Chapter 6 DIFFERENTIATION SQQM1023 Managerial

Mathematics

CHAPTER
CHAPTER DIFFERENTIATION
66

6.1 THE CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENTIATION

If f defined as the function of x and can be written as f  x  . Then
dy
the derivative of f  x  denoted as f  x  or is read as ‘derivative
dx
value of function f at x ’. The process to get f  x  called FIRST
DIFFERENTIATION/ FIRST DERIVATIVE.

6.2DIFFERENTIATION USING FIRST PRINCIPLE

(The concept of limit)
Consider a function of f and assume that 2 points at the curve of a
function f , i.e A   x, f  x   and B   x  h, f  x   h 
y

f  x  h B   x  h, f  x   h 
Q

f  x A   x, f  x  
P
x
x xh
From the diagram above,
 The straight line PQ is called a tangent to function f at the point
x.
 The gradient of tangent PQ is an approximation of chord AB at
that curve, i.e:

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f  x  h  f  x
Gradient of AB   1
h

When h  0 , equation 1 can be written as

f  x  h  f  x
lim   2
h 0 h

 Since the gradient of function f at x equals to the gradient of a

tangent PQ (equation  2  ), then equation  2  named as the first
principle differentiation or derivative :
dy f  x  h  f  x
 f  x   lim
dx h 0 h

Example 1:

If f  x   6 x  2 , find f  x  by using the first principle differentiation

method.

Solution:
By using:
f  x  h  f  x
f  x   lim   a
h 0 h

Step 1:

Given f  x   6 x  2 , then f  x  h   6 x  h   2

Step 2:

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Substitute f  x  h   6 x  h   2 in  a 

6 x  h   2  f  x 
f  x   lim
h 0 h
6 x  h   2   6 x  2
f  x   lim
h 0 h
6 x  6h  2  6 x  2
f  x   lim
h0 h
6h
f  x   lim  lim 6
h 0 h h 0

66
the concept of limitation said that hhad
0 , therefore ;
f  x   6

Exercise
1:

dy
Find the first derivative ( f  x  or
dx
) of the following functions by

using the first principle method:

a) f  x   3x  1

b) y  x2  1

6.3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES

6.3.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF A CONSTANT FUNCTIONS
constant function denoted by:
y  f  x  c

where c is a constant.
Then the derivative of a constant function at x:
dy
 f  x   0
dx

Example 2:

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dy
Find f  x  or for the functions below:
dx

a) f  x  2

f  x   0

b) y  5

dy
0
dx

6.3.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF A POWER FUNCTIONS

y  f  x   ax n

Let y  f  x   ax n

where a is a constant.
dy
  f  x   nax n 1
dx

Example 3:

dy
Find f  x  @ of the following functions:
dx
dy
y  x2 answer   2 x 21
a) dx
 2x

f  x   3x 2 
answer  f  x   3 2 x 21 
b)  3 2 x
 6x

y
1 4
2
x answer 
dy 1
dx 2

 4 x 41 
c) 1
 4x 3
2
 
 2x3

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yx answer  y  x1
dy 11 0
d) dx
 1x  1x

 11  1

f  x  9x 
answer  f  x   9 1x11  9 1x 0   
e)  91  9

6.3.3 DIFFERENTIATION FOR ADDITION/SUBSRACTION OF

TWO FUNCTIONS
If y  f  x   P x  Q x , hence the derivative:

dy d d
  f  x   P x   Q  x 
dx dx dx

Example 4:

dy
Find f  x  @ of the following functions:
dx

a) f  x   x2  5

f  x   2 x 2 1  0
Ans:  2x

b) f  x   3x 2  4 x

Ans:
  
f  x   3 2 x 2 1  4 1x11 
 6x  4

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c) y  x5  2 x3  x  11
5

dy 1
  
 5 x 51  2 3 x31  1x11  0
dx 5

Ans:
 x4  6x2  1

6.3.4 DIFFERENTIATION OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

If a combination function y  f  x   ax n  b k where a, b, n and k are
constants, then its derivative:

FORMULA (CHAIN RULE)


dy
dx

 f  x   k ax n  b 
k 1 d
dx
ax n  b 

EXAMPLE 5:

dy
Find f  x  @ for the following functions:
dx

a) f  x    x  1 3

d
Ans: f  x   3 x  1 31   x  1
dx

f  x   3 x  1 2  1  0 
 3 x  1 2

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b) 
f  x  x2  7 4 
Ans: 
f  x   4 x 2  7 41  dxd  x2  7


f  x   4 x 2  7 3   2 x  0
 4 2 x   x 2  7 
3

 8x x2  7 
3

c) 
y  x2  x 3

Ans:
dy
dx

 3 x2  x
31 d 2

dx

x x  

dy
dx
 2

 3 x 2  x   2 x  1

 3 2 x  1  x 2  x 
2

  6 x  3  x 2  x 
2

6.3.5 DIFFERENTIATION OF A PRODUCT OF TWO

FUNCTIONS
If y  f  x   P x   Q x  , the derivative:

Let u  P x  and v  Q x 

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dy dv du
Then   f  x   u  v
dx dx dx

Example 6:
dy
Find f  x  @ for the following functions:
dx
a) f  x    x  1 3 x  1

Solution:
let
u   x  1 , v   3 x  1

du dv
1 0 1 ,  30  3
dx dx
du dv
Substitute u , v, , in the product formula;
dx dx
dv du
f  x   u v
dx dx
  x  1 3   3 x  11
 3x  3  3 x  1
 6x  2

b)  
y  x 3  1  x  5

Solution:


u  x3  1  , v   x  5

du dv
 3x2  0  3x 2 , 1 0 1
dx dx
du dv
Substitute u , v, , in the product formula;
dx dx

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dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx
 
 x3  1 1   x  5 3x 2  
3 3 2
 x  1  3 x  15 x
 4 x3  15 x 2  1

c) y  ( x 2  3)( x  2) 4

6.3.6 DIFFERENTIATION OF A QUOTIENT OF TWO

FUNCTIONS
P x 
If y  f  x   Q x  , then the derivative:

Let u  P x  and v  Q x 
du  dv 
v  u
Then dy dx  dx 
  f  x  
dx v2

Example 7:
dy
Find f  x  @ for the following functions:
dx

y
 2 x  1
a)  x  1

Solution:

u  2x  1 ,v  x 1

du dv
 20  2 ,  1 0  1
dx dx
du dv
Substitute u , v, , in the formula;
dx dx

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du  dv 
v  u
dy dx  dx 

dx v2
 x  1 2    2 x  1  1 2x  2  2x  1
 
 x  1 2  x  1 2
3

 x  1 2

x
b) f  x 
2
x 7

Solution:
Let,
ux , v  x2  7

du dv
1 ,  2x  0  2x
dx dx

du dv
Substitute u , v, , in the formula;
dx dx
du  dv 
v  u
dx  dx 
f  x  
v2


 x2  71   x 2 x    x2  7  2 x2
 x 2  7 2  x 2  7 2
7  x2

 x 2  7 2

x3
c) y
( x  1) 2

x2
d) f  x 
x

6.3.7 DIFFRERENTIATION OF AN EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Exponential function can be devided into two:

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i. If y  a f  x where a  0 . Then the derivative:

FORMULA
 Let u  f  x  then y  au

dy du
 f  x   .au ln a
dx dx

Example 8:
dy
Find f  x  @ for the following functions:
dx
a) y  25 x
2
b) f  x   3x

ii. If y  e f  x where e is the base to the natural log, then the

derivative:

 Let u  f  x  then y  eu
FORMULA
dy du u
 f  x   .e
dx dx

Example 9:
dy
Find f  x  @ for the following functions:
dx
a) f  x   e2 x

b) y  7e  4 x

6.3.8 DIFFERENTIATION OF A LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

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The logarithmic function can be devided into two:

i. If y  log a f  x  , then the derivative:

 Let u  f  x  then y  log a u

FORMULA
dy 1 d 
 f  x   .  u  . loga e
dx u  dx 

Example 10:
dy
Find f  x  @ for the following functions:
dx

a) f  x   log 2 3 x

b) y  log5 x

ii. If y  ln f  x  , then the derivative:

 Let u  f  x  then y  ln u
FORMULA
dy 1 d 
 f  x   .  u  
dx u  dx 

Example 11:

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dy
Find f  x  @ for the following functions:
dx

a) y  ln 5 x

b) y  ln 9 x  4

c) f  x   ln x 2

6.4 THE HIGHER ORDER OF DIFFERENTIATION

dy
The derivative of a function f  x  written as f  x  @ .
dx
Furthermore, if f  x  is derived one more time and written as

d2y
f  x  @ , called the second derivative of f  x  . therefore:
dx 2

d2y d
  f  x    f  x   (Second derivative)
dx 2 dx

d3y d

3
 f  x    f  x   (Third Derivative)
dx dx

.
.
.

dny
dx n
 f n  x 
dx
f
d n 1
 x  (nth derivative)

Example 12:
a) Find f  x  if f  x   x5 :

Solution:
f  x   5 x51  5 x 4

f  x  
d
dx

5x 4 
 5 4 x 4 1 
 20 x 3

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b) Find f  x  if f  x   4 x3  10 x 2

Solution:
f  x   12 x 2  20 x

f  x  
d
dx

12 x 2  20 x 
 12 2 x   201
 24 x  20

d
f  x    24 x  20
dx
 241  0
 24 ( Answer )

6.5 CRITICAL POINT

Given y  f  x   ax n  bx n 1  ...  c , and the critical point can be
obtained from this equation by:

Step 1
dy
Find f  x  @ from the equation given then let:
dx
f  x   0

Step 2:

When f  x  = 0, find the value of x . Let x  k , by substituting the

value of x in the equation of y  f  x   ax n  bx n 1  ...  c , we will
get the of y . Let say, y  m ;

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Therefore, the critical point is  x, y    k , m  .

Example 13:

Find the critical point of the following functions:

a) f  x   x2  2 x  1

Solution:

Step 1:

Find f  x   2 x  2 and let f  x   0

Then f  x   0  2 x  2

Step 2:
When f  x   0 , find the value of x
2x  2  0 When x  1,
f  x   y  x 2  2 x  1    1  2  1  1
2
2 x  2
 x  1 0

Then, the critical point  x, y     1,0

b) f  x   32 x  x 4

Solution:

Step 1:

f  x   32  4 x3 then let f  x   0

f  x   32  4 x 3  0

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Step 2:
When f  x   0 , find x.
32  4 x 3  0
When x  2,
32  4 x 3
f  x   y  32 2    2 
4

3
8 x  64  16
81 / 3  x  48
x  2

Therefore, the critical point  x, y    2,48

6.5.1 TEST/PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE CRITICAL

POINT: MINIMUM/ MAXIMUM/ INFLECTION POINT

Step 1:
Let the critical point  x, y    k , m 

Step 2:

Find f  x  . If :
i) f  x   0( positive) at x  k , then the critical point
is   MINIMUM 

ii) f  x   0(negative) at x  k , then the critical point

is   MAXIMUM 

Example 14:

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a) From example 13(a); determine weather the critical point is

minimum or maximum.

Solution:

Step 1:

Find the critical point, ie:

Critical point  x, y     1,0

Step 2:

Find f  x 
d
f  x    2 x  2  2
dx

Since f  x   2  0( positive) at x  1, then the critical point

 x, y     1,0 is minimum.

b) From example 13(b); determine weather the critical point is

minimum or maximum.

Solution:

Step 1:

Find the critical point, ie :

Critical point  x, y    2,48

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Step 2:

Find f  x 

f  x  
d
dx
 
32  4 x 3  12 x 2

At x  2 , f  x   12 2   48  0(negative) then the critical point

2

 x, y    2,48 is maximum.

Notes:
If at x  k , we have f  x   0 or f  x   
(undefined), then probably the inflection point occur at that critical
point where f  x  must vary in terms of sign:
a) x  k , f  x   0(negative)    
to
x  k , f  x   0( positive)    

b) OR f  x  vary from positive    to negative    .

Example 15:
Determine weather the curve f  x    x  1 3 has
MINIMUM/MAXIMUM/inflection point.
Solution:

Step 1:
Find the critical point, ie :
f  x   3 x  1 2 when f  x   0 , then;

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3 x  1 2  0 If x  1,
 x  1 2  0  0 f  x    x  1
3

3
f 1  1  1
3

 x  1   0  0 0
x 1

Critical point  x, y   1,0

Step 2:

Find f  x  .

f  x  
d
dx
 
3 x  1  6 x  1
2

f  x   61  1
at x  1 , 0

probably inflection point occur at critical point 1,0 

Test:
i) as x  1, let x  0 in f  x 
f  0  6 0  1  6  0(negative)    

ii) as x  1 , let x  2 in f  x 

f  2   6 2  1  6  0( positive)    

Since f  x  vary from negative    to positive    , then

the critical point 1,0  is said to be an inflection point.

6.6 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION IN ECONOMY

AND BUSINESS
Remember that:
 Total cost function, TC
 Total revenue function, TR and

 Profit function, 

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Chapter 6 DIFFERENTIATION SQQM1023 Managerial
Mathematics

The functions above will be used again in this chapter. Besides

that, several new functions will be introduced such as:

a) If TC is a total cost function, then

TC  VCx  FC
 Total cost function, @ VCq  FC

TC TC
 Average cost function, C 
x
@
q

dC dC
 Marginal average cost function, C  @
dx dq

 d  TC  d  TC 
 Marginal cost function,  TC   dx @ dq

Example 16:
Given total cost function, TC  0.2 x 2  60 x  20000 where x is
quantity unit been produced. Find,

i) Average cost function, C

ii) Marginal average cost function, C 

iii) Marginal cost function,  TC  

iv) Quantity that will minimized the total cost function.

v) What is the minimum value for this total cost function?

vi) Verify the answer in (d) and (e) by using the vertex formula.
b) If TR is the total revenue fuction, then

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Chapter 6 DIFFERENTIATION SQQM1023 Managerial
Mathematics

 Total revenue function, TR  px @ pq where p =demand

function (price)
TR TR
 Average revenue function, R  @
x q

dR dR
 Marginal average revenue function, R  @
dx dq

 d  TR  d  TR 
 Marginal revenue function,  TR   dx @ dq

Example 17:

Assuming the demand function of a product given by,

p  200  2q

where q is the number of unit of the product. Find,

i) Total revenue function, TR

iii) Quantity that will maximized the total revenue function.

iv) What is the maximum value for this total revenue function?

iv) Price that will maximized the total revenue.

c) If  is the profit function, then

 Profit function,   TR  TC

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Chapter 6 DIFFERENTIATION SQQM1023 Managerial
Mathematics

 
 Average profit function,   @
x q
d d
 Marginal average profit function,   @
dx dq
d d
 
Marginal profit function,   @
dx dq
Example 18:

The demand equation for the company of AXL is p  42  4q and

80
the average cost function given by C 2 . Find,
q

i) Total revenue function, TR

ii) Total cost function, TC

iii) Total profit function, 

iv) Quantity that will maximized the profit.

v) What is the maximum value for this total profit function?

vi) Price that will maximized the profit?

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