1.

Accelerating Scuff – are left by a wheel driven by the engine and spinning on the
ground. 1
2. Accident (Legal meaning) – an accident is any happening beyond the control of a person
the consequences of which are not foreseeable1
3. ADJUDICATION - it is court function, the police provides influence on this step by as a
witness to the prosecution by supplying additional evidence. It determines the guilt or
innocence of the accused.
4. APPREHENSION - a police responsibility wherein the police are required action to
prevent continued and future violation
5. Area Patrol – Conduct observation either by moving patrol or stationary observation in a
certain area, which included a number of streets roads or sections of a highway. 1
6. Articulated Vehicle- shall mean any motor vehicles with a trailer having no front axle and
so attached that part of the trailer rest upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of
the weight of the trailer and of its load is born by the motor vehicle. 1
7. Box Junction - is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent congestion and
gridlock at junctions.
8. Broken White Lines – is used to define or separate traffic lanes. It permits crossing from
one lane to another if there is ample passing distance, and if the opposing lane is clear
of traffic.1
9. Broken Yellow Lines – is a two way/highway which means no overtaking or passing is
permitted only when the road ahead is clear. 1
10. Chain of Events – is the making up of accident or the link which explains the occurrence
of the accident and its components are present in every accident. 1
11. Combination Scuff – are combination of slide with either decelerating or accelerating
scuffs. 1
12. Concealed Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to
persons using ordinary power of observation form the roadway being observed.1
13. CONDUCTOR- Licensed person allowing limited number of passengers, freight or cargo
in public utility truck or buses
14. Conspicuous Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer remains in full
review of traffic conditions. 1
15. Curb in Skidmarks – are usually gentle slides toward the edge of the road which is simply
downhill.1
16. Curve markings – are used to show where parking is legally prohibited or not allowed,
such Bus Stop, or in front of a fire hydrant, drive way. 1
17. Decelerating Scuff – are left while the vehicle is slowing by braking effort and tires are
both sliding and rolling. 1
18. Defensive Driving – is an act of driving while preventing accidents despite of the wrong
actions of others aggravated by the existence of adverse driving conditions.1
19. Destination and distance signs – is usually erected on highway informing the motorist as
to the number of kilometers and at which way to take going to its place of destination1
20. Disengagement – is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it
has collided.
21. Double Yellow Line – indicates two way traffic; were crossing of pedestrian and motorist
is not allowed. It separates the opposing flow of traffic1
22. DRIVER’S LICENSE- issued to the drivers as privilege granted by the government
providing statutory qualification
23. Encroachment – is the movement of a vehicle into the path assigned to the other traffic
unit. 2
24. Erasing – is a clean light area where a sliding tire had erased or removed dirt from the
pavement.
25. Evasive Action – is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course
or otherwise avoid the hazard. 2
26. Final Position – is the place and time when the object involved in the accident finally
come to rest without application of power.
27. Final Rest of Stopping – it usually stabilizes the accident situation where both vehicles in
a collision has ceases its force, and stopping may occur with or without control by the
driver or pedestrian
28. Flat Tire Scuffs – will leave marks by a scrubbing action even without application of
brakes due to overload. 22
29. Force Majure – is an inevitable accident or casualty, an accident produced by any
physical cause which is irresistible. In other words it is an Act of Man, such robbery, fire,
fault, negligence, rebellion, etc. 2
30. Fortuitous Event – an event which takes place by accident and could not have been
foreseen2
31. Front Wheel Marks – are in long skids on hard pavement with bituminous binders. Front
wheels skidmarks in which most of the mark is at edge of the tire. 2
32. Gaps in Skidmarks – are interruptions in skidmarks made by release of brake pressure
and its reapplication. 2
33. Guide or Informative Signs - are intended to guide road-users while they are traveling or
to provide them with other useful information.
34. Imprudence – indicates deficiency of action. If a person fails to take the necessary
precaution to avoid injury to a person or damage to property, there is imprudence.
Imprudence usually involves lack of skill. 2
35. Information signs – is usually erected on highway which informs the motorist of the
establishments in the era, such hospitals, restaurants, restrooms, hotels, and other
establishments which provide services to motorist.
36. 2Initial Contact – it is the first accidental touching of an object collided with by a traffic
unit in motion.
37. Land Transportation Office- tasked to enforce laws, rules and regulation governing the
registration of motor vehicles, operation of motor vehicle and traffic rules and regulation
as provided by RA 4136 as amended.
38. Last Clear Chance - it means that the driver who is in the better position to prevent the
accident shoulders the responsibility of preventing the accident.2
39. LICENSING SYSTEM- it is the system of issuing license to any person who is qualified
to fulfill the responsibilities required by the licens which was administered by the LTO
40. Line Patrol – Conducts observation either in moving or stationary observation at a
certain route or point of a major street in a city. 2
41. Maximum Delayed Perception – occurred when the traffic unit does not sense a hazard
until he hits another vehicle. 2
42. Maximum Engagement – is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision. 3
43. Motor Vehicle – shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular
power using the public highways, but exempting road rollers, trolley cars, street
sweepers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles which runs only on rails or
tracks, tractors, trailers, and traction engine. 3
44. Negligence – indicates a deficiency of perception. If a person fails to pay proper
attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury or damage impending to be
caused there in negligence.
45. Object Markings – are painted on fixed poles, and on vertical ends of bridges and ports
to avoid accidents.
46. 3OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- yield to emergency vehicle, pedestrians, trains, vehicle
with right of way, vehicles ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic, vehicles with momentum,
straight traffic, and traffic signs.
47. Orthopedically impaired - person with amputated left or right leg, amputated left or
right arm, postpolio victims with one paralyzed leg either left or right.3
48. Overlapping Skidmark – occurs when the rear wheels track on top of the front wheel
marks in sliding.
49. Overtaking a vehicle – The driver of any motor vehicle overtaking another vehicle
overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass at a safe distance
to the left3
50. Painted Crosswalk – are placed at intersections and other places where there is
considerable pedestrians traffic to provide pedestrians with safety zones when crossing3
51. Partially blind – person with no left eye but good right eye sight or no right eye but with
good left eye sight. 3
52. Pavement Markings – are markings on the roads and surfaces whereby a message is
conveyed by means of words or symbols, officially reflected for the purpose of
regulating, warning and guiding traffic.
53. Pavement Grinding – is the collection of many fine scratches and some larger one form
by particles of gritty materials such as stone, gravel, glass and sometimes bit of metal
embedding itself in the rubber of the tire or in the thread pattern and being ground or
scored against the road surface. 3
54. PENALIZATION - the imposition of penalty upon the accused. Penalty can be influenced
by previous records of conviction as provided by the police.
55. Perception of hazard – is the point of sensory warning at which the operator sensed the
approaching hazard.3
56. Point of Impact – is used to mean as the point of initial contact, sometimes it is
considered the point of maximum engagement or center of force. 3
57. Point of No Escape – is the place and time after or beyond which the accident cannot be
prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
58. POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION- It involves telling the public how and when they should
not stand and move
59. POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT- It involves mobile supervision of traffic movement,
directing orally and visually are done to allow free and safe movement of escorted
vehicles.
60. Possible perception - is a link in the accident chain dealing with the reaction of a normal
person44
61. Professional Driver – shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or
operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for public.Prompt Perception – is
the perception of hazard which is actually nearly the possible accident. 4
62. Railways- channel of transportation wherein a parallel line of irons were used as roads
63. Rear Tire Marks – are relatively faint because of lesser weight on the tire in slowing.
They may show thread grooves when the front tire marks do not.
64. Reflectorized Markings – are used to mark hazardous areas and also used as delineators
or road limits, these delineators are aids especially during night driving, particularly
when the alignment of a road changes and might confused the operator of the vehicle.
65. 4Regulatory Signs - are intended to inform road-users of special obligations, instructions
or prohibitions which must comply4
66. Right of Way. – (a) When two vehicles approach or enter and intersection at
approximately the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of
way to the vehicle on the right, except as otherwise herein after provided. 4
67. Road Intelligence – Unusual points of serious congestion must be noted. You may
observe an unusual amount of delay at a certain intersection each morning and when
you learn that it is due to loading 4
68. Route markings – is usually found on highways composed of several lanes which are
going into different direction.
69. Side Scuff – are scuff marks left by a tire that is free to rotate without braking or power
the sliding sidewise, these are usually left by a vehicle steering around a curb and also in
collision. 4
70. Scrub of Tire during Collision – collision of cars usually cause the wheel to jam and
prevents it from turning. If the vehicles are moving there will be a heavy scrubbing
action between tire and road surface4
71. Scuff Marks – are signs left on the road by tires that are sliding or scrubbing while the
wheel is still turning.4
72. Skidmarks – are marks on the road left by tires that are not fee to rotate usually because
brakes are applied strongly to lock wheels.4
73. Smear of Bituminous Material – is excess asphalt or tar, usually warm which spread by a
sliding tire this occurs in pavement patches and joints in very warm weather and else
where when there is an excess of tar or asphalt bleeding to the surface.4
74. Skip Skid – are skidmarks that are broken or interrupted without brakes being release. 4
75. Smear of Soft Material – materials such as snow, mud, or debris usually wet smooth or
spread by a sliding tire. It occurs on road covered with snow, or mud. 4
76. Solid White Line – is used to separate opposing streams of traffic. Crossing is unlawful
except where ample distance exists and where the opposing traffic lane is clear of traffic.
77. Solid Yellow Line – is your driving lane prohibits you from passing other vehicles. 4
78. 4Squeeze Mark – are areas where a sliding tie rubs moisture of the surface in its path. It
occurs on some kind of surface as erasing except that the surface is wet. 4
79. State of Necessity – there is state of necessity even if the injury to a person results in his
death, because self-preservation always makes the actor feel that his own safety is
greater than that of another. 5
80. Stationary Observation – Observation of traffic conditions of a selected place, usually
one with unfavorable accident experiences for traffic law supervision. 5
81. Stop Line – it indicates where stop should be made.5
82. Striped Curb Markings – are markings used in traffic islands in order to warn the driver
of the traffic island on the road and aids the motorist to its traffic lane. 5
83. SUPERVISED ROUTE- A street or highway on which traffic is supervised to some
considerable degree
84. Tire Grinding – is the collection of particles of rubber ground from the tire surface by
gritty paving, especially before the tire gets hot enough smear.5
85. Tire Smear – is a rubber melted from the tire rather than material melted from the road
by a sliding tire. 5
86. Traffic – is a movement of vehicles along a route where passengers and cargoes are
carried by transportation.
87. Traffic Management – it comprises all public surfaces , facilities and agencies having
responsibility for licensing, approving, maintaining and controlling the flow of traffic and
the use of traffic facilities5
88. Traffic Actuated Signal – is controlled by an individual using his hands in signaling the
flow of traffic wherein traffic shall proceed in accordance with the desire of the
individual controlling the flow of traffic.
89. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ ENVIRONMENT- the study of potentially disastrous population
explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban
concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding,
transport congestion which result therein
90. TRAFFIC ECONOMY-deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our
economy
91. Traffic Education– comprises all means for public information and the safety education
of both drivers and pedestrians as to traffic laws and the use of traffic facilities and an
adequate training programs in traffic control throughout the police unit.
92. Traffic Engineering– that phase of engineering which deals with the planning and
geometric design of streets, highways and abutting lands, and with traffic operation
thereon, as their use is related to the safe, convenient and economic transportation of
persons and goods.
93. TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL- It is the control direction of traffic units
according to proportionate time to prevent traffic accident to maintain smooth flow of
traffic.
94. Traffic Islands– are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish
physical channels through which vehicular traffic is guided, that will segregate
pedestrian.
95. Traffic Law Enforcement – comprises al police activities in connection with the direction
of traffic, regulation and education of drivers, determine potential offenders, constant
patrol, giving of assistance in the prosecution of offenders, investigation of accidents,
 follow-up complaints, requesting police action, warning, summoning or arrest of
violators, reporting of road hazards and obstruction. 6
96. Traffic Patrol – May be conducted on area or line bases which refer to the territory
covered. 6
97. Traffic Signs – a device mounted on a fixed or portable means of words or symbols,
officially created and installed for the purpose of regulating, warning and guiding traffic.
98. Transfer Evidence – it is an evidence found at the accident scene that will connect to the
suspected vehicle and with the crime scene.6
99. Visible Observation – Stationary observation in which observer is full view but so
located, for example, at Side Street, so as to require effort on the part of traffic users to
discover the observer. 6
100. Warning Signs - are intended to warn road-users of danger on the road and to
inform them of its nature. 6
101. Wheel - was invented probably in Western Asia and one of man’s great
inventions 6