig. Determine the moment of the
force about ( O ) .
Solution
Q = 150 sin 20 = 51.3 N
Mo = ‐ Q ( 0.9 ) = ‐ 51.3 * 0.9 = ‐ 46.2 N.m = 64.2 N.m
17
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
4th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 8 ) :
Knowing that the distance AB is 250 mm
determine the maximum moment about ( B )
which can be caused by the ( 150 N ) force .
In what direction should the force act ?
Solution
MB = 150 * 0.25 = 37.5 N.m
θ = 90 – 70 = 20
OR :
θ = 180 – ( 90 + 70 ) = 20
Ex ( 9 ) :
A ( 150 N ) force is applied to the control lever at
( A ) , knowing that the distance AB is ( 250 mm )
Determine the moment of the force about ( B )
when θ is 50 o .
Solution
BC = 250 cos 70 = 85.5 mm
AC = 250 sin 70 = 234.92 mm
P = 150 cos 50 = 96.41 N
Q = 150 sin 50 = 114.9 N
M B = P * AC + Q * BC
= 96.41 * 234.92 + 114.9 * 85.5
= 3247 N.mm = 32.47 N . m
18
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
4th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
PROBLEMS
1 ‐ Find the distance ( Y ) if the moment of the
forces system shown in fig. is equal to ( 12750
N.m ) about the point ( O )
2 – The moment of a certain force ( F ) is ( 180 N.m )
clockwise about ( O ) and ( 90 N . m )
counterclockwise about ( B ) , if it's moment about
( A ) is zero , Determine the force ?
3 ‐ Forces of ( 4 N & 6 N ) act on the lamina ABCD as
shown in fig . Find the total moments of these forces
about the point ( O ) .
4 ‐ Calculate the moment of the
( 300 N ) force on the handle
of the monkey wrench about
the center of the bolt .
5 ‐ A force F of magnitude 60 N is applied to the gear
Determine the moment of F about point O .
19
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
5th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Moment of Couple
Couples :
A special case of moments is a couple. A couple consists of two parallel forces that are
equal in magnitude, opposite in sense and do not share a line of action. It does not
produce any translation, only rotation. The resultant force of a couple is zero. BUT, the
resultant of a couple is not zero; it is a pure moment.
Ex ( 1 )
Compute the magnitude and direction of the
resultant couples action on the body shown
Solution :
Mc = 60 * 4 – 40 * 4
= 240 – 160 = 80 N .m
Ex ( 2 )
A lug wrench is used to tighten a hex‐
head bolt , Determine the magnitude
( F ) of the equal forces exerted on the
six contact points as shown in fig.
Solution
On the lug wrench :
Mc = F * d
= 250 * 350 *2
= 175000 N . mm
On the nut :
Mc = 3 F * d
175000 = 3 F * 25
F = 175000 / 75 = 2333.33 N
20
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
5th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 3 )
Determine the moment associated with the forces
shown in fig.
Solution
Mc = F * d
= 1.5 * 16
= 24 Ib .in
Ex ( 4 )
In the design of lifting hook , the action of the applied force ( F ) at the
critical section of the hook is a direct pull at ( B ) and a couple . if the
magnitude of the couple is ( 4000 N.m ) , Determine the magnitude of
the force ( F ) .
Solution
Mc = F * d
F = Mc / d
= 4000* 12 / 4
= 12000 N
Ex ( 5) :
A die is being used to cut threads
on a rod . if the ( 150 N ) forces
are applied as shown , Determine
the magnitude of ( F ) of the equal
forces exerted on the ( 1/4 " ) rod
by each of the four cutting
surfaces so that their external
effect on the rod is equivalent to
that of the two ( 15 N ) forces .
Solution
Mc = F * d = 15 * 10 = 2 * F * 0.25
F = 300 N
21
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
5th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 6 ) :
A multiple – drilling is used to drill simultaneously six
holes in the steel plate shown in fig. . Each drill exerts
clockwise couple of magnitude (5 N.m ) on the plate .
Determine an equivalent couple formed by the smallest
possible forces acting :
a ‐ at A and C
b ‐ at A and D
c – on the plate
Solution
a –
Mc = 5 N.m * 6 holes = 30N.m
Mc = F * d
30 = F * 0.3
F = 100 N
b ‐
AD = (225) 2 + (300) 2 = 375 mm
Mc = F * d
30 = F * 0.375
F = 80 N
c –
BC = (300) 2 + (400) 2 = 500 mm
Mc = F * d
30 = F * 0.5
F = 60 N
22
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
5th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
PROBLEMS
1 – Replace the couple and force
shown by a single force ( F )
applied at a point ( D ) , locate
( D ) by determining the
distance ( b ) .
2 – The indicated force – couple system is
applied to a small shaft at the center
of rectangular plate , Replace this
system by a single force and specify
the coordinate of the point on the
y – axis through which the line of
action of this resultant force passes .
3 – The wrench is subjected to the
( 200 N ) force and the force ( P ) as
shown in fig. if the equivalent of the
two forces is a force ( R ) at ( O )
and a couple of ( 20 N . m ) ,
Determine ( P ) and ( R ) .
23
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Departement
6th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Resultant of forces system
Resultant of non-concurrent coplanar forces system
We will find out the resultant force for many non – concurrent forces acting on a
rigid body by using the following equations :
Rx = F 1. cosθ 1 m F 2. cosθ 2 m F 3. cosθ 3 m ... m Fn. cosθn
Ry = F 1. sin θ 1 m F 2. sin θ 2 m F 3. sin θ 3 m ... m Fn. sin θn
R = (Rx ) + (Ry )
2 2
The direction of resultant force may be determined as :
⎛ Ry ⎞
θ = tan −1⎜ ⎟
⎝ Rx ⎠
Ex ( 1 ) :
Determine the force ( P ) shown in fig.
knowing that the resultant of the two forces
pass through the point ( A ).
Solution
R x = F 1 . cos θ 1 m F 2 . cos θ 2
4
R ∗ cos θ = − P *
17
R ∗ cos θ = − 0 . 9701 * P .......... ...( 1)
R y = F 1 . sin θ 1 m F 2 . sin θ 2
1
R ∗ sin θ = − 600 + P *
17
R ∗ sin θ = − 600 + 0 . 2425 P .......... .( 2 )
∑M A = 0
1 4
600 * 300 + P * * 100 − P * * 300 = 0
17 17
180000 + 24 . 25 P − 291 P = 0
180000 = 266 . 7 P
180000
P = = − 674 . 68 N
266 . 7
24
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Departement
6th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 2 ) :
Determine the distance from point ( A ) to the line
of action of the resultant of the three forces
shown in fig.
Solution
R = 2 – 8 – 4 = ‐ 10 KN
MA = ‐ 4 * 1 – 8 * 1 + 2 * 3 = ‐ 6 KN.m
MA = R * d
‐6 = ‐ 10 * d
d = 6 / 10 = 0.6 m
PROBLEMS
1 ‐ Find the resultant force for the
non ‐ concurrent coplanar forces
system, shown in fig
2 – Two integral pulleys are subjected
to the belt tension shown . if the
resultant of these forces passes
through the center ( O ) ,
Determine ( T ) and the
magnitude of ( R ) and the
counterclockwise angle ( θ ) it
makes with the x – axis .
3 – Replace the three forces acting on
the bent pipe by a single equivalent
force ( R ) . specify the distance ( x )
from point ( O ) th the point on x –
axis through which the line of
action of ( R ) passes .
25
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Departement
7th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
FREE BODY DIAGRAM
Free body diagram : is a sketch to show all the forces and reactions acting on the body
For example :
The free body diagram includes external forces applied to the body and external reaction
forces resulting from the method of supporting the body.
Free – body diagram and the mechanical effects
The name of the body The effect of the body Free-body diagram
Earth
Flixible cables
And ropes
Cantilever beam
Smooth surface
Rollers , balls ,
cylinders
Smooth pins
26
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Departement
7th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 1 ) :
Draw Free – body diagram for Solution
the 50 N sphare shown in fig.
Ex ( 2 ) :
Draw Free – body diagram for Solution
the 50 N sphare shown in fig.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex ( 3 ) :
Draw Free – body diagram for Solution
the ropes system shown in fig.
27
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Departement
7th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
28
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Departement
7th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Correct the Wrong or Incomplete F.B.D . in the right column of the table below :
29
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Departement
7th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Draw the FREE- BODY DIAGRAM ( F . B . D ) for the following :
30
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
8th&9th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Equilibruim
1- For Coplanar forces system :
a- concurrent coplanar forces system
Rx = 0 , R y = 0 , R = 0
b - non-concurrent coplanar forces system
Rx = 0 , R y = 0 , R = 0 , ΣM=0
2 - Non coplanar forces system :
a. concurrent non-coplanar forces system
Rx = 0 , R y = 0 , R = 0 , Σ M = 0
b. non-concurrent non-coplanar forces system
Rx = 0 , R y = 0 , R = 0 , ΣM=0
Ex ( 1 ) :
Determine the tension in the cord and the reaction of inclined plane
acting on the sphere of ( 50 N ) weight shown in fig.
Solution
we draw F.B.D for the sphere , then :
Σ Fx = 0
T cos 75 – R1 cos 35 = 0 ……….. ( 1 )
Σ Fy = 0
T sin 75 + R1 sin 35 – 50 = 0 ……....( 2 )
Subst. ( 2 ) in ( 1 ) we get :
T = 4361 N
R1 = 137.7 N
31
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
8th&9th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 2 ) :
Determine the reactions at the points
( A ) and ( B ) , the angle beam was in
equilibrium state as shown in fig .
Solution
ΣM(A)=0
500* 10 – N * 15 = 0
N = 5000 / 15 = 333.34 N
Σ Fy = 0
Ay + N – 500 = 0
Ay + 333.34 – 500 = 0
Ay = 166.67 N
Σ Fx = 0 , Ax = 0
RA = Ay = 166.67 N
Ex ( 3 ) :
Determine the tension forces ( T1 )
and ( T2 ) in the equilibrium system
shown in fig. .
Solution
Σ Fx = 0
T1 . cos ( 0 ) + T2 .cos ( 60 ) – 2000 cos (15 ) = 0
T1 + 0.5 T2 – 1931.85 = 0 …….. ( 1 )
Σ Fy = 0
T1 . sin ( 0 ) + T2 . sin ( 60 ) – 2000 . sin ( 15 ) – 100 = 0
0.866 T2 – 617.63 = 0
T2 = 713.2 N
Subs. in ( 1 )
T1 = 1575 N
32
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
8th&9th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 4 ) :
Determine the tension in each cord
shown in fig. ( TA , TB , TC , TD ) .
Solution
By using Lami' s rule :
TD 40
=
sin 150 sin 90
TD 40
=
0 .5 1
T D = 20 N
TC 40
=
sin 120 sin 90
TC 40
=
0 . 866 1
T C = 34 . 64 N
TB TC
=
sin 90 sin 135
TB 34 . 64
=
0 . 5 0 . 707
T B = 48 . 98 N
TA TC
=
sin 135 sin 135
TA 34 . 64
=
0 . 707 0 . 707
T A = 34 . 64 N
33
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
8th&9th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 5 ) :
Find out the reaction on the cylinder ( A )
and the total force acting on the pin ( O )
Solution
ΣM(O)=0
2 * 250 - RA * 400 = 0
400 RA = 500
RA = 1.25 KN
Σ Fy = 0
Oy – 2 = 0
Oy = 2 KN
Σ Fx = 0
RA – Ox = 0
Ox = RA = 1.25 KN
F = (Ox )2 + (Oy )2
F = (1.25)2 + ( 2)2 = 2.35 N
34
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
8th&9th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Ex ( 6 ) :
Find out the reactions at the points ( A ) & ( B ) .
Solution
ΣM(A)=0
- RA * 600 + 300 * 9.8 * 1000 = 0
- 600 RA + 2940 000 = 0
RA = 4900 N = 4.9 KN
Σ Fy = 0
RA – RB - 300 * 9.8 = 0
4900 - RB - 2943 = 0
RB = 1950 N = 1.95 KN
35
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
8th&9th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
PROBLEMS
1 - A ( 200 N ) weight of the block shown in fig. is
supported by a pin and bracket at ( A ) and by a cable
( BC ) , Determine the reaction at ( A ) and the tension
in the cable .
36
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
8th&9th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
5 - The ring supports the 1000-N load and is held in
position by the two cables attached to vertical walls .
Find the tensions T1 and T2 by at least two different
ways .
37
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
10th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
Friction
Friction force :
is the force resisting the relative motion of two surfaces in contact
There are two types of friction :
Static friction
Static friction is friction between two objects that are not moving relative to each other.
For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface. The
coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as μs, is usually higher than the coefficient
of kinetic friction.
Kinetic friction
Kinetic (or dynamic) friction occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other
and rub together (like a sled on the ground). The coefficient of kinetic friction is typically
denoted as μk, and is usually less than the coefficient of static friction.
The coefficient of friction:
(also known as the frictional coefficient) is a dimensionless scalar value which describes
the ratio of the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them
together. The coefficient of friction depends on the materials used; for example, ice on
steel has a low coefficient of friction (the two materials slide past each other easily),
while rubber on pavement has a high coefficient of friction (the materials do not slide
past each other easily). Coefficients of friction range from near zero to greater than one –
under good conditions
The coefficient of friction is a dimensionless quantity symbolized by the Greek letter( μ )
and is used to approximate the force of friction. Friction can be viewed, again as an
approximation, as being of two primary types, static or kinetic.
The coefficient of static friction is defined as the ratio of the maximum static friction
force (F) between the surfaces in contact to the normal (N) force. The coefficient of
kinetic friction is defined as the ratio of the kinetic friction force (F) between the surfaces
in contact to the normal force:
Ff
µ=
N
µ : coefficient of friction
Ff : Friction force
N : Normal force
Both static and kinetic coefficients of friction depend on the pair of surfaces in contact;
their values are usually approximately determined experimentally. For a given pair of
surfaces, the coefficient of static friction is usually larger than that of kinetic friction; in
some sets the two coefficients are equal, such as Teflon‐on‐Teflon.
38
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
10th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
α
Angle of friction ( )
The angle of friction for two surfaces in contact is defined as the angle that the maximum
contact force makes with the direction of normal force
µ = tan(α )
∴ α = tan −1 ( µ )
EX ( 1 ) :
In fig. shown , a = 12 cm , b = 18 cm , h = 15 cm ,
W = 100 N , µ = 0.24 , P = 24 N
Is the body sliding or turning over or stay at rest ?
Solution :
W .a 100(12)
hmax = = 2.5cm
2 * P 2(24)
When hmax > b then the force doesn't effect on the body ,
therefore , the body is not turnover .
Fmax = µ .W = 0.24(100) = 24 , Fmax = P
Then the body tends to slide and doesn't turnover
EX (2 ) :
A block with ( 200 N weight rests on a rough horizontal
plane , is subjected to the force ( P = 40 N ) which
inclined ( 25 o ) . Determine the coefficient of friction.
Solution :
∑F x =0
F f = 40 cos 25
∑F y =0
N − 40 sin 25 − 200 = 0
N = 40 sin 25 + 200 = 217 N
F f = µ .N
36.25 = µ (217)
36.25
µ= = 0.17
217
39
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
10th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
EX (2 ) :
A wooden block ( 3000 N ) weight , the
coefficient of friction between the block and
the floor is ( 0.35 ) , Determine whether
pushing or pulling process by the force ( P ) is
suitable to make the block tend to move to the
right with a least force ( P ) , ( i . e , which is easy pushing or pulling )
Solution :
In case of Pushing
∑ Fx = 0
P cos 30 − F f = 0
F f = 0 . 866 P
∑F y = 0
N − P sin 30 − 3000 = 0
N = P sin 30 + 3000
F f = µ .N
0 . 866 P = 0 . 35 ( 0 . 5 P + 3000 )
0 . 866 P = 0 . 175 P + 1050
0 . 691 P = 1050
1050
P = = 1519 . 4 N
0 . 691
In case of Pulling
∑ Fx = 0
P cos 30 = F f
F f = 0 . 866 P
∑F y =0
N + P sin 30 − 3000 = 0
N = − P sin 30 + 3000
N = + 3000 − 0 . 5 P
F f = µ .N
0 . 866 P = 0 . 35 ( 3000 − 0 . 5 P )
0 . 866 P = 1050 − 0 . 175 P
1 . 041 P = 1050
1050
P = = 1008 . 6 N
1 . 041
40
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
10th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
EX ( 3 ) :
The ( 85 N ) force ( P ) is applied to the ( 200
N ) crate . Determine the magnitude and
direction of the friction force ( F f ) exerted
by the horizontal surface on the crate .
Solution :
Assume equilibrium
∑F x =0
F f = P = 85 N
∑F y =0
N = 200 N
F f max = µ .N = 0.5(200) = 100 N
F < F f , assumption volid , F = 85 N
EX ( 4 ) :
The tongs are designed to handle hot steel
tubes which are being heat‐ treated in an
oil bath , for a ( 20o ) jaw opening . What is
the maximum coefficient of friction
between the jaws and the tube which will
enable the tongs to grip the tube without
slipping.
Solution :
µ min = tan φ
= tan 10
= 0.176
41
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
10th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
EX ( 5 ) :
The magnitude of the force ( P ) is slowly
increased .Does the homogeneous box of mass
( m ) slip or tip first ? State the value of ( P )
which would cause each occurrence . Neglect
any effect of the size of the small feet .
Solution :
Slips
∑F x =0
− FB − FC + P cos 30 + 0
FB = µ .N B , FC = µ .N C
− µ .N B − µ .N C + P cos 30 = 0
P cos 30 = µ .N B + µ .N C .......... .( 1 )
∑F y =0
N B + N C − mg + P sin 30 = 0
N B = − N C + mg − P sin 30 .........( 2 )
subst. ( 2 ) in ( 1 ) :
P cos 30 = µ ( mg − N C − P sin 30) + µ .N C
P cos 30 = µ .mg − µ .N C − µ .P sin 30 + µ .N C
P cos 30 = µ .mg − µ .P sin 30
P cos 30 + µ .P sin 30 = µ .mg
P (cos 30 + µ . sin 30) = µ .mg
µ .mg
P=
cos 30 + µ . sin 30
0.5 * mg
= = 0.44 mg = P (slip )
0.866 + 0.5 * 0.5
Tips
∑ M (C ) = 0
P cos 30 * d + P sin 30 * 2d − mg * d = 0
= 0.53mg = P (tip )
mg
P=
cos 30 + 2 sin 30
Q P (slip ) < P (tip )
then , Slipping will occur
42
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
10th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
EX ( 6 ) :
The body ( A ) is to be tend
to move to the right by the
inclined force ( P ) which is
( 25 N ) in case of pushing
and it is ( 10 N ) in case of
pulling , Determine the
weight of the body and the
coefficient of friction between the body and the floor .
Solution :
In case of Pushing
∑F x = 0 ⇒ F f = 25 cos 30 = 21.65 N
∑F y =0
N − 25 sin 30 − W = 0
N = 25 sin 30 + W = 12.5 + W
F f = µ .N ⇒ 21.65 = µ .(12.5 + W )
21.65
µ=
12.5 + W
In case of Pulling
∑F x = 0 ⇒ F f = 10 cos 30 = 8.66 N
∑F y = 0 ⇒ N + 10 sin 30 − W = 0
N = −10 sin 30 + W = W − 5
F f = µ .N ⇒ 8.66 = µ .(W − 5)
8.66
µ=
W −5
21.65 8.66
=
12.5 + W W − 5
8.66(12.5 + W ) = 21.65(W − 5)
W = 16.65 ans
8.66 8.66
µ= = = 0.74 ans
W − 5 16.65 − 5
43
Engineering Mechanics – Statics For 1st Year Students – Mechanic Department
10th Week 2008 - 2009
By : Eng . YOUNIS FAKHER
PROBLEMS
1 ‐ The system of two blocks , cable and
fixed pulley is initially at rest .
Determine the horizontal force ( P )
necessary to cause motion , then
determine the corresponding tension
( T ) in the cable .
2 -Determine the magnitude ( P ) of the
horizontal force required to initiate
motion of the block of mass ( m o ) for
the cases :
a – P is applied to the right .
b – P is applied to the lift .
3 – The sliding glass door rolls on the
two small lower wheels ( A ) and
( B ) . Under normal conditions the
upper wheels don't touch their
horizontal guide .
a – compute the force ( P ) required
to slide the door at a steady
speed if the wheel ( A ) becomes
" frozen " and does not turn in
its bearing .
b – Rework the problem if wheel ( B
) becomes " frozen " instead of
wheel ( A ) . if the coefficient
of friction between a frozen
wheel and supporting surface is
( 0.3 ) , and the center of mass
of the ( 140 N ) door is at its
geometric center . Neglect the small diameters of the wheel
44