Contents v

Contents

Preface ix
List of contributors xiii

1 Role of bonded fibre-reinforced composites in

strengthening of structures 1
J J DARBY

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What is ‘strengthening with bonded fibre reinforced
polymer composite plates’? 1
1.3 The market for strengthening 2
1.4 Strengthening techniques 3
1.5 Advantages and disadvantages of FRP composite
plate bonding 4
1.6 Client concerns when introducing new techniques 8
1.7 Risk to clients when adopting FRP composite plate
bonding 8
1.8 Conclusions 10

2 Review of materials and techniques for plate bonding 11

L C HOLLAWAY AND M B LEEMING

2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Structural adhesive bonding 11
2.3 External strengthening using steel plates 17
2.4 External strengthening using composite materials 21
2.5 Strengthening of reinforced concrete members in shear 34
2.6 Applications of FRP strengthening 36
2.7 Summary and conclusions of literature review 38
2.8 References 39

3 Materials 46
A R HUTCHINSON AND J QUINN

v
vi Contents

3.1 Adhesive bonded connections 46

3.2 Composite materials 47
3.3 Adhesive materials 57
3.4 Adhesion and surface preparation 68
3.5 The bonding operation 75
3.6 Durability and fire 80
3.7 Painting 80
3.8 Summary 80
3.9 References 81

4 Structural strengthening of concrete beams using

unstressed composite plates 83
L C HOLLAWAY AND G C MAYS

4.1 Introduction 83
Part A Laboratory tests 84
4.2 General form and behaviour of loaded beams 84
4.3 Geometric parameters 91
4.4 Discussion 107
Part B Field investigation 109
4.5 Testing programme for 18m beam 109
4.6 Observations 131
4.7 Concluding remarks 132
4.8 References 132

5 Structural strengthening of concrete beams using

prestressed plates 135
H N GARDEN AND G C MAYS

5.1 Introduction 135

5.2 Review of previous prestressing studies using composite
plates 137
5.3 Prestressing technique employed in the laboratory 138
5.4 Results of laboratory tests for concrete beams
strengthened with prestressed plates in the ROBUST
programme 140
5.5 Results of field investigations of concrete beams
strengthened with prestressed plates in the ROBUST
programme 146
5.6 Observations 149
5.7 Concluding remarks 154
5.8 References 154

6 Environmental durability 156

A R HUTCHINSON AND L C HOLLAWAY
 Contents vii

6.1 Introduction 156

6.2 Environmental and service conditions 157
6.3 Factors affecting joint durability 158
6.4 Environmental durability of adhesive bonded joints 160
6.5 Procedures for assessing environmental effects
on materials and on bonded joints 163
6.6 Effect of environment on the component materials used
in the ROBUST system 166
6.7 Influence of surface treatment and effects of environment
on joints and interfaces 173
6.8 Other factors affecting service performance 179
6.9 Summary 181
6.10 References 181

7 Time-dependent behaviour and fatigue 183

R A BARNES AND H N GARDEN

7.1 Introduction 183

PART A Time-dependent behaviour 183
7.2 Introduction 183
7.3 Time-dependent characteristics of concrete 184
7.4 Time-dependent characteristics of steel 184
7.5 Time-dependent characteristics of adhesives 184
7.6 Time-dependent characteristics of plated beams using
steel plates 192
7.7 Time-dependent characteristics of FRP component
materials and FRP composites 194
7.8 Time-dependent characteristics of plated beams using
polymer composite plates 196
7.9 Creep tests conducted during the ROBUST project 197
PART B Fatigue behaviour 200
7.10 Introduction 200
7.11 Fatigue of unplated beams 201
7.12 Fatigue of adhesives 203
7.13 Fatigue of FRP materials 206
7.14 Fatigue of plated beams using steel plates 208
7.15 Fatigue of short span plated beams using FRP plates 211
7.16 Fatigue of long span plated 2.3 m beams using FRP plates 213
7.17 Concluding summary 217
7.18 References 218

8 Analytical and numerical solutions to structural

strengthening of beams by plate bonding 222
P S LUKE
viii Contents

8.1 Introduction 222

8.2 Classical analysis 223
8.3 Finite element analysis 223
8.4 Effect of adhesive material 231
8.5 Prestressed 18.0m concrete beams 231
8.6 Beams with unstressed plates 234
8.7 Beams with stressed plates 237
8.8 Concluding remarks 240
8.9 References 241
8.10 Bibliography 241

9 Design and specifications for FRP plate bonding

of beams 242
M B LEEMING AND J J DARBY

9.1 Introduction 242

9.2 Practical design rules and guidelines 242
9.3 Application of the technique 257
9.4 Materials 258
9.5 Workmanship 260
9.6 Quality control 261
9.7 In-service inspection and maintenance 266
9.8 References 267
9.9 Bibliography 268

10 Site construction techniques 270

A P RIMOLDI

10.1 Introduction 270

10.2 Steel plate bonding 270
10.3 Adhesive bonding of carbon fibre composite plates –
site requirements 272
10.4 Economics 286
10.5 Conclusion 287
10.6 References 287

11 Case studies of carbon fibre bonding worldwide 288

M A SHAW AND J F DREWETT

11.1 Introduction 288

11.2 System properties 289
11.3 Case histories 290
11.4 References 324

Index 325