Using ​Moringa oleifera​ (​Malunggay​) as a
Supplement for ​Insulin​ Used by Type 2 Diabetic
Patients
Castro, J., Choachuy, E., Chua, K., Garapan, K., Rubic, M., Plando, T.
Senior High School Unit – High School Department
Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu
H. Abellana St., Canduman, Mandaue City
Abstract
Medication in our economy today is not cheap. Here
in the Philippines, where poverty is on the rise, good medication
is not available to every one because of poor financial resources.
It is already hard enough to get by but because of an unhealthy
environment and poor working conditions, majority of the
population are now in dire need of expensive medication which
they could never afford. It is also evident that there is a
continuous rise of diabetic patients around the country that need
a daily dose of Insulin shots to maintain their blood sugar levels
normal.
The research group has made a research proposal that
proposes a cheaper and more available supplement to the public.
With the use of the local plant Malunggay (Moringa oleifera),
the researchers have made a model to test the effectiveness of
Moringa oleifera as a supplement to Insulin, a drug used by
patients with Diabetes. The researchers conducted an experiment
with the use of Wistar rats to predict the glucose metabolic rate.
The Wistar were divided into three groups with the first group of
Wistar Rats to be incorporated with only Moringa oleifera, the
second group with only Insulin, and the third group with both
Moring oleifera and Insulin. After all the groups have been
divided and prepared they will be induced with diabetes using a
chemical called Alloxan monohydrate.
Index Terms​--Supplement, Type II Diabetes, Moringa
Oleifera, Insulin, Effectiveness.
I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is becoming a greater health risk with every day
that passes by. People today have gained access to fast food
chains that sell foods that are very high in sugar,
cholesterol, trans fat and etc. Diabetes is a condition that
affects an individuals blood sugar levels, mostly with the
level becoming to high for the body to tolerate. This will
eventually lead to complications in the body like constant
urination, high blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision and
etc. Insulin is a hormone produced by the body’s pancreas,
the use of insulin is to help the body maintain a healthy
level of blood sugar. A way to help understand how insulin
works is to think of it as a key that unlocks our cells so that
the cells can use the glucose as a source of energy. There is
a man made version of insulin because there are two types
of diabetes that can affect the body. Type 1 diabetes is when
the function of the pancreas to make more insulin for the
body because the pancreas is not able to produce anymore.
Type 2 diabetes is more about diet patterns and exercise
levels; this condition happens when the body is consuming
too much sugar for it to be able to control. When the sugar
levels rise the amount of insulin the pancreas needs to
produce also increases. However, if there will be too much
sugar and not enough insulin is produced it leads to type 2
diabetes. This research will focus more on trying to treat
type 2 diabetes because this type is more on health habits
and what the individual eats. In 2014, a survey was
conducted by International Diabetes Federation to see how
many people have type 2 diabetes, with an estimate of 3.2
million people having this disease. The cost of the
medication during 2013 was at 205 dollars, which is too
much for most people [10]. With this in mind the research
group wanted to find a natural remedy that does not only
help the chances of blood sugar levels decrease but also a
natural remedy that can be used as an alternative to insulin.
If there already is a man made version of insulin, why are
we still trying to look for a natural alternative to insulin?
We are looking for an alternative because the long term
effects of insulin can increase the mortality rates of a
person. A common side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia or
low blood sugar which can cause headache, hunger,
fainting, seizures and etc. This research would focus on the
healing properties of Moringa oleifera (locally known as
Malunggay). There have been many claims as to what
Moringa oleifera is capable of doing in the medical field.
Moringa oleifera is said to have antidiabetic activity, after 3
hours of consumption there is a clear significance in the
decrease of the blood sugar levels. With this information,
the research group will conduct their study with Moringa
oleifera.
A. Aims and Objectives
(EDIT) This study aims to (1) establish whether Moringa
Oleifera is effective as a treatment of type 2 diabetes, (2) to
establish whether Moringa Oleifera is a practical alternative
for insulin and (3) use the findings of the study to
recommend Moringa Oleifera over insulin as a treatment for
diabetic patients in not only the Philippines but in
developing countries that cannot afford expensive
medication. In order to achieve these aims, the researchers
will be conducting lab experiments (specifically the
oral-glucose tolerance test) on streptozotocin-induced rats
which will be divided into an independent and experimental
group differing in the treatment consumption. Fasting Blood
glucose will be measured and will serve as the result
indicator for the effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera in
treating type 2 diabetes. From this, the researchers will
compare the effectiveness of both insulin and Moringa
Oleifera and check if they differ significantly. From this
comparison, a recommendation will be made on the usage
of Moringa Oleifera as a substitute for insulin. (EDIT)
B. Scope and Limitations
In this study, the purpose is to treat diabetes in a natural
way and to establish the supplementary effect of Moringa
Oleifera as it is paired with insulin for hypoglycemic
effects.. The locale for this study is the Science laboratory at
the 5th floor of the institution of Sacred Heart School -
Ateneo de Cebu in Brgy. Canduman, Mandaue City. The
researchers chose this place because it was an appropriate
location for the study since this could provide them
applicable tools and equipment and is available at the
Science laboratory of the said educational institution. The
study is also done with the help of advisors from San Carlos
University. Some of the most hindering limitations that
were encountered by the researchers included the lack of
time to pursue ethical approval for animal laboratory use,
the lack of experience (in researchers’ part) in dealing with
Wistar rats (including proper blood sampling techniques,
proper restrainment methods, etc.), and the lack of time to
conduct the experiment proper as a whole. As a
compromise, the researchers have decided to forego the
experiment proper, and will instead, use secondary data
from similar related secondary sources to be subjected to
data analysis in order to formulate predictions and to
establish the conclusions for this study.
C. Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will benefit the patients of type 2
diabetes. Considering that this a common disease among the
Filipino people, this will benefit the Philippines by
recommending Moringa Oleifera to the Filipinos as a
natural substitute for the relatively expensive insulin. This
study serves as a benefit since the researchers chose one of
the most common diseases that affect the Filipino people
(Diabetes), coupled with one of the most common plants
that can be found in tropical countries such as the
Philippines. If proven to be an effective supplement for
insulin, it can benefit the Philippines by recommending a
supplement which is abundant and can result to lowering
the rate of diabetes in the country. Aside from this Moringa
Oleifera is also a safer supplement as it does not possess the
negative side-effects of insulin and instead introduces
multiple positive side-effects extending further than
glycemic properties. When an individual uses insulin
therapy the required dosage is only increased as the time
goes on, this would also increase the rate of which the
patient will have complications due to hypoglycemia [12],
which would mean that a higher cost is needed to support
the medication of the patient. Additionally, the abundance
of Moringa Oleifera and its lower cost provides more
convenience and accessibility to the Filipino people. Aside
from the benefits it has for diabetes patients and the lack of
negative side-effects, Moringa Oleifera, often called a
“superfood” possesses countless positive health benefits.
D. Hypothesis Draft
The research conducted will solve the question:
How well can ​Moringa Oleifera serve as a supplement to
insulin in treating type 2 diabetes? The researchers
presumed that Moringa oleifera will have a significant
impact on the blood levels of the rats, thus, the researchers
hypothesized that the independent variable, the amount of
Moringa oleifera and the dependent variable, the fasting
blood glucose of the rats will have an inversely proportional
relationship. This means that the if higher amounts of
Moringa oleifera are fed to the rats, then the lower the
fasting blood glucose is for the rats. From this, we believe
that Moringa oleifera will serve as a practical natural
supplement for insulin.
I. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes may be known to many as the mere
possession of high blood levels and while this characteristic
may only serve as the indicator or a side-effect to the
disease, it can cause multiple complications within the
human body which can ultimately prove to be fatal. As of
today, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus serves as a serious, yet
common problem as stated in the research of (L.Olokoba,
A.Olokoba, Obateru, 2012) wherein an estimate of 366
million people were diagnosed with type 2 DM which
caused 4.6 million deaths in the year 2011. In addition to
this, 80 percent of type 2 DM patients belong to developing
countries and the number of patients will be an estimated
439 million by the year 2030. These numbers are truly a
subject for concern and implies that Type 2 DM is a very
common disease. L Olokoba, A. Olokoba and Obateru also
mentions that while there is still no accepted cure for Type
2 DM, treatments can range from the regulation of weight
(treating obesity), changes in habits/lifestyle or the intake of
medication such as oral hyoglycemic agents, biguanide
(reduce resistance of insulin), insulin sensitizers,
non-sulfonylurea secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha
glucosidase inhibitors and insulin. Type 2 Diabetes can be
caused by multiple factors that can either be from birth such
as our genetics, race and age, or could come from our own
habits such as our diet, physical activites and other activities
as metioned in the review of (Sami, Ansari, Butt, Hamid,
2017). Their research also highlights the connection
between Type 2 DM and complications wherein more than
50 percent of patients die from cardiovascular diseases such
as heart stroke and other primary heart diseases and causes
other complications such as diabetic retinopathy that causes
blindness among patients and the increased risks of limb
amputation. From this, we can hypothesize that Type 2 DM
is truly a pressing problem since, as mentioned above, there
is still no “true cure” for Type 2 DM, and the disease is
quite common and can be dangerous due to the
complications it may cause that has proven to be fatal for
some. While Type 2 DM can be prevented through various
means, the process of prevention and treatment can be
tricky, considering that the awareness towards DM is low
for both regular people and the lack of awareness is even
present for those who are already diagnosed with Type 2
DM. This is best described by multiple researches, a study
by (Muninarayana, Balachandra, Hiremath,Iyengar &Anil,
2010) conducted in India interviewed 311 adults in the age
group of 30 to 45 years old and measured their awareness
levels about diabetes mellitus, from their results a mere 45
percent were aware of the risks of diabetes and 16 percent
of 31 diabetics did not have any knowledge about the risks
of their own disease. Additionally 75 percent of the
respondents did not know the long-term effects and
complications of diabetes while among the diabetics, a mere
74.2 percent were aware of the complications they can
possibly face. The most surprising data presented by their
research was that only 50.8 percent of the respondents knew
about the condition of diabetes, implying another 49.2
percent, almost half, of respondents not knowing what
diabetes is. While this study was conducted in the rural
areas of India, it raises alarm because it was concluded that
their knowledge in terms of Diabetes was very poor.
Another similar study by (Hamoudi, Ayoubi, Sharbatti &
Shirwaikar, 2012) measured the awareness of 235
participants from UAE, where the disease is quite prevalent.
According to the research, the results state that the
knowledge about hypoglycemic symptoms and its
regulation is low and are not very aware of the severe
complications that may occur among diabetics, and have
low awareness of the different aspects of diabetes and
motivation to check for blood levels (indicators for
diabetes.), however it was concluded that the knowledge
among the respondents is just sufficient. Additionally, a
study conducted by (Mansour, Al-Maliky,
Kasem,Jabar,Mosbeh, 2014), showed that out of 5,445
adults in Iraq, 8.7 percent has already been diagnosed with
diabetes while 11 percent had “undiscovered diabetes”
(have diabetes, unaware of it.) Also, they were able to
conclude that one of five adults in Basrah, Iraq is affected
by the prevalence of diabetes. Most of these researches are
mutually conducted in developing countries and this could
be a possible contributing factor to the lack of knowledge
and awareness. However, one characteristic that makes
diabetes even more potentially dangerous is the symptoms
which are relatively less obvious, and there is the possibility
of “undiscovered diabetes”, according to the study of
(Ramachandran, 2014), A lot of people overlook the signs
and symptoms of diabetes because of the progression of the
disease in which the effects of hyperglecemia are not
immediate, however, the damage starts years before the
symptoms are noticeable. This makes recognition of
symptoms and the prevention much more difficult. The
factors such as the lack of awareness and knowledge about
diabetes among some areas of developing countries, paired
with the lack of clear, immediate symptom indicators and
the possibility of the disease remaining undiscovered makes
the disease all the more dangerous.
B. Moringa oleifera
Moringa Oleifera (MO) belongs to ​Moringacea ​family,
which accounts 14 species. It is a highly valued plant which
is commonly found in many countries mostly in the tropics
and subtropics. [1] It is highly valued herb in most countries
due to its impressive medicinal usage which is tested and
trusted for a lot of years.
In the field of medicine, it is claimed that there are
therapeutic potentials of ​Moringa oleifera ​in antibiotic,
antiulcer, antitrypanosomal, hypertensive, antispasmodic,
antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, and
hypoglycemic activities. It contains vitamins and minerals
specifically Vitamins A and C, Calcium, Iron, potassium
and that of proteins. [2] Thus it is really beneficial in
treating diseases and in healing sicknesses, most especially
in lowering blood sugar levels or in chronic hyperglycemia
which is an indicator of diabetes mellitus that is used in this
study. Also​, Moringa oleifera does not only help in treating
diabetes but also help in the diet or have what we call
“hypocholesterolemic” activity or agent. It was then found
that ​Moringa oleifera ​along with high-fat diet has helped in
decreasing the high-fat diet-induced which increases the
serum, liver and kidney cholesterol levels.[3] This means
that this will help in reducing diabetes since high
cholesterol foods will actually increase the blood sugar
levels.
Taking these effects into consideration, Moringa Oleifera is
considered to be truly beneficial as compared to insulin
since, taking into account the difficulty of detecting
immediate symptoms in DM (as mentioned above), insulin
can only be taken when a patient recognizes the presence of
Diabetes in his/her body. Also, considering that insulin is
merely a treatment, which is not even a recognized cure, it
can only be used as means of improvement of blood levels.
Compared to Moringa Oleifera, which possesses numerous
positive effects, it can act as both a medicine/supplement
and as a complement to food diets. Considering diets are
closely linked to the cause of diabetes (mentioned above),
Moringa Oleifera can act as both a treatment for Type 2
Diabetes and a means of prevention through its integration
into our diets. Not only does MO act as a possible “cure/
treatment”, it can also be considered as prevention since the
intake of MO as food can help the present diabetics and can
help prevent other non-diabetics obtain the disease.
II. METHODOLOGY
As stated earlier in the scope and limitations
portion, due to the limitations in animal handling experience
and time, the researchers will not be relying on any kind of
primary data from experimentation, but will instead, use
secondary sources to gather secondary data to formulate
data analysis.
A. Gathering of Secondary Data
As a means for finding secondary sources related
to the research, databases such as EBSCO and Google
Scholar were used to search for the available materials
(journals) that shared similarities to the study. In the
researchers’ case, the overall purpose and abstract of the
research were placed into consideration and was a key
factor in the selection of sources. In essence, the study
revolves around the supplementary effect of Moringa
Oleifera as a pair for insulin in the treatment of type 2
diabetes, however, due to the unavailability of sources
regarding the pairing of insulin and an herbal medicine in
supplements, the researchers will instead, use sources that
establish the hypoglycemic properties of Moringa Oleifera
and have similar methods of measurement. (and will assume
the hypoglycemic properties of Insulin as common
knowledge as it is regularly being used in the field of
medicine, especially in diabetes treatments.) From this, two
studies were chosen as secondary sources for secondary
data- “Hypoglycaemic effect of Moringa Oleifera ​and
Azadiractha Indica ​in Type 2 ​Diabetes Mellitus” ​[30] and
“​Blood Sugar Lowering Effect of Moringa Oleifera Lam in
Albino Rats”​ [31]
B. Study 1: ”Hypoglycaemic effect of Moringa
Oleifera ​and ​Azadiractha Indica i​ n Type 2 D
​ iabetes
Mellitus” ​[30]
This research, conducted by D. Jalaja Kumari,
was designed in order to establish and investigate the
hypoglycemic effects of both Moringa Oleifera and
Azadirachta Indica ​seeds powder. In order to conduct this,
they selected 55 type 2-diabetic patients and divided them
into an experimental (46 people) group which is subdivided
into the Moringa Oleifera group, which takes a total of 8
grams of Moringa Oleifera leaves powder in 3 doses per day
for a total of 40 days, and the Azadirachta indica group,
which takes a total of 6 grams of Azadirachta indica seeds
powder in 3 doses per day for a total of 40 days. The control
group (9 people) on the other hand, did not receive any form
of any treatment. In their research, the supposed impact of
the herbal powders on blood glucose and cholesterol levels
were measured through the BMI (body mass index), the
(mean) blood glucose values (in their case, the fasting and
postprandial levels were initially measured and estimated
and then analyzed again at the end of each trial of each
respective herbal powder.) and the (mean) blood lipid levels
(specifically, serum levels of Cholesterol, Triglyceride,
LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol) were measured.
After the experiment proper, the comparison between the
mean blood glucose levels and the mean blood lipid levels
of the experimental groups relative to the levels of the
control group was used in order to formulate the conclusion.
C. S ​ tudy 2: “​Blood Sugar Lowering Effect of Moringa
Oleifera Lam in Albino Rats”​ [31]
This research, conducted by Edoga C. O., Njoku O. O.,
Amadi E. N. & Okeke J. J., aims to investigate the effects of
Moringa oleifera on the blood sugar levels of Albino rats. In
order to conduct this, the researchers began by harvesting
Moringa Oleifera leaves which were then dried and then
pounded into powder form. For a day, this was then spread
into a 1% solution of sodium metabisulphate. This was then
sieved, acetone was added to the extract until precipitation,
wherein the precipitate was recovered and dried. Standard
solution was made using the “Tween” 80 solution. After the
creation of the plant, the researchers gathered commercial
Glucose, tolbutamide. sodium ethlyenediaminetetracetate,
ortho-toluidine, glacial acetic acid, trichioroacetic acid,
alloxan monohydrate and thiourea. After the collection of
these materials, the researchers then gathered Albino rats
(number not specified, probably _>30 obtained from “5
groups of 6 animals each”), kept them in standard condition
for 14 days. After this, hyperglycemia was induced on
Albino rats through the induction (injection) of Alloxan
(120mg/kg body weight). After the induction, blood levels
were constantly checked and monitored through the
tail-tipping method and only animals with glucose levels of
100mg/dl (hyperglycemic) were used. First off, Normal rats
were split into groups of 5 with 6 rats per group, with the
1st group receiving normal saline(2ml/kg body weight)
(sodium chloride plus water), 2nd group receiving
tolbutamide (200mg/kg body weight) while groups 3, 4 and
5 received 100,200 and 300mg/kg(body weight)
(respectively) of the Moringa aqueous extracts. This
procedure was repeated once again, this time using the
diabetic rats (induced with Alloxan) with the same
procedure. Blood samples were then taken at the original
point, an hour, 2hours and 6 hours after each of the
respective group’s intake. Comparing the results between
tolbutamide and the MO aqueous extracts were then able to
guide the researchers into formulating their conclusion.
III. DATA ANALYSES
While both experimental studies are mutually related with
their usage of Moringa Oleifera, the 1st study, [30]
”Hypoglycaemic effect of Moringa Oleifera a​ nd
Azadiractha Indica ​in Type 2 ​Diabetes Mellitus” ​clearly
shows the hypoglycemic activity of Moringa Oleifera,
whether if it is in comparison with Azadiractha Indica, or on
its own. According to the data of D. Jalaja Kumari, the
group of diabetics which administered Moringa Oleifera
leaves powder showed a decrease in fasting blood glucose
levels significantly at one percent levels, and a decrease in
post prandial blood glucose level at one percent levels.
From (table 4, pg 213), it can be seen that in the
Experimental group for Moringa Oleifera, fasting blood
glucose levels (measured in mg/dl) decreased from initial
level of 162±9.0 (mg/dL) to 117±21.3(mg/dl) with a t-value
of 5.94**(significant at one percent) and post prandial
blood glucose levels decreased from 219±77.4 (mg/dl) to
163±49.4(mg/dl) with t value at 2.9* (significant at five
percent). The control group, on the other hand, had a
constant value for fasting blood glucose from 159.5±6.8 to
159±7.4 and for post prandial blood glucose which even
moved up from 224 ±3.7 to 251±59.0. Additionally, the
mean blood lipid levels showed a similar trend, consistently
decreasing Serum total cholesterol levels, Serum
triglycerides, HDL-C levels and VLDL-C levels. While the
study may differ in the usage of diabetic patients instead of
the usual laboratory rat model, the experiment generally
showed that Moringa Oleifera was quite effective in
decreasing mean blood glucose values, post prandial blood
glucose levels, and the mean blood lipid levels relative to
Azadirachta indica seeds powder and that there is a
consistent hypoglycemic effect that can be found in the
Moringa Oleifera powder. The 2nd study on the other hand,
[31] “Blood Sugar Lowering Effect of Moringa Oleifera
Lam in ​Albino R ​ ats “ did not only re-establish the
hypoglycemic effects of Moringa Oleifera, it also compared
its effect relative to tolbutamide. Tolbutamide, just like
insulin, can be used as a drug for type 2 diabetes patients,
just like insulin, it also has a strong hypoglycemic effect.
Hypothetically, Moringa Oleifera extracts would have a
weaker effect than a drug like insulin, in the same manner
relative to tolbutamide. This was shown in the results
wherein Moringa Oleifera displayed its hypoglycemic
activity once again. On page 89, it was shown that in the
case of diabetec/ Alloxan-induced rats, for 100 mg/kg dose
of MO aqueous extract taken, blood glucose level decreased
from (mg/kg) 105.05±6.90, to 98±5.80 in one hour, 81±5.6
in three hours, 72.25±3.4 in six hours with a maximum
reduction of 31.22%. Increasing doses of MO aqueous
extract also showed an increase in effectiveness as well, for
300mg/kg does of MO aqueous extract taken, blood glucose
level decreased from 103.70± 0.84, 1h:93.3±1.17, 3h:82±
1.53 and 6h:57.08 ±1.11 with a maximum reduction of
44.96%. A dose of 200mg/kg tolbutamide proved to be
more effective however, with blood glucose level
decreasing from 106.30±3.01, 1h:83±3.01 , 3h:64.69±6.72
and 6h:56.60± 6.90 with a maximum reduction of 46.75%.
Both extracts however, were proven effective in their own
degree, relative to the control group which were merely
given 2(Ml/Kg) Normal Saline with blood glucose levels
negligibly hovering around the 117-115 mg/kg levels with a
maximum reduction of 2.26%. This table potentially shows
a similar (probable) table if insulin was used instead of
tolbutamide, one probability however, as shown in the table
for the effect of the different extracts on non-diabetic rats
which showed reductions of blood glucose levels lower than
normal glucose levels, thus the possibility of
(hypoglycemia) or low blood levels, thus, this must be kept
into consideration for those seeking an insulin treatment
backed with a hypoglycemic diet.
IV. CONCLUSION
From the earlier re-establishment of the hypoglycemic
effects of ​Moringa Oleifera, i​ t can be concluded that
Moringa Oleifera best serves as a mere supplement to
insulin, considering that its hypoglycemic effect is
lower/less effective compared to drugs for Type II diabetes
patients such as insulin or tolbutamide. Additionally,
Moringa Oleifera is also not a drug in itself, it can be easily The researchers would like to show their gratitude
incorporated into diets or into medicinal food supplements towards the following advisors who have helped them
as well. Moringa Oleifera would most likely, in most throughout the research process and for helping them
situations, e​ nhance the hypoglycemic effect of insulin with accomplish this study:
a smaller effect of its own, adding to the overall effect, thus
Mr. Jomar Abellana, their research adviser, for proactively
enhancing the entire hypoglycemic effect of the diet.
helping the research group and constantly teaching new
However, this must always be kept with strict regulation
techniques, (especially in our weak points, statistic
and cannot be used to dramatically, miraculously decrease
tests) to help enhance the effectiveness of tests and
glucose levels, for instance, incorporating MO supplements
experimentation for the research, for helping the
with insulin for patients with a less serious case of Diabetes,
research group pursue and reignite inspiration to carry
or with slightly elevated blood levels could eventually
on and finish the research from the past adviser and for
progress to become hypoglycemia (low blood levels), on the
tirelessly assisting the group throughout the different
other hand, the combination of both should not also be used
phases of the research proper.
to dramatically lower blood glucose instantaneously, but
Mr. Stephen Flores, ​their past research adviser, for initially
must be properly incorporated in a diet, wherein blood
guiding the researchers through the brainstorming
levels can be kept to optimal, with respect to the other
processes, the idea formulation and the initiation of the
components of a person’s holistic diet.
research proposal. He has also tirelessly worked to
improve the research papers and has proactively taught
in research classes to improve the overall effectiveness
RECOMMENDATIONS and quality of the research.
Ms. Joyce Rodriguez, ​their work immersion adviser, who
Through the analysis of the secondary sources, the
has helped the research change certain directions for the
secondary data to the implications and conclusions, the
better, for patiently bearing with the research group’s
researchers have devised a few recommendations for those
limitations of time and for constantly encouraging new,
choosing to pursue a similar path with this research:
more effective and more innovative ways to proceed
with the research proper.
1. That the future researchers should be more
experienced and/ or more willing to learn the
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