Discovering Social Sciences Disciplines

DISCIPLINE IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (DISS)
Prepared by: TAM GERALD P. CALZADO/Instructor for Humanities and Social Sciences
(HUMSS) Grade 11
Eastern Samar State University, Borongan City 6800
MODULE 1: EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
 Social Sciences – are the fields of scholarship/study of human society and of

individual relationships in and to society.
 FIELDS OF STUDY
1. Anthropology– study of humanity’s origins, customs and beliefs.
 Social-Cultural Anthropology – interested in exploring the possibility of the
evolution of society and culture. Associations: Economic Anthropology,
Political Anthropology, Psychological Anthropology, Ecological Anthropology,
Ethno-archeology, Anthropology of Religion
 Physical (Biological) Anthropology – attempts to explore human mystery
related to their origin, differentiation, diversities and distribution.
Associations: Primatology, Ethnology, Human biology, Paleontology, Human
Genetics, Nutritional Anthropology, Medical Anthropology, Physiological
Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology, Dental Anthropology, Human Growth
and Development, Anthropometry, Ergonomy, Demography, Ethology
 Archeological Anthropology – attempts to trace the origin, growth and
development of culture in the past.
 Linguistic Anthropology – branch of anthropology that deals with
language; it is concerned with the languages of all people, past and present
as it is the chief vehicle through which man preserves and transmits his
culture from generation to generation.
 Applied Anthropology
2. Economics – study concerned with the use of goods and services.

 Macroeconomics – concerned with whole aggregate economy. Issues such
as inflation, economic growth and trade.
 Microeconomics – concerned with individual markets and small aspects of
the economy.
 Associations: Behavioral Economics, Business Economics, Constitutional
Economics, Development Economics, Environmental Economics, Energy
Economics, Industrial Economics, Labor Economics, Econometrics, Urban
Economics
3. Geography – study of the earth’s surface and physical features, climate,

products and population.
 Human Geography – major branch that studies people and their interaction
with the earth and with their organization of space on the earth’s surface.
Associations: Economic Geography, Population Geography, Geography of
Religions, Medical Geography, Military Geography, Political Geography,
Agricultural and Rural Geography, Transportation Geography, Urban
Geography
 Physical Geography – major branch concerned with the natural features on
or near the surface of the earth. Associations: Biogeography, Water
Resources, Climate, Global Change, Geomorphology, Hazards Geography,
Mountain Geography, Cryosphere Geography, Arid Regions, Coastal and
Marine Geography, Soils Geography
 Other branches include:
a) Regional Geography – specializing in specific region of the planet
combining regional specialty with other branches of geography;
(HUMSS) Grade 11
b) Applied Geography – uses geographic knowledge, skills and techniques to
solve problems in society.
c) Cartography – focuses on improving and developing technologies in map-
making.
4. History – study of human affairs and past events; important sequence of

events; emphasis on cause and effect regarding decisions made by those in
power.
 Military History – refers to warfare, strategies, battles, weapons and
combat psychology
 History of Religion – topics range from political, cultural and artistic
dimensions to theology and liturgy.
 Social History – field that includes history of ordinary people and their
strategies and institutions to deal with life.
 Cultural History – examines narrative records and descriptions of
knowledge, customs and past arts of a group of people.
 Diplomatic History – focuses on relations between nations, mainly with
respect to diplomacy and the causes of wars.
 Economic History – deals with history of individual business organizations,
business methods, government regulation, labor relations, and impact on
society.
 Environmental History – study of human interaction with the natural world
over time.
 World History – the field that examines the story from a global perspective.
 Universal History – aims at presenting the history of humanity as a whole,
as a coherent unit.
 Intellectual History – focuses on intellectuals and their books, as well as a
study of ideas.
 Public History – describes the wide range of activities carried out by people
with some background in the discipline of history who works outside
academic settings. Associations: historical conservation, archival science, oral
history, curatorship.
 History of the Arts – includes study of the history of architecture, sculpture,
painting, music, dance, theatre, motion pictures, television and literature.
5. Linguistics–scientific study of language and its structure (i.e. morphology,

syntax, phonetics and semantics).
 Sociolinguistics – study of language and society
 Stylistics – study of language and literature
 Psycholinguistics – study of language and the mind
 Computational Linguistics – simulation of language by use of computers
 Comparative Linguistics – study of different languages and their respective
linguistic systems
 Historical Linguistics – study of language change overtime
 Applied Linguistics – study of language teaching
6. Political Science – study of government and its structure and activity

associated with it.
 Political Theory – concepts and principles used to analyze political events
and institutions
 Comparative Politics – study of various political systems
 International Relations – explain how international systems work
(HUMSS) Grade 11
 Political Behavior – explains the influences that defines a person’s political
views, ideology and levels of participation
 Public Policy – government maintains order and address the needs of its
citizens
 Public Administration – field of service that maintains a civil society and
provides for the needs of the public
 Associations: Normative Political Theory and Political Philosophy, Political
Behavior and Identities, Political Economy, Political Institutions, Political
Methodology, Security, Peace and Conflict
7. Psychology– scientific study of behavior and the mind.

 Pure branches – provide theoretical framework like formulation of principles,
theories and different methods for the assessment of human behavior
a) General Psychology – deals with fundamental rules, principles and
theories of psychology in relation to the study of behavior of normal adult
human beings
b) Physiological Psychology – describes biological basis of behavior
c) Developmental Psychology – explains growth and development of
various processes in relation to behavior
d) Child Psychology – deals with aspects of childhood growth and
development
e) Animal Psychology – deals with behavior of animals which are
generalized to human behavior
f) Abnormal Psychology – deals with various kinds of mental disorders,
their symptoms and causes
g) Social Psychology – deals with the interrelationships of people among
themselves, likes and dislikes of people, attitudes and interests, the
prejudices and social distances people have, group behavior, group
cohesiveness, conflicts and such
h) Biopsychology – looks at the role the brain and neurotransmitters play in
influencing our thoughts, feelings and behavior; this combines
neuroscience with psychology
i) Cognitive Psychology – deals with mental processes such as thoughts,
memory and problem solving
j) Social Psychology – focused on psychological aspects of individuals
within a community environment exploring characteristics such as
interdependence, adaptation, diplomacy, empowerment, social justice and
such
k) Parapsychology – study of extra sensory perceptions (esp or sixth sense)
such as clairvoyance, telepathy, psychokinesis, precognition,
reincarnation and contacting souls.
 Applied branches – deal with the application of psychological principles and
techniques
a) Educational Psychology – addresses the problems and improvements in
teaching and learning processes
b) Clinical Psychology – deals with therapeutic aspects of mental disorders
c) Industrial Psychology – addresses practical problems in the workplace
through application of psychological principles
d) Forensic Psychology – application of psychology to law making, law
enforcement, examination of witnesses, and the treatment of criminals;
also known as legal psychology
(HUMSS) Grade 11
8. Sociology– systematic study of relationship among people;
 Social Morphology – studies geographical aspects of society such as how
density of population affects society
 Social Physiology – studies influence of religion, law, economy and other
aspects on society
 General Sociology – philosophical part of sociology which aims to discover
laws from social associations
Modern Branches:
 Historical Sociology – studies background of social events
 Sociology of knowledge – tries to show that all things we know come
predetermined by social phenomena and social relations
 Criminology – studies criminal behavior of individuals or groups
 Political Sociology – studies interrelationship between society and politics
 Human Ecology – studies relation of humans with their natural, social and
built environment
 Associations: Rural Sociology, Urban Sociology, Sociology of Demography,
Economic Sociology, Sociology of Culture
9. Demography – interdisciplinary study of human populations, its characteristics

and development through time.
 Formal Demography – limits its object of study to the measurement of
population processes
 Social Demography – analyses relationships between economic, social,
cultural and biological processes influencing a population; also known as
population studies
Activity 1. Future Plans. General Instruction: Please write as legibly as you can
(though you may have this typewritten). Each paragraph should have at least 3
sentences.Kindly print/write in an A4 size paper. Please do not forget to indicate the
following at the top of your paper/s:
NAME: ______________________________________ DISS

GRADE/STRAND: HUMSS 11 Date of
Submission: ___________
As you have read, the social sciences comes with a huge variety of fields that one can
choose to study and specialize in. As a Humanities and Social Science (HUMSS) student,
what field of study appeals to you? Choose one field of study (though you may opt to have
more) and write an essay about it by answering the following guide questions:
1. What do you hope to be/to do in the future? Kindly choose one field of study and
search for a prospect course (should be linked to the chosen field of study).
2. What are the reasons and/or your motivations in choosing this field of study/course?
How do you think your chosen field can change the Filipino society for the better?
3. What are your future plans for you to finish your chosen field/course?
(HUMSS) Grade 11
Activity 2.Be Like Your Idol.Please write as legibly as you can (though you may have
this typewritten).Kindly print/write in an A4 size paper. Please do not forget to indicate the
following at the top of your paper/s:
NAME: ______________________________________ DISS

GRADE/STRAND: HUMSS 11 Date of
Submission: ___________
As you finish your HUMSS and choose your course, you will encounter the founders and
contributors of that field. For this activity, kindly choose three (3) fields of study
(preferably linked to your prospect courses), then for each of your chosen fields, search for
one (1) foreign and one (1) local founder/contributor/author. Kindly follow the following
guide:
Field of Study: __________________________________

Name (Foreign Contributor): _______________________
Brief Profile: (include only place of origin and the school/university he/she made the
contribution)
Contribution: (at least one contribution – either a book/idea and a brief description of the
book/idea/contribution to the field. At least three (3) sentences of description of
book/idea/contribution).
Field of Study: __________________________________

Name (Local Contributor): _______________________
Brief Profile: (include only place of origin and the school/university he/she made the
contribution)
Contribution: (at least one contribution – either a book/idea and a brief description of the
book/idea/contribution to the field. At least three (3) sentences of description of
book/idea/contribution.Nb. You may search about local university professors).
Sources:
 https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Anthropology/notes/main-branches-of-
anthropology.html
 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics#Branches_of_economics
 https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/141461/economics/branches-of-economics/
 https://www.thoughtco.com/branches-of-geography-1435592
 https://www.lifepersona.com/what-are-the-12-branches-of-history
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/historiography/Branches-of-history
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-27748-3_6
 https://quizlet.com/216343740/branches-of-political-science-flash-cards/
 https://polisci.duke.edu/undergraduate/fields
 http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/branch/branches-of-psychology-different-
branches-of-psychology/544
 https://www.sacap.edu.za/blog/psychology/types-of-psychology/
 https://education.onehowto.com/article/what-are-the-main-branches-of-sociology-
9927.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography
(HUMSS) Grade 11
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
Overview
 Views society as a complex system with many interdependent parts wherein the
parts work together to promote social stability and order
Theorists
 Emile Durkheim draws an analogy between the way a biological organism works
and society. The various organs of a living thing work together in order to maintain a
healthy whole in much the same way that various institutions in society work
together to produce social order.
 Max Weber believed that Bureaucratic coordination of human action is the
distinctive mark of modern social structures. Further, he stated that, in a society,
there should be:
 Hierarchy of authority
 Written rules of conduct
 Promotion should be based on achievement
 Specialized division of labor
Consensus and Conflict Theory
 Consensus
 Sees shared norms and values as fundamentals to society
 Focuses on social order based on tacit/unspoken agreements
 Examines value integration in society
 Absence of conflict as the equilibrium state
 A collection of theories in which social order and stability is the base of
emphasis
 Concerned with the maintenance or continuation of social order in relation to
norms, values, rules, etc.
 Emphasizes the dominance some social groups
 Social order as based on manipulation and control by dominant groups
 Asks how schools contribute to the unequal distribution of people into jobs in
society
 Education plays a big part in maintaining the prestige, power, and economic
and social position of the dominant
 Conflict
 The powerful classes dominate education
 All education is experienced through the knowledge that is approved for each
social class
 Formal educational structures support the preferences of the elite
 Four (4) Primary Assumptions of Modern Conflict Theory

 Competition
 Structural Inequality
 Revolution
(HUMSS) Grade 11
 War
Activity 1:Concept Map. Write at least 3 ideas of the word CONSENSUS.
Activity 2: Group Work. Each group will present their own ideas of the roles or functions
of the following organizations/structures of the society:
1. FAMILY
2. CHURCH
3. SCHOOL
4. GOVERNMENT
5. MEDIA
As your guide, kindly look into the following process questions:

1. How does each institution work in society according to structural-functionalism?
2. How important are the social functions of social structure to the stability of society?
3. Looking into Max Weber’s theory, what concrete examples can you cite? Kindly cite
historical issues and resolutions, locally, nationally or internationally to support your
answer.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM (cont..)
Durkheim and Functionalism

1. Successful socialization into the value consensus. People in society have shared
goals, roles and norms which enable people to operate.
2. Social integration. Durkheim believed that subjects such as history, language and
religious education link the individual to society, past and present, by promoting a
sense of pride in the historical and religious achievements of their nation. He argued
the main function of religion is to socialize society’s members into value consensus
by investing certain values with a sacred quality
3. Social Control. Once members of society have been socialized into values, they
need to be regulated by having social control (formal and informal) since without
social control, society would be disordered.
4. Specialized division of labor. Education encourages learning skills and attitudes
through exams and qualifications so that we can work in jobs that suit our abilities;
families encourage us to commit to a career. We can therefore make our own
valuable contribution to society – working within the various social institutions.
Parsons and Functionalism

 Used organic analogy identifying 3 similarities of society with biological organisms:
 Both are self-regulating systems of interrelated interdependent parts that fit
together in fixed ways
 Both have needs which must be met in order to survive (e.g. members must
be socialized and organisms need nutrition
 The functions maintain the system ensuring its survival (e.g. circulatory
system and economy)
 Social order is achieved through a central values system or shared culture: a set of
norms, values, beliefs and goals shared by society. Value consensus is the glue that
holds society together. This is made possible by integrating individuals into the
social system and directing them towards meeting the system’s needs. There are 2
system mechanisms to ensure conformity:
 Socialization – process by which an individual learns or internalizes the
culture of society. Through socialization in the family, education, work, etc.,
individuals internalize the system’s norms and values so society becomes
part of their personality structure
(HUMSS) Grade 11
 Social control – positive sanctions reward conformity, negative ones punish
deviance (e.g. education success = degrees/qualifications; those who deviate
dropout = stigmatized as layabouts
 Socialization and social control ensure we each follow society’s shared
norms, and this enables others to predict our behavior with confidence which
makes cooperation easier: they are motivated pursuing society’s goals.
 Parts of the social system:
 Individual actions – each action we perform is governed by a system of
specific norms/rules
 Status-roles – are ‘clusters’ or sets of norms that tells us how the occupant
of a status must act (e.g. teachers must be knowledgeable)
 Institutions – are clusters of status-roles (e.g. the family is an institution
made up of roles such as parents)
 Sub-systems – groups of related institutions (e.g. shops, farms, factories
form part of the economic sub-system)
 Social system – subsystems together make up the social system as a whole
 Building Block Model
 GAIL Schema. Society is a system with its own needs. In this, Parson identifies 4
basic needs: GAIL:
 Goal attainment. Society needs to set goals and allocate resources to
achieve them (political subsystem e.g. Parliament)
(HUMSS) Grade 11
 Adaptation of the environment to meet people’s material needs (economic
subsystem e.g. shelter, food)
 Integration. The different parts of the system must be integrated together
to pursue shared goals (subsystem: religion, education, media)
 Latency. Refers to processes that maintain society overtime. The kinship
subsystem provides ‘pattern maintenance’ and ‘tension management’
ensuring individuals are motivated to continue performing their roles.
Prerequisite Description/explanation Sub-system
or system
need
Integration Coordinating all parts of the Cultural/community organisations.

system to achieve shared goals, For example, the mass media,
with people having a sense of education and religion socialise
belonging to society. Socialisation individuals into conformity to
into shared beliefs, values and social norms and values and the
goals promotes social harmony criminal justice system and other
and solidarity with social control social control agencies restrict any
to prevent deviance. threats to social order.
Latency (or Minimizing social tensions and Family and kinship
pattern interpersonal conflicts which For example, the family is a key
maintenance) might prevent individuals and agency of socialization and social
society working efficiently, and control: a place to recharge
preserving/maintain commitment batteries, let off steam and
to culture and pattern of values escape and recover from the
stresses and influences of daily
life outside the family.
Integration Coordinating all parts of the Cultural/community organisations.
system to achieve shared goals, For example, the mass media,
with people having a sense of education and religion socialise
belonging to society. Socialisation individuals into conformity to
into shared beliefs, values and social norms and values and the
goals promotes social harmony criminal justice system and other
and solidarity with social control social control agencies restrict any
to prevent deviance. threats to social order.
Latency (or Minimizing social tensions and Family and kinship
pattern interpersonal conflicts which For example, the family is a key
maintenance) might prevent individuals and agency of socialization and social
society working efficiently, and control: a place to recharge
preserving/maintain commitment batteries, let off steam and
to culture and pattern of values escape and recover from the
stresses and influences of daily
life outside the family.
 Parson’s Types of Society

Traditional Society Modern Society
• Ascribed status (fixed at birth, • Achievement status is based on
not to do with what you have performance such as effort in
achieved education – i.e. what you do, not
who you are or who you know
• Diffuseness: relationships have a • Specificity - relationships are
broad range of purposes e.g. on narrow and limited to specific
the family farm – relatives are also purposes (e.g. lawyer and client)
workmates
• Particularism: norms emphasise • Universalism – Norms emphasis
treating people differently e.g. everyone being treated the same
employing someone just because (e.g. giving the job to the best
they’re a relative qualified person)
(HUMSS) Grade 11
• Affectivity – immediate • Affective neutrality – Deferred
gratification of desires, e.g. gratification e.g. staying on at
leaving school early to start school
earning
• Collective orientation: putting • Self orientation – individualism,
the groups interests first pursuing one’s own self-interest.

Discovering Social Sciences Disciplines

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DISCIPLINE IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (DISS)

MODULE 1: EMERGENCE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

 Social Sciences – are the fields of scholarship/study of human society and of

2. Economics – study concerned with the use of goods and services.

3. Geography – study of the earth’s surface and physical features, climate,

4. History – study of human affairs and past events; important sequence of

5. Linguistics–scientific study of language and its structure (i.e. morphology,

6. Political Science – study of government and its structure and activity

7. Psychology– scientific study of behavior and the mind.

9. Demography – interdisciplinary study of human populations, its characteristics

NAME: ______________________________________ DISS

NAME: ______________________________________ DISS

Field of Study: __________________________________

Field of Study: __________________________________

Consensus and Conflict Theory

 Four (4) Primary Assumptions of Modern Conflict Theory

Activity 1:Concept Map. Write at least 3 ideas of the word CONSENSUS.

As your guide, kindly look into the following process questions:

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM (cont..)

Durkheim and Functionalism

Parsons and Functionalism

 Building Block Model

Integration Coordinating all parts of the Cultural/community organisations.

 Parson’s Types of Society

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