Golden Gate Colleges

College of Engineering
Batangas City

FLUID MACHINERY

Proposed Potable Water Supply

In

Sampaga West, Batangas City

Submitted to:
Alcantara, Rustom G.
BSME
Submitted to:
Engr: Nestor Visaya
Professor
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A fluid machine is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into

mechanical energy or vice versa . The energy stored by a fluid mass appears in the

form of potential, kinetic and intermolecular energy. The mechanical energy, on the

other hand, is usually transmitted by a rotating shaft. Machines using liquid (mainly

water, for almost all practical purposes) are termed as hydraulic machines. In this

chapter we shall discuss, in general, the basic fluid mechanical principle governing the

energy transfer in a fluid machine and also a brief description of different kinds of

hydraulic machines along with their performances. Discussion on machines using air or

other gases is beyond the scope of the chapter.

Water supply is the process of providing water in a systematic way through

installed pumps and pipe lines. Before water is provided to a specific area, it undergoes

a process called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received is safe for human

consumption. The Philippines’ water supply system dates back to 1946 after the country

achieved its independence. Government agencies, local institutions, non-government

organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge in the operation and

administration of water supply and sanitation in the country.

1
 Water supply systems get water from a variety of locations after appropriate

treatment, including groundwater (aquifers), surface water (lakes and rivers), and the

sea through desalination. The water treatment steps include, in most cases, purification,

disinfection through chlorination and sometimes fluoridation. Treated water then either

flows by gravity or is pumped to reservoirs, which can be elevated such as water

towers or on the ground (for indicators related to the efficiency of drinking water

distribution see non-revenue water). Once water is used, wastewater is typically

discharged in a sewer system and treated in a sewage treatment plant before being

discharged into a river, lake or the sea or reused for landscaping, irrigation or industrial

use (see also sanitation).

Water is a vital element in each of our lives. Not only is it essential to our health, but

we also use it for numerous household tasks. Every day we use water for cooking,

bathing, and cleaning, and drinking; but how often do we think about its source?

Where does our water come from? How is it treated? How do we know it is safe to

drink? To answer these questions, it's important to go back to the basics. There are two

main sources of water: surface water and groundwater. Surface Water is found in lakes,

rivers, and reservoirs. Groundwater lies under the surface of the land, where it travels

through and fills openings in the rocks. The rocks that store and transmit groundwater

are called aquifers. Groundwater must be pumped from an aquifer to the earth's surface

for use.

2
Consumers receive their water from one of two sources: a private well, or a community

water system. A household well pumps groundwater for household use. The source of a

community water system may be either surface water or groundwater.

Water makes up more than two thirds of human body weight, and without water,

we would die in a few days. The human brain is made up of 95% water, blood is 82%

and lungs 90%. A mere 2% drop in our body's water supply can trigger signs of

dehydration: fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing

on smaller print, such as a computer screen. (Are you having trouble reading this? Drink

up!) Mild dehydration is also one of the most common causes of daytime fatigue. An

estimated seventy-five percent of Americans have mild, chronic dehydration. Pretty

scary statistic for a developed country where water is readily available through the tap

or bottle water. Water makes up more than two thirds of human body weight, and

without water, we would die in a few days. The human brain is made up of 95% water,

blood is 82% and lungs 90%. A mere 2% drop in our body's water supply can trigger

signs of dehydration: fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty

focusing on smaller print, such as a computer screen. (Are you having trouble reading

this? Drink up!) Mild dehydration is also one of the most common causes of daytime

fatigue. An estimated seventy-five percent of Americans have mild, chronic dehydration.

Pretty scary statistic for a developed country where water is readily available through

the tap or bottle water. Water is important to the mechanics of the human body. The

body cannot work without it, just as a car cannot run without gas and oil. In fact, all the

cell and organ functions that make up our entire anatomy and physiology depend on

water for their functioning.

 Water supply is the process of providing water in a systematic way through

installed pumps and pipe lines. Before water is provided to a specific area, it undergoes

a process called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received is safe for human

consumption. The Philippines’ water supply system dates back to 1946 after the country

achieved its independence. Government agencies, local institutions, non-government

organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge in the operation and

administration of water supply and sanitation in the country.

Drinking water, also known as potable water or improved drinking water is water

safe enough for drinking and food preparation. Globally, in 2012, 89% of people had

access to water suitable for drinking. Nearly 4 billion had access to tap water while

another 2.3 billion had access to wells or public taps. 1.8 billion people still use an

unsafe drinking water source which may be contaminated by feces. This can result in

infectious diarrhea such as cholera and typhoid among others.

1.1 Statement of the problem

This study generally aimed to construct a proposed potable water supply system at

Sampaga West, Batangas City. This also intends to investigate the benefits of a water

supply system in commercial and industrial use and to engineering students as basis for

water supply system, particularly the Mechanical Engineering students.

 Specifically, the study seeks to:

1. The technical specifications and design for the different components of the water

supply system.

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having own supply of water?

3. The design and rated water supply capacity.

4. The estimate cost of the components/equipments for the economic aspect of the

water supply.

5. Evaluate the design of every component of the system considering all

assumptions which are based on books and manufacturer’s catalogue.

1.2 Importance of the Design

The design of the proposed potable water system is important to the following:

To the Mechanical Engineering students, for them to be able to learn new ideas

about the water supply system and for them to be able to construct and lay- out a

water system similar to this.

 To the researcher, with this study, they will be more familiar to the entire

operations of the water supply. They will be more proverbial with the equipment’s

part, their uses and applications.

1.3 Importance of the Design

The design of the proposed potable water system is important to the following:

To the Mechanical Engineering students, for them to be able to learn new ideas

about the water supply system and for them to be able to construct and lay- out a

water system similar to this.

To the researcher, with this study, they will be more familiar to the entire

operations of the water supply. They will be more proverbial with the equipment’s

part, their uses and applications.

To instructors, who guided the students in the completion and success of their

design and research.

To parents, who guided their sons/ daughters in the completion of the research.
 To the future researchers, who will encounter the same scenario in their future

years for them to make this research as their basis of doing their research. This is

their opportunity to apply the knowledge that they acquired throughout the course.

1.4 Scope of the design

The research is conducted for building propose potable water supply that can be

used by the residence of Sampaga West, Batangas City. The researchers should use

only the enough tank elevation and size that can supply the residence to have a

profitable proposal. It must have the right size of pipe for the company to avoid the

damage of the pipe that can cause an inconvenience to the residence. No other pumps

should be use rather than centrifugal pump for the study.

For the Design Consideration

Water Source: Deep Well

Water Storage: Elevated Vertical Cylindrical Steel water tank

Type of Pump: Centrifugal Pump (One Operating Unit and One Standby Unit)

Pump Drive: Electric Motor

Type of Consumer: Residential

Faucet Outlet Pressure Load: 7m

Water Velocity: 1.25 m/s

Peak Factor: 1.5

Peak Hours: 6:00am – 10:00 am

5:00pm – 8pm

Pipe Materials: Cast Iron

Load Projection: 5 years

Design Aspect

I. Market Aspect

A. Area Description

1. Present Source of the supply

2. Population

3. Socio Economic

B. Water Demand Analysis

1. Domestic Water Demand

2. Water Unaccounted For

3. Demand Variation

II. Technical Aspect

A. Pumping System

1. Total dynamic suction load

2. Total dynamic discharge load

 3. Pump specification

4. Pump drive specification

5. Pipe and fittings specification

B. Distillation System

1. Pipe and fitting sizes and specifications

2. Piping system and layout

3. Total head loss for the distillation system

C. Storage System

1. Tank capacity

2. Design of elevated steel vertical cylindrical tank

3. Tank elevation

4. Design structure for tank column

D. Plans layout

1 .Location

2. Piping plans/ layout

3. Pump plans// layout

4. Tank plans/ layout

Maximum Demand

Maximum Day Demand= Total Average Day Demand x P.F

Peak Day Demand= Total Ave. Day Demand x P.F

Total Average Day Demand= Water Accounted for+ Water Unaccounted for

Water Unaccounted for= 20% of the total Average Day Demand (Industrial

Standard)
Population Projection

P2= P1 (1+GR)n

Where: n= number of years

P1= present population

P2= projected population

GR= Population growth

Reynold’s Number

𝜌𝑉𝐷𝑖
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑢

Relative Roughness
e
ε=
Di

Use Crane to find the size of pipe

Use Moody chart to find the friction factor

Head loss at the suction line

𝐿 𝑉2
HLS = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔

Head loss at the discharge line

𝐿 𝑉2
HLD = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔
For Finding Total Dynamic Head (TDH)

TDH = (ZB-ZA) + HLAB

For Computing the Brake Power

𝜌𝑔𝑄𝑇𝐷𝐻
BP = 1000𝜂

Solving for specific speed to determine the classification of pump

𝑁√𝑄
Ns= 51.65523641𝐻(0.75)

To find the type of pump that should be used:

 Radial-type impeller pump

-range of specific speed is between 500 to 1500 rpm.

 Francis type impeller pump

-range of specific speed is between 1500 to 4500 rpm.

 Mixed-flow type impeller pump

-range of specific speed is between 4500 to 8000 rpm.

 Propeller- type impeller (Axial flow type) pump

-range of specific speed is greater than 8000 rpm.

DETERMINATION LPCPD (Liters per capita per day)

1. Table (in accordance with piping)

2. Survey (average water consumption of a sample area having the same

characteristics of the same study area)

Capacity Reservoir

1. Volume of reservoir

2. Effective capacity of reservoir

Water Demand Analysis

Domestic Water Demand – Liters per capacity per day.

1. Water Unaccounted for

Water Unaccounted for= 25% of the total production of water.

Total water demand = Domestic water demand + Water unaccounted for.

2. Maximum water demand (Or demand variation)

Maximum water demand = 1.30 times to the total water demand.

Peak-hour demand =1.50 times the total water demand.

1.5 Definition of terms

The terminologies associated with water systems are very specialized and

extensive. In order to have a clear understanding of the research paper, the

researchers have defined some terms present all throughout the paper. Important

terms frequently used pertaining to water distribution systems are as follows:

 Hydraulic motor- is a mechanical actuator that converts hydraulic pressure and

flow into torque and angular displacement (rotation). The hydraulic motor is the

rotary counterpart of the hydraulic cylinder.

 Mixed-flow type impeller pump- range of specific speed is between 4500 to 8000

rpm.

 Moody chart or Moody diagram- is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates

the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor fD, Reynolds number Re, and relative roughness

for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used for working out pressure

drop or flow rate down such a pipe.

 Peak factor- an important aspect associated with the sizing of pipe and

corresponding cost in water distribution network varies with countries.

 Centrifugal Pumps- is a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work absorbing turbo

machinery. These are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic

energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow.

 Check valves- are mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to flow in only

one direction, preventing process flow from reversing.

 Drinking water- also known as potable water or improved drinking water, is water

safe enough for drinking and food preparation.

 Fire Hydrant- is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply.

It is a component of active fire protection.

 Francis type impeller pump- range of specific speed is between 1500 to 4500 rpm.

 Gate Valve- also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or

rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid.

 Plumbing- is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, and fixtures installed for

the distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and washing, and waterborne

waste removal. "Plumbing" also refers to a skilled trade which deals with installation

and maintenance.

 Propeller- type impeller (Axial flow type) pump- range of specific speed is greater

than 8000 rpm.

 Radial-type impeller pump- range of specific speed is between 500 to 1500 rpm.

 Relative roughness of a pipe- is its roughness divided by its internal diameter or

e/D, and this value is used in the calculation of the pipe friction factor, which is then

used in the Darcy-Weisbach equation to calculate the friction loss in a pipe for a

flowing fluid.

 Reynolds number- is a dimensionless quantity that is used to help predict similar

flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. The concept was introduced by George

Gabriel Stokes in 1851,[2] but the Reynolds number is named after Osborne

Reynolds (1842–1912), who popularized its use in 1883.

 Stainless steel strainer- is a type of perforated metal sieve used to strain or filter

out solid debris in the water system. Different varieties are used in residential

premises and for industrial or commercial applications. Such strainer elements are

generally made from stainless steel for corrosion resistance.

 Standpipe- is used interchangeably to refer to a water tower, especially one with tall

and narrow proportions.

 Suction line- is a pipe, hose, or tube that delivers a fluid to the suction or inlet side

of a pump or compressor.
 Tap water- (running water, city water, municipal water, etc.) is water supplied to a

tap (valve). Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking, and the flushing of toilets.

Indoor tap water is distributed through "indoor plumbing", which has existed since

antiquity but was available to very few people.

 Total Dynamic Head (TDH) - is the total equivalent height that a fluid is to be

pumped, taking into account friction losses in the pipe. TDH = Static Height + Static

Lift + Friction Loss.

 Valve- is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids,

fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various

passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a

separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to

lower pressure. The word is derived from the Latin valva, the moving part of a door,

in turn from volvere, to turn, roll.

 Water distribution system (WDS) - being an important component of any water

supply scheme, is commonly designed with an objective of distributing water at the

required levels of service in satisfying quantity and quality. It accounts for a

substantial portion of installation cost.

 Water District- is a utility that is legally and financially separate from the

municipality.

 Water Pipe- is a pipe or tube, frequently made of plastic or metal[a], that carries

pressurized and treatedfresh water to a building (as part of a municipal water

system), as well as inside the building.

 Water quality- refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological

characteristics of water.[1] It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the

requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It

is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance

can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate

to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water.

 Water resources- are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Uses of

water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental

activities. The majority of human uses require fresh water.

 Water supply- is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organizations,

community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes.

Irrigation is covered separately.

 Water Well- is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving,

boring, or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is

drawn by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically

or by hand.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the discussion of related literature gathered from the

internet, books and other reference materials. This will serve as basis and additional

knowledge in pursuing the plant design.

Water Use and Service

Uses

Water supply is the process of providing water in a systematic way through installed

pumps and pipe lines. Before water is provided to a specific area, it undergoes a

process called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received is safe for human

consumption. The Philippines’ water supply system dates back to 1946 after the country

achieved its independence. Government agencies, local institutions, non-government

organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge in the operation and

administration of water supply and sanitation in the country.

28.52 billion m³ of water was withdrawn from various sources in the Philippines in 2000:

74% (21.10 billion m³) was used for agricultural purposes, 9% (2.57 billion m³) for

industrial processes, and 17% (4.85 billion m³) for domestic consumption.[2]
Agricultural

When agricultural water is used effectively and safely, production and crop yield are

positively affected. A decrease in applied water can cause production and yield to

decrease. Management strategies are the most important way to improve agricultural

water use and maintain optimal production and yield. The key is to implement

management strategies that improve water use efficiency without decreasing yield.

Some examples include improved irrigation scheduling and crop specific irrigation

management. These strategies allow for the conservation of water and energy, and

decrease grower’s costs (3).

Design Considerations

In the design and construction of community water systems, economics are

extremely important. This dictates that the source of supply should be selected so that

little maintenance for the operational factors will be required to furnish an adequate

supply of water to the community. Even though surface water supplies such as lakes

and rivers, with proper treatments, are by far the more suitable from the standpoint of

adequacy, the use of surface water supply systems is confined to municipalities that

have a water demand in excess of 75,000 gallons per day domestic consumption to be

economically feasible. This translates to a community of about 300 residents with 12

commercial establishments, but with no manufacturing, and the ability to supply a fire

flow of 500 gallons per minute (gpm) for 2 hours. This also means that ground water
sources are suitable only for quite small communities typically found in more rural areas

of the country.

Surface water and groundwater resources

The Philippines obtains its water supply from different sources. These include: rainfall,

surface water resources, i.e. rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, and groundwater resources. It

has 18 major river basins and 421 principal river basins as defined by the National

Water Regulatory Board (NWRB ). The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

(BFAR) reports that there are 79 lakes in the country, mostly utilized for fish production.

Laguna Lake is the country’s largest lake with a total area of 3,813.2 sq km and is also

one of the largest lakes in Southeast Asia. Lake Lanao, the largest lake in Mindanao, is

one of the 17 ancient lakes on earth (Environmental Management Bureau, 2006). In

terms of groundwater, the country has an extensive groundwater reservoir with an

aggregate area of about 50,000 sq km. Data from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau

(MGB) show that several groundwater basins are underlaid by about 100,000 sq km of

various rock formation and that these resources are located in: Northeast Luzon Central

Luzon Laguna Lake basin Cavite-Batangas-Laguna basin Southeast Luzon Mindoro

Island Negros Island Northeast Leyte Ormoc-Kananga basin Agusan-Davao basin

Occidental Misamis basin Lanao-Bukidnon-Misamis basin Groundwater resources are

continuously recharged by rain and seepage from rivers and lakes (PEM, 2003; EMB,

2006). As a tropical country, rainfall in the Philippines ranges from 1000 to 4000 mm per

year, of which 1,000-2,000 mm are collected as runoff by a natural topography of more

than 421 principal river basins, some 59 natural lakes and numerous small streams,
with significant variation from one area to another due to the direction of the moisture-

bearing winds and the location of the mountain ranges (Kho, J., 2005; NWRB, 2003).

Overall, the Philippines’ total available freshwater resource is at 145,900 MCM/year

based on 80 percent probability for surface water, and groundwater recharge or

extraction at 20,000 MCM/year (NWRB-SPM, 2003; PEM, 2003; ASEAN, 2005).

Theoretically, the freshwater storage capacity and the high rate of precipitation assure

the country an adequate supply for its agricultural, industrial and domestic uses.

Quality of water resources.

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 defines water quality as the characteristics of

water that define its use and measured in terms of physical, chemical, biological,

bacteriological, or radiological characteristics by which the acceptability of water is

evaluated, to classify water resources and their beneficial use. A number of ambient

standards for measuring water quality have been formulated by the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). DAO 34, issued in 1990, includes

classifications for both surface and coastal water. For each classification, current

beneficial use (e.g., drinking water, etc.) is given. It also contains water quality criteria

for each class appropriate to the designated beneficial use. According to EMB, under

this DAO, 33 parameters define the desired water quality per water body classification.

However, in the absence of a water quality index, EMB also mentioned that certain

parameters may be used in the interim. These parameters include:

• dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended

Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and heavy metals for inland surface waters;

and

• fecal coliform, nitrates, and salinity (chloride content) for groundwater as defined in

the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW).

While salinity is not directly related to pollution, it is also used as a common parameter

for groundwater quality assessment to measure the level of contamination from saline

water. Water quality criteria defined in each of these parameters serve as benchmark

against which monitoring data are compared to assess the quality of water bodies

based on established classifications (EMB, 2005)

Water quality assessment

Water quality assessment For the period 2001 to 2005, the EMB monitored a total of

196 inland surface waters: 192 rivers and four lakes. Of the 196 monitored water

bodies, only 127 met the required four sampling events and were included in the

analysis. Data on the status of water quality contained in the EMB National Water

Quality Status Report using each of the parameters mentioned earlier are presented

below.

 Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen that is dissolved in water and is

essential to healthy streams and lakes. Dissolved Oxygen is one of the water quality

parameters used as an indication of how polluted the water is and how well the water
can support aquatic plant and animal life. A higher dissolved oxygen level usually

indicates better water quality. If dissolved oxygen levels are too low, some fish and

other organisms may not be able to survive (Stevens Institute of Technology, The

Global Water Sampling Project 2007).

 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD, measures the amount of oxygen consumed by

microorganisms in decomposing organic matter in stream water. BOD parameter

measures the organic strength of wastes in water; the greater the BOD, the greater the

degree of organic pollution. BOD also directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in

rivers and streams. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the

stream. This means less oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The

consequences of high BOD are similar as those for low dissolved oxygen:

 Total suspended solids (TSS)

TSS parameter measures the amount of undissolved solid particles in water such as

level of siltation, decaying plant and animal matter, and domestic and industrial wastes.

For water bodies used for water supply the standard for TSS is 25 mg/L for Class AA

and 50 mg/L for Class A (EMB, 2006). Out of forty-six Class A/AA water bodies

monitored for TSS, about 23 percent have good water quality, 69 percent have fair

water quality, and eight percent have high TSS levels, indicating poor water quality.

 Total dissolved Solids (TDS) TDS

is generally used as an aggregate indicator of the presence of a broad array of

chemical contaminants. The primary sources of TDS in receiving waters are agricultural
runoff, leaching of soil contamination, and point source water pollution from industrial or

domestic sewage (EMB, 2006).

Domestic wastewater

Domestic effluents are generated from activities such as bathing, laundry, cleaning,

cooking, washing, and other kitchen activities. This contains a large amount of organic

waste with suspended solids and coliforms. Calculations made based on available data

show that half the organic waste is from the domestic sector (PEM, 2003).

GREENPEACE | The state of water in the Philippines 19 As stated in the EMB report,

domestic wastewater discharges contribute highest to the BOD load as the lack of

sewage treatment system allows more than 90 percent of inadequately treated domestic

sewage to be discharged into surface waters, which contain bacteria and viruses that

threaten human life. Geographically, data show that one-third (30 percent) of BOD

generation comes from Metro Manila and Region IV alone, at 18 and 15 percent,

respectively (PEM, 2003).

Agricultural wastewater

Agriculture and livestock activities include the raising or production of hogs, chicken,

cattle, and other dairy farming activities, all of which generate high organic wastewater.

A number of these farms, including backyard animal farms, have no appropriate

wastewater treatment facilities. This is considered as the major source of pollution in

rural areas (EMB, 2006; PEM, 2003). Data also show that the major sources of

agricultural runoffs include organic wastes such as decayed plants, livestock manure,

and dead animals; soil loss in the form of suspended solids; and pesticides and fertilizer
residues (PEM, 2003). Apart from pollution of surface waters, there are studies that

show the impacts of using agrochemical inputs on groundwater resources, especially

during the wet season (Varca, L, 2002). Regions IV and I generate the highest load of

agricultural BOD accounting for 13 and 12 percent of the total agricultural BOD

generation, respectively (PEM, 2003).

Industrial wastewater

Reports show that the volume and characteristics of industrial effluents vary by type of

industry and are influenced by different factors such as production processes and the

scale of production used. Industries that are found to be water-intensive, i.e. food and

dairy manufacturing, pulp, paper and paperboard products, and textile products,

correspondingly discharge large amounts of wastewater (PEM, 2003). Most of the water

pollution-intensive industries are in National Capital Region, Calabarzon, and Region III.

Food manufacturing industries, piggeries, and slaughterhouses are the main sources of

organic pollution (PEM, 2004). A report from a study conducted by the United Nations

Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in 1999 emphasizes that the situation is

even more critical with regard to hazardous wastes. In the said report, approximately

2,000 cubic meters of solvent wastes, 22,000 tons of heavy metals, infectious wastes,

biological sludge, lubricants, and intractable wastes, as well as 25 million cubic meters

of acid/alkaline liquid wastes are improperly disposed of annually in the Metro Manila

area alone.
Health and environmental problems

Pollution of rivers, streams, and lakes contaminate ground and surface waters, thus

exposing the population to environmentally-related diseases. The relationship between

polluted water and disease has now been firmly established and accepted. Much of the

surface water in urban areas is a public health risk while rural surface waters are also

sources of disease. The World Bank estimates that exposure to water pollution and

poor sanitation account for one-sixth of reported disease cases, and nearly 6,000

premature deaths per year. The cost of GREENPEACE | The state of water in the

Philippines 22 treatment and lost income from illness and death due to water pollution is

pegged at PHP6.7 billion (US$134 million) per year (PEM 2006). Pollution of our water

resources such as untreated wastewater discharges affect human health through the

spread of disease-causing bacteria and viruses. Some known examples of diseases

that may be spread through wastewater discharge are gastro-enteritis, diarrhea,

typhoid, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis, and, recently, Severe Acute Respiratory

Syndrome (SARS) (PEM 2003). According to the World Bank, just under a third, or 31

percent of illnesses in the country, monitored for a five-year period were caused by

water-borne pathogens. In the agriculture sector, application of agrochemicals (i.e.

fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides) remains a common practice among farmers in rural

areas. Intensive use of agrochemicals has been known to create and result to both

environmental problems and diseases. The hazards accompanying this practice,

especially those associated with persistent organic pollutants or POPs have been

known for years and the knowledge of the extent of harm they cause has increased.

According to a study by Dr. N. Maramba (1996), most farmers may be aware that
pesticides are hazardous but there is a lack of awareness of exposure risks. Pesticide

handlers are the ones most heavily exposed. In addition, exposure of households in

farming communities may occur due to spray drift from nearby fields. This exposure is

further enhanced by farmers’ practice of washing their sprayers near, or in, irrigation

canals, which may then become part of agricultural runoff. They also use this water

source for washing of hands and feet, clothes, and to some extent, for taking a bath.

STATUS OF WATER USE AND SUPPLY

 Leading consumers or users of water

The country’s major water users are the agricultural sector which accounts for 85.27

percent of the total water supply, the industrial sector which consumes 7.46% and lastly

the domestic users which use the remaining 7.27percent (PEM, 2003; 2004). In the

Philippines, agriculture as a whole is the greatest consumer of water. Irrigation

constitutes a large portion of total water consumption by agriculture; it is considered the

biggest water user in the country, notwithstanding the fact that only 47 percent of the

potentially irrigable area of 3.16 million hectares is irrigated. About 95 percent of the

irrigated area is devoted to paddy and about 70 percent of paddy production comes

from irrigated lands (Dayrit, H., The Philippines: Formulation of a water vision, NWRB).

GREENPEACE | The state of water in the Philippines 27 Based on 2003 data, 63

percent of groundwater is consumed by the domestic sector and the remaining is

shared by agriculture (17 percent), industry (13 percent), and other sectors (7 percent)

(PEM, 2004). PEM 2003, on the other hand, reports that about 86 percent of piped-

water supply systems use groundwater as source. Estimated water withdrawals as of

2003, based on water-right grantees registered with NWRB is 77,456 MCM/year. About
60 percent of groundwater extraction is without permit, resulting in indiscriminate

withdrawal. Overabstraction from 6,441 registered wells has led to the lowering of

aquifers, resulting in saline intrusion and ground subsidence in some areas.

 Access to drinking water

According to the “2005 Little Green Data Book” of the World Bank, one out of five

Filipinos does not get water from formal sources. Only 77 percent of the rural population

and 90 percent of those in urban areas have access to an improved water source and

only 44 percent have direct house connections. Those without house connections

access water from wells, springs, communal faucets, and/or from small scale informal

providers (Madrazo, A., 2002). In the Philippines, supply and delivery of potable water in

different parts of the country is the responsibility of various government agencies and

water utilities. Metro Manila is being served primarily by the Metropolitan Waterworks

and Sewerage System (MWSS) through its two private concessionaires, the Maynilad

Water Services, Inc. and the Manila Water Company, and by some private companies

serving subdivisions. Water supply comes mainly from surface water. Metro Manila has

four water treatment plants, namely: Balara Treatment Plants I and II, and the La Mesa

Water Treatment Plants I and II.

 Water shortage and scarcity

NWRB has identified nine water-critical urbanized areas where water is consumed

intensively. This includes: Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, Davao, Baguio City, Angeles City,
Bacolod City, Iloilo City, Cagayan de Oro City, and Zamboanga City. Cases of water

scarcity and shortages have been documented and reported in various publications,

among which are the following: In the summer of 2007, a news article reported that

water suppliers in the Visayas are facing supply problems because of the drying up of

water sources due to climatic changes. According to Melchor Bibanco, president of the

Visayas Association of Water Districts, in an interview, most water districts were

experiencing supply problems, especially during the summer season. However, he also

observes that this is getting worse each year. He attributed the depletion of water

sources to the El Niño weather phenomenon as part of the global climatic changes

(Tupas, 2007). Same article reports that in Iloilo, the Metro Iloilo Water District (MIWD)

has started rationing water supply to consumers because of the expected increase in

demand and the low water level of its source. The MIWD extracts water from the Tigum

River through an intake dam in Barangay Daja in Maasin town, 29.5 kilometers

northwest of Iloilo City. It also gets its supply from seven pumping stations in deep wells

in Oton and San Miguel. In its report, the DENR identified Davao as among the major

cities in the country suffering from a shortage in fresh water supply. A critical number of

communities in the second district are perennially suffering less supply of water. The

city of Tagum and its nearby towns in the province of Davao del Norte also suffer the

same problem (Tupas, J, 2007). From a little over 190 meters by the end of March

2004, Angat Dam’s water level dropped to a critical mark to 170 meters in August due to

a prolonged dry spell attributed to climate change. This prompted government to stop

using water reserves for irrigation in some areas (Espada, D., 2004).
  Major problems concerning water use and scarcity

The discussion below summarizes the major problems concerning water use and

scarcity identified in NWRB’s report on “Challenges to Water Resource Management in

the Philippines”, World Bank’s “Water Resource Assistance Strategy 2003”, the report

contained in the PEM 2004 issue, and selected news articles from the national dailies.

Disparities between water supply and demand Despite the abundant water resources in

the Philippines, distribution of these resources varies widely in time and place as a

result of the different geographic and climate conditions prevailing in different parts of

the country (Barba, P, 2003). Water resources are unevenly distributed throughout the

country, often resulting in water shortages in highly populated areas, especially during

the dry season. Several river basins (Pampanga, Agno, Pasig-Laguna, and on the

island of Cebu) are also experiencing generalized water scarcity (PEM, 2004).

Other threats to water availability

The situation presented earlier clearly shows how various problems on water use and

distribution lead to water scarcity in different areas in the country. There are other

factors, however, that need greater attention now as these affect not only the supply but

the availability of water resources itself. One of these is the significant decline and

deterioration of watersheds. Excessive logging and shifting cultivation in the watersheds

trigger widespread degradation and subsequent erosion and siltation of rivers, lakes,

and reservoirs (Santos 1997, as cited in Jose and Cruz, 1999). Reports from several

studies mention that most of the watersheds in the Philippines are in critical condition as

manifested by recent and recurring calamities such as flashfloods in Southern Leyte

and Northern Mindanao and an increase in frequency of El Niño events in Luzon which

reduces water levels in dams. The World Bank also cites deteriorating watersheds as

one of the reasons for the increase in flooding in recent years (WB, 2003).

The report also presents data on extreme climatic events that occurred in the country

since 1970, impelling us to recognize that earth’s climate is indeed changing.

• The Great Luzon Floods in 1972 is a typical example of heavy flooding caused by

heavy, persistent precipitation.

• The Southern Mindanao Drought of 1998 was one of the most severe El Niño

Southern Oscillation to hit the country.

• Landslides, triggered by earthquake or heavy rainfall, were aggravated by man-made

causes, i.e. forest denudation, modification of slope of the terrain, and others. From

1989 to 1999, landslides occurred almost every year in the Cordillera Administrative

Region. The highest number occurring during the La Niña period of 1996 to 1999, which

recorded annual total of 17 to 29 events that followed after a heavy rainfall.

• The Ormoc catastrophic flash flood in 1991 wherein more than 5000 people perished

was also cited

• Camiguin flashflood in 2001, Southern Leyte, and Surigao disaster in 2003, and the

Aurora/Infanta floods which came after 20 days of moderate to heavy rainfall were

caused by four successive tropical cyclones towards the end of 2004.

Based on this study, it is anticipated that flood magnitude and frequency are projected

to increase, affecting many regions as a consequence of repeated GREENPEACE |

The state of water in the Philippines 32 heavy precipitation events, which can increase

runoff in most areas as well as groundwater recharge in some floodplains.

Status of clean production in the Philippines

Clean Production is a whole new way of looking at how products are produced and consumed.

More than just good housekeeping and pollution prevention in factories, it is about redesigning

products and product systems so that they are more attuned to natural processes throughout

the product’s entire life cycle. Clean Production is based on the Precautionary Principle (when

an activity has the potential to harm human health or the environment, a cautious approach

should be taken in advance—even if the full extent of harm has not yet been fully established

scientifically) and follows product life cycles rooted in circular concepts, not linear as is the

conventional production system. It also promotes the use of renewable energy, minimal

resource inputs that are non-toxic in a closed loop and sustainable system, and generates

wastes that are benign and returnable into the production process. Furthermore, it promotes

the protection of biological and cultural diversity. Finally Clean Production must encourage

democratic processes especially among affected sectors. Global companies with operations in

the Philippines have started to set targets and timelines for phase out of some of the most toxic

chemicals in their products and product systems. Nokia, for example, has already eliminated

Polyvinyl GREENPEACE | The state of water in the Philippines 43 Chloride (PVC) from their new

mobile phone models and Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) from remaining applications.

And to close the loop for the custody of their end-of-life products, these companies have
established take back systems under an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regime. In the

Philippines, take back systems are still in their infancy as they are all voluntary in nature. As far

as EPR policy is concerned, the Philippines is lagging far behind some its neighbors including

Japan, Taiwan and South Korea. (An attempt was made by the EcoWaste Coalition and

Greenpeace to kick start the discussion with the National Solid Waste Management

Commission and the Environmental Management Bureau of the DENR. The draft Administrative

Order that would have set into motion the EPR policy discussions never left the Commission or

the EMB's offices.)

Water Districts

A water district is a utility that is legally and financially separate from the municipality. In

urban areas outside of Metro Manila, water districts served around 15.3 million people

from 861 municipalities in 2011. To form a water district, the local government needs

confirmation from the Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration (LWUA), a

specialized lending institution for provincial waterworks, from which it will receive

technical assistance and financial support. The local government appoints the board

members of the water districts. This system typically has better performance and higher

cost recovery than water systems that are run directly by municipalities. The Philippine

Association of Water Districts (PAWD), fosters the exchange of experiences between

water districts and provides training to its members.[15] In 2010, USAID and the ADB
agreed to support PAWD in establishing a national Water Operators Partnerships

(WOPs) program that promotes twinning partnerships among Water Districts.[16]

Large-scale Private Operators

The zones of Metro Manila allocated to Maynilad Water (red) and Manila Water (blue).

In Metro Manila, water service has been carried out by two private

concessionaires since 1997: The Manila Water Company in the East Zone, and

Maynilad Water Services, Inc. in the West Zone. Although national government has

supported private service providers since the 1990s, there are few arrangements

outside of Metro Manila. Joint ventures exist in Tagbilaran City and in Subic Bay.[17]

These private water service providers provide Level III services together with water

districts.
Small-scale independent providers

A significant share of the population in urban areas receive services from small-scale

independent providers. It was estimated that before privatization in the late 1990s, 30%

of the population of Metro Manila depended on them, majority buying water in bulk from

water providers to sell it on to individual users.[18] There are also some cases of

cooperation by concessionaires and independent providers.[19] In August 2007, 250

small-scale providers formed the National Water and Sanitation Association of the

Philippines (NAWASA) as a gathering avenue for small-scale water service providers.

Policy

General policies concerning the water and sanitation sector are formulated by the

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in its MTPDP. Since the 1990s,

private sector participation and decentralization are the main objectives of water

policies.[36] The MTPDP of 2004 up to 2010 aimed at extending the coverage of potable

water to 92%–96% by 2010 through public and private investments, with priority given

to 400 barangays with poor water supply coverage.[58]

The Department of Public Works and Highways provides technical assistance in rural

water supply systems. National standards for drinking water quality, as well as

standards concerning sanitation and sewerage collection, are set by the Department of

Health.[59] The Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is

the lead ministry for implementing water sector legislation,[60] whereas the Department

of Finance takes the lead in financing water policies at the national level. The National
Water Resources Board (NWRB) under the DENR is responsible for water resources

management.[61]

The responsibilities are defined by the 1976 National Water Code and the 2004 Clean

Water Act, which consolidated laws on water supply and sanitation and water resources

management.

1976 National Water Code (PD 1067)[62]

Regarded as Presidential Decree No. 1067, dated December 31, 1976, the 1976

National Water Code was an effort of then President Ferdinand E. Marcos that aimed to

strengthen water legislations in the face of the increasing scarcity of water and its

changing water patterns. The Water Code was an intended solution to revise and

consolidate regulations made on the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation,

development, conservation and protection of water resources in the country. Founded

on the principle that "All waters belong to the State," the National Water Resources

Council was then created and tasked to control and regulate the use and development

of water resources in behalf of the government.

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275)[63]

Republic Act 9275 provides for a comprehensive water quality management policy

amidst economic growth. The policy provides for the consistent protection, preservation

and revival of the quality of Philippine waters with frameworks patterned through the

pursuit of sustainable development. Importantly provided for by this act are Water

Quality Management Systems and Institutional Mechanisms.

Water Quality Management Systems involve area designations by the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), national sewage and septage

management programs and allocation of special funds to support and maintain water

quality. Areas that have similar hydrogeological conditions, which affect the

physiochemical, biological and bacteriological reactions and diffusions of pollutants in

the water bodies, are declared as Water Quality Management Areas. The management

area is governed by a DENR representative as chair and board members composed of

representatives from local government units (LGUs), relevant national government

agencies, registered non-governmental organizations, water utility sectors and the

business sector. On the other hand, water bodies with specific pollutants that have

exceeded the guidelines for water quality are identified as Non-attainment Areas. LGUs

are tasked to prepare and implement contingency plans, such as relocations, for the

protection of the health and welfare of the residents, while the government improves the

affected quality of water within the potentially affected areas.

Funds administered by the DENR, and other concerned agencies, are on special

accounts in the National Treasury to be utilized in financing containment and clean-up

operations in water pollution cases; restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of

affected areas; research, enforcement and monitoring activities; technical assistance to

implementing agencies; grants as rewards and incentives; and other disbursements

made solely for the prevention, control of water pollution and administration of the

management areas in the amounts authorized by the Department.

Wastewater charges are also established to provide strong economic inducement for

polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution

control technology in order to reduce the amount of water pollutants generated in their

discharge of wastewater into water bodies. Owners, or operators of facilities, that

discharge regulated waste are then required to secure discharge permits.

Institutional Mechanisms emphasized the collaborative efforts made in the hopes of

having cleaner and better quality water through the Lead Agency (DENR); the Roles of

Local Government Units in sharing the responsibility of maintaining and improving water

quality within their territorial jurisdictions; the Business and Industry Role in formulating

incentives for the adoption of innovative equipment and processes that preserve and

protect water bodies; and Linkage Mechanisms through partnerships with government

agencies and departments such as the Philippine Coast Guard, DPWH, Department of

Agriculture (DA), DOH, Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Department of

Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Department of the

Interior and the Local Government (DILG).

Water network maintenance

Water supply networks usually represent the majority of assets of a water utility.

Systematic documentation of maintenance works using a computerized maintenance

management system (CMMS) is a key to a successful operation of a water utility.[why?]

 Clean drinking water is essential to human life

Sustainable urban water supply

A sustainable urban water supply network covers all the activities related to provision of

potable water. Sustainable development is of increasing importance for the water supply

to urban areas.

Water is an essential natural resource for human existence. It is needed in every

industrial and natural process, for example, it is used for oil refining, for liquid-liquid

extraction in hydro-metallurgical processes, for cooling, for scrubbing in the iron and the

steel industry and for several operations in food processing facilities [1], etc. It is

necessary to adopt a new approach to design urban water supply networks; water

shortages are expected in the forthcoming decades and environmental regulations for

water utilization and waste-water disposal are increasingly stringent.

To achieve a sustainable water supply network, new sources of water are needed to be

developed, and to reduce environmental pollution.

The price of water is increasing, so less water must be wasted and actions must be

taken to prevent pipeline leakage. Shutting down the supply service to fix leaks is less
and less tolerated by consumers. A sustainable water supply network must monitor the

freshwater consumption rate and the waste-water generation rate.

Many of the urban water supply networks in developing countries face problems related

to population increase, water scarcity, and environmental pollution.

Population growth

In the year 1900 just 13% of the global population lived in cities. This percentage has

been rising, and in 2005 49% of the global population lived in urban areas. In 2030 it is

predicted, that this statistic will rise to 60% [2]. Attempts to expand water supply by

governments are costly and often not sufficient. The building of new illegal settlements

makes it hard to map, and make connections to, the water supply, and leads to

inadequate water management [3]. In 2002, there were 158 million people with

inadequate water supply.[4] An increasing number of people live in slums, in inadequate

sanitary conditions, and are therefore at risk of disease.

WATER CONSUMPTION

Water consumption in a community is characterized by several types of demand,

including domestic, public, commercial, and industrial uses. Domestic demand includes

water for drinking, cooking, washing, laundering, and other household functions. Public

demand includes water for fire protection, street cleaning, and use in schools and other

public buildings. Commercial and industrial demands include water for stores, offices,

hotels, laundries, restaurants, and most manufacturing plants. There is usually a wide
variation in total water demand among different communities. This variation depends on

population, geographic location, climate, the extent of local commercial and industrial

activity, and the cost of water.

WATER PRESSURE

Water pressures vary in different locations of a distribution system. Water mains

below the street may operate at higher pressures, with a pressure reducer located at

each point where the water enters a building or a house. In poorly managed systems,

water pressure can be so low as to result only in a trickle of water or so high that it leads

to damage to plumbing fixtures and waste of water. Pressure in an urban water system

is typically maintained either by a pressurised water tank serving an urban area, by

pumping the water up into a water tower and relying on gravity to maintain a constant

pressure in the system or solely by pumps at the water treatment plant and repeater

pumping stations.

TYPES OF PIPE

The most common pipes used today are copper, PVC, or ABS. However, when

dealing with older homes, you might encounter a number of other piping material. For

example, homes built before 1960 used galvanized steel or cast iron DWV

(drain/waste/vent) pipe systems.

Here’s a quick look at types of pipes commonly used in homes, beginning with the pipes

used for DWV systems.

Cast iron: Commonly used before 1960 for the vertical drain, vent stacks, and

sometimes the horizontal drain lines. Cast iron is durable, but can rust over time. Call a

professional plumber to replace rusted sections with plastic (PVC or ABS) and the

correct transition fittings.

ABS: This black pipe was the first plastic pipe to be used in residential plumbing.

Today, many areas don’t allow ABS in new construction because joints can come loose.

Check with your local plumbing inspector if you want to use ABS.

PVC: This white or cream-colored pipe is the most commonly used pipe for drain lines.

It’s strong, untouchable by chemicals, and seems to last forever! The rating and

diameter is stamped right on the pipe.

Schedule 40 PVC is strong enough for residential drain lines, but check with your

plumbing inspector first. CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) pipe has the strength of

PVC but is heat-resistant, which makes it acceptable in many regions for use on interior

supply lines. Schedule 80 PVC is sometimes used for cold-water supply lines, but it isn’t

allowed in some regions because it isn’t suitable for hot water.

PEX: PEX (cross-linked polyethylene) is the newest pipe for residential use. Approved

in many regions of the country, PEX is easy to install because it cuts easily, is flexible,

and uses compression fittings. However, more permanent connections require a special

crimping tool. PEX is three to four times more expensive than copper or plastic.

Steel: Galvanized steel pipe is common in older homes. Galvanized pipe is strong, but

lasts only about 50 years. Before repairing, consider replacing instead. Call a

professional to deal with it.

Copper: Copper pipe is resists corrosion, so it’s commonly used pipe in water supply

lines. It costs more than plastic but it lasts! There are two common types of copper pipe:

Rigid copper, which comes in three thicknesses. Type M is the thinnest but is strong

enough for most homes. Types L and Type K are thicker and used in outdoor and drain

applications. To cut rigid copper, you'll need a wheel cutter, tube cutter, or a hacksaw.

Pipes are usually connected with soldered (sweat) fittings and compression fittings can

connect the pipe to shut-off valves.

Flexible copper, which is often used for dishwashers, refrigerator icemakers, and other

appliances that need a water supply. It’s easy to bend, but if it kinks, you must cut the

piece off and replace it. Sections of flexible copper pipe are joined using either soldered

or compression fittings.

"Piping" sometimes refers to Piping Design, the detailed specification of the

physical piping layout within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier days, this

was sometimes called Drafting, Technical drawing, Engineering Drawing,

and Design but is today commonly performed by Designers who have learned to use

automated Computer Aided Drawing / Computer Aided Design (CAD) software.

PIPELINE

The pipeline system of a municipal water distribution network consists of

arterial water mains or primary feeders, which convey water from the treatment plant to

areas of major water use in the community, and smaller-diameter pipelines

called secondary feeders, which tie in to the mains. Usually not less than 150 mm (6

inches) in diameter, these pipelines are placed within the public right-of-way so that
service connections can be made for all potential water users. The pipelines are usually

arranged in a gridiron pattern that allows water to circulate in interconnected loops; this

permits any broken sections of pipe to be isolated for repair without disrupting service to

large areas of the community. “Dead-end” patterns may also be used, but they do not

permit circulation, and the water they provide is more susceptible to taste and odour

problems because of stagnation.

TUBE

The term "tube" is almost interchangeable, although minor distinctions exist —

generally, a tube has tighter engineering requirements than a pipe. Both pipe and tube

imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose is usually portable and

flexible. A tube and pipe may be specified by standard pipe size designations, e.g.,

nominal pipe size, or by nominal outside or inside diameter and/or wall thickness. The

actual dimensions of pipe are usually not the nominal dimensions: A 1-inch pipe will not

actually measure 1 inch in either outside or inside diameter, whereas many types of

tubing are specified by actual inside diameter, outside diameter, or wall thickness.
 CHAPTER III

DESIGN PROCESS

A. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Design Consideration

Water Source: Deep Well

Water Storage: Elevated Vertical Cylindrical Steel

Type of Pump: Centrifugal Pump (One Operating Unit and One Standby Unit)

Pump Drive: Electric Motor

Type of Consumer: Residential

Faucet Outlet Pressure Load: 7m

Water Velocity: 1.25 m/s

Peak Factor: 1.5

Peak Hours: 6:00am – 10:00 am

5:00pm – 8pm

Pipe Materials: Cast Iron

Load Projection: 5 years

 I. Market Aspects

A. Area Description

Sampaga West is located in the City of Batangas in the province of Batangas.

I. Market Aspect

A. Area description

1. Present source of water supply

Sampaga Rural Water Works

 2. Population

For the year 2018:

Number of families= 375

Number of individuals= 1,249 persons

For the year 2023:

Population Growth = 12%

P2 = P1 (1+ GR)n

= 375 (1+ 0.12)5

P2 = 660.88 households

P2 = 661 households

P2 = P1 (1+ GR)n

= 1,249 (1+ 0.12)5

P2 = 2,201.16 individuals

P2 =2,201 individuals
 3. Socio Economic Profile

No. of families = 375

No. of individuals = 1,249 persons

GENDER MALE FEMALE

0-20y/o 21-40y/o 41-60y/o 60and above

AGE 254 652 258 85

CIVIL SINGLE MARRIED WIDOW

STATUS 820 399 30

NUMBER OF NONE ONE TWO THREE FOUR/MORE

CHILDREN 15 28 36 44 252

TOTAL 1,000- 25,000 26,000- 50,000 51,000- 75,000 76,000- 100,000

MONTHLY 284 46 27 18

INCOME

For Water Demand analysis

1. Domestic Water Demand

For year 2018

No. of households = 375

Number of individuals = 1,249

Water consumption per person (daily basis) = 110 liters/person

Water consumption for livestock (daily basis) = 500 liters/ day

Domestic Water Demand =1,249person x 110 liters/person-day + 500 liters/day

=137,890 liters /day

=137,890 liters/day (1day/24hours) (1hour/3600secs)

Domestic Water Demand =1.5959lps

For year 2023

Since P2 =2,201 individuals

And assuming there will be an increase in water demand in livestock, assuming

800 liters/ day

Domestic Water Demand = 2,201 persons x 110L/person-day + 800liters/day

= 242,910liters/day

=242,910L/day (1 day/24 hours)(1hour/3600s)

Domestic Water Demand = 2.8115 lps

2. Water Unaccounted

Water unaccounted for = 20% of the total production of water

= 2.8115 lps x 0.20

Water unaccounted for =0.5623ps

Total water demand = Domestic water demand + Water unaccounted for

= 2.8115lps + 0.5623lps

Total water demand = 3.3738lps

3. For Water Demand analysis

Maximum water demand = 1.25 times the total water demand

= 1.25 (3.3738)

Maximum water demand = 4.21725lps

Peak factor = 1.50 times the total water demand

= 1.50 (3.3738)

Peak factor= 5.0607lps

A. Technical Aspect

A. Pumping System

1. Total Dynamic suction head

Solution for the suction line:

Assume velocity = 1.25 m/s

Q= 5.0607lps = 0.0050607m3/s
V= 1.25 m/s

Q=AV ; A= Q/V

πDi2/4 = 0.0050607/1.25

Di = 0.0718m

Di = 71.8mm.

Di= 2.826772in.

Use schedule no.40

Inside Diameter Sch.40 = 2.826772in = 2.469in= 0.062713m

Nearest nominal diameter =2.5in=0.0635

Q= AV

0.0050607m/s= [π (0.0627135m)2/ 4] x V

V= 1.598 m/s

Reynold’s Number

𝜌𝑉𝐷𝑖
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑢

1000(1.598)(0.062713)
𝑅𝑒 =
0.0012002

Re= 8.3498x104
Relative Roughness

ε 0.00025
e= =
Di 0.062713

e = 0.003986

Friction factor(using Moody Chart or Diagram)

f = 0.026

Equivalent Length using Crane

1𝑚
1 Standard elbow 2.5” nominal diameter 6ft x 3.28𝑓𝑡 = 1.83m

1𝑚
1 Gate valve (fully open) 2.5” nominal diameter 1.5ft x 3.28𝑓𝑡= 0.46m

Straight Pipe 30m

Total Length 32.29m

Head loss at the suction line

𝐿 𝑉2 32.29 (1.598)2
HLS = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔 = 0.026 0.062713 2(9.81)

HLS = 1.715m
2. Total Dynamic Discharge Head

For the discharge line:

Assume Velocity = 2.0 m/s

Q= 0.0050607m3/s

V=2.0m/s

Q=AV ; A= Q/V

πDi2/4 = 0.0050607m3/2.0

Di = 0.05676m

Di = 56.76mm.

Di= 2.234646in.

Use schedule no. 40

Inside Diameter Sch.40 = 2.234646 in = 2.067in = 0.0525m

Nearest nominal diameter = 2 in=0.0508m

Use Schedule no. 40 and 2 in nominal diameter

V= Q/A

= 4(0.0050607)/ π(0.0525)2

V= 2.3378m/s
Reynold’s Number

𝜌𝑉𝐷𝑖
𝑅𝑒 =
𝑢

1000(2.3378)(.0525)
=
0.0012002

Re= 1.02261x 105

Relative Roughness

ε 0.00025
e= =
Di 0.0525

e = 0.00476

Friction factor

(Using Moody Chart)

FRICTION FACTOR

f = 0.0314

Equivalent Length using Crane

1𝑚
2 Standard elbow 2” nominal diameter 2[5.1ft x3.28𝑓𝑡] = 3.11m.

1𝑚
1 Gate valve (fully open) 2” nominal diameter 1.30 ft x3.28𝑓𝑡= 0.412m.

1 Check Valve 24m

Straight Pipe 40m

Total Length 67.522m

Head loss and Discharge line

𝐿 𝑉2 67.522 (2.33m)2
HLD = 𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔 = 0.0314 0.0525 2(9.81)

HLD= 11.17m

TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH)

ZA = -1.12

ZB= 8.71

HLAB= HLS+HLD

HLAB= 1.715m + 11.17m

HLAB= 12.885m

TDH = ZB –ZA+ HLAB

= 8.71m – (- 1.12m) + (12.885)

TDH = 22.715m

3. PUMP SPECIFICATION

Given data: Q= 0.0050607m3/s

H= 12.885m

N= 2850 rpm
 𝑁√𝑄
Ns= 51.65523641𝐻(0.75)

2850√0.0050607
Ns= 51.65523641 12.885(0.75)

Ns= 1,083.72 rpm.

Therefore, use Francis type impeller pump. (Ns=500 to 3000 rpm)

BRAKE POWER

Data: Q= 0.0050607m3/s

TDH= 22.715m

Assuming: ɧ= 80%

𝜌𝑔𝑄𝑇𝐷𝐻 1000(9.81)(0.0050607)(22.715)
BP = =
1000𝜂 1000(0.80)

BP= 1.41KW X 1hp/ 0.746KW

BP = 1.89hp
 C.Storage Tank

1. For Tank Capacity

DATA:

Cylindrical Tank

Diameter = 5m

Radius=2.5m

Height= 10m

Volume of a Cylindrical Tank

V= πr2h

= π (2.5m)2(10m)

V= 196.35cubic meter x 1000 L/1cubic meter

V= 196349.5408 Liters
 CHAPTER IV

ECONOMIC ASPECT

This chapter presents the water system economics of the designed potable water

system at Sampaga West, Batangas City.

System Economics

The basic economic principle in managing water resources is that we need to balance

the demand for water and the supply of water resources, which can theoretically be

achieved through price signals in water markets.

There are several conditions should be satisfied from the rate of change for the

water supply, these conditions are:

Fairness- The rates should distribute the costs where they rightfully belong taking

full account of the variable conditions of the of the customer’s demand.

Simplicity- The rates should not be so complicated as to cause an opposition or

antagonism from a public which is frequently distrustful of “new fangled” ideas.

Cost- The financial outlay in meters and cost-accounting systems by the electric

company should not be so heavy as to increase costs to more than can be saved by

their installation
Capital Costs

Capital costs include expenses for tangible goods such as the purchase of

plants and machinery, as well as expenses for intangibles assets.

SUPPLIER PRICE PER TOTAL COST

Equipment Quantity
UNIT

(Mainland) | $10,000

Water tank 1 Manufacturer, (1$= Php52.00) Php320,000.00

Trading Company

Cast-iron pipe Xingbang Pipeline

30m +
(ASME B16.4; Engineering $20/ meter Php30, 250.00
40m= 70m
ASME B16.12) Equipment Inc..

Check valve 2
Antonios Inc. Php 1,150.00/pc Php 2,300.00

Gate valve 1 antonios Inc. Php 1,250.00/pc Php1,250.00

Francis type Topsteel Builders Php 20, 250.00 Php 25, 250.00
1
impeller pump Inc.

TOTAL Php379,050.00

Source: google.com, New

Antonio’s Trading & Top
Steel Builders Inc.

Table4. Equipment Cost Specification

 The cost specification given is the basis for the calculation of equipment cost.

Assuming that there will be other miscellaneous cost for important a purpose

which is equivalent to 20% of the equipment cost.

Total miscellaneous cost= 0.2(Equipment cost)

Total miscellaneous cost= 0.2(Php379,050.00)

Total miscellaneous cost= Php75,810.00

CC = Equipment Cost + Total Miscellaneous Cost

CC = Php379,050.00+ Php75,810.00

CC = Php 454,860.00

Annual water supply Produced = 200,000L/day × 335 days

Annual water supply Produced = 67, 000, 000 liters

Note: There will be approximately one month (30 days) unoperational days

for maintenance purposes. (Assuming 2 days per month)

Annual Operating Cost

It basically includes labor, maintenance and material cost, and cost for supplies,

taxes and supervision. These include most of the frequent cost elements associated

with the operation of the system.

Running Cost

Percentage Analysis of Operating Cost

Assumed
Item Percentage, %
Percentage

Labor 5% - 75% 15

Maintenance 5% -20% 14
and Material
Supplies 1% - 5% 5

Operating Taxes 0% - 10% 10

TOTAL 42

Based on computations used in Power Plant Engineering.

Table5. Operating Cost Percentage Analysis

Labor Cost, LC

Considering LC is 12% of the total capital cost,

LC = 0.15 × total capital cost

LC = 0.15 × Php 379050.00

LC = Php56,857.5
Maintenance Cost, MC

Considering MC is 14% of the total capital cost,

MC = 0.14 × total capital cost

MC = 0.14 × Php379050.00

MC = Php53,067

Supplies, S

Considering S is 5% of the total capital cost,

S = 0.05 × total running cost

S = 0.05 x Php 53067.00

S = Php 18,952.5

Operating Taxes, OT

Considering OT is 10% of the total capital cost,

OT = 0.1 × total capital cost

OT = 0.1 x Php379050.00

OT = Php 37905
 Summary of Operating Expenses

Percentage
Item Cost (Php)
used, %

Labor 15 Php56,857.5

Maintenance and
14 Php53,067
Material

Supplies 5 Php 18,952.5

Operating Taxes 10 Php 37,905

Total 44 Php166,782.00

Table6. Summary of Operating Expenses

Depreciation

By straight line method from the Engineering Economy by Arreola, the annual

depreciation rate is 1 to 5% of the capital cost; considering 3%.

Annual water supply Depreciation = Annual depreciation rate × capital cost

Annual water supply Depreciation = 0.03(Php 454860.00)

Annual water supply Depreciation = Php13,645.8

Project Forecast

The following assumptions will be considered for economic analyses of the

project.

• The cost of water supply generation for the first year of operation is estimated at

Php14.25/m3

The revenue for the system operation is the product of annual energy produced and the

power generation price giving the equation,

Revenue = Annual Energy Produced x Power Generation Price

=67,000,000liters x (1m3/ 1000 liters) x (Php14.25 / m3)

Revenue = Php 954,750.00

A typical value of rate of return is 8 to 12%, of the revenue, consider 8%.

Profit Element = 0.08 (Php954,750.00)

Profit Element = Php 76, 380.00

Annual investment charges = (LC + MC + S + OT + annual water supply depreciation

cost)

Annual investment charges=Php166,782.00+109,924.5+ Php13,645.8

Annual investment charges = Php290,352.3

Annual Production Cost = Annual investment charges+ profit element

Annual Production Cost = Php290,352.3+ Php 76, 380.00

Annual Production Cost = Php 366,732.3

Total Capital Cost = Capital Cost + Annual Production Cost

Total Capital Cost = Php454860.00 + Php 366,732.3

Total Capital Cost = Php 821,592.3

 CHAPTER V

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations of the designed

Proposed Potable Water Supply sampaga West, Batangas City.

CONCLUSIONS
1. The potable water supplt can be designed according to some way,like according
to the water demand , and according to the type of source and type of the
community to be supplied.
2. Potable water supply is very important in our daily life, it is one of the basic needs
of people.
3. The basis for the capacity of the designed potable water supply is the demand of
the consumer and other factors.
4. The potable water supply system effectiveness does not affect the technical
changes that were made.Evaluation of every equipement and system were
accomplished.
 RECOMANDATIONS

1. Use of potable water for outdoor landscape plants including groundcover, flowers,

shrubs, and trees should be minimized and performed in a conservative manner.

2. Water supply must be monitored carefully to provide assurance that pathogenic

microorganisms and toxic chemicals do not occur at concentrations that might

exceed drinking water standards or other water quality parameters.

3. To enhance the design and make it possible and attractive for the construction of

water supply system it must be referred to many people to know what they want to

happen.
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