Preparation Properties Fi PDF

19
1.
2.
IIT–JEE Syllabus
Introduction
Preparation &
Properties of
Compounds
3. Compounds of Aluminium
3.1 Aluminium oxide or Alumina (Al2O3)
3.2 Aluminium Chloride
3.3 Aluminium
4. Compounds of Boron
4.1 Boric acid In this chapter you will study the preparation
4.2 Borax (Sodium tetraborate)
Na2B4O7.10H2O of various important compounds, their
5. Compounds of Silicon
5.1 Silicones
5.2 Silicon Carbide (Carborundum), SiC
different properties. You will also see the
6. Compounds of Nitrogen
6.1 Oxides of Nitrogen various types of reactions they undergo.
6.2 Oxy acids of Nitrogen
7. Phosphorus Chemistry
7.1 Oxides of Phosphorous In order to make the study systematic and
7.2 Oxy Acids of Phosphorous
8. Sulphur Chemistry convenient the chapter has been divided into
8.1 Sulphur oxides and oxy acids
8.2
8.3
Oxo acids of Sulphur
Sulphuric acid or Oil of Vitrol
two parts. We have kept aluminium, Boron
8.4 Sulphurous acid
8.5 Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) and silicon and their related compounds in
8.6 Hydrogen Sulphide
8.7 Allotropy in Sulphur the first part.
9. Halogens
9.1 Inter halogen compounds
9.2 Properties of Hydrogen Halides
9.3 Pseudohalide ions and pseudohalogens Second part deals with carbon, and its
9.4 Oxy acids of chlorine
10. Compounds of Silver various oxides. Along with this second part
11. Hydrogen Peroxide also contains various oxides of nitrogen,
12. Carbon
13. Ammonia
phosphorus, their fertilizers and various
14. Fertilizers halogen acids.
15. Bleaching Powder
16. Answers to Exercises
17. Solved Problems (Subjective)
18. Assignements (Subjective Problems)
19. Assignements (Objective Problems)
20. Answer to Objective
Assignments
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-1
1. IIT–JEE Syllabus
Alumina, aluminium chloride and alums; oxides and chlorides of tin and lead; ferrous
sulphate, Mohr's salt, ferric oxide and ferric chloride, copper sulphate, oxide and
sulphite of zinc, silver nitrate and silver bromide. Hydrogen peroxide; carbon oxides
and carbides; nitrogen and phosphorous: oxides and oxyacids, ammonia, fertilisers;
sulphur: oxides, sulphurous and sulphuric acids, sodium thiosulphate and hydrogen
sulphide; halogens: hydrohalic acids, oxyacids of chlorine, bleaching powder.
2. Introduction
This chapter focuses on the various aspects of compounds of aluminum, iron, tin, silver and
other important metals along with the various reactions, the metals and their compounds
undergo. It also deals with the preparation, properties of non metals like carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorous, their various fertilizers widely used in the industry.
3. Compounds of Aluminium
3.1 Aluminium oxide or Alumina (Al2O3)
a)  - Al2O3 (rhombic lattice) is dense, hard and resistant to chemical attack.

 - Al2O3 occurs in the earth’s crust as corundum, (Al2O3). Transparent coloured crystals
of corundum, viz. Ruby (red due to the presence of Cr) and sapphire (blue due to Ti and
Re) are used as precious stones (gems)
b)  – Al2O3 is less dense, soft and has a high surface area. It is used as an excellent
selective adsorbent in dehydration, decolourisation and chromatography.
3.2 Aluminium chloride: (AlCl3)
a) Anhydrous Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) on heating it sublimes at 180°C and the vapour
density corresponds to the formula Al2Cl6.
Cl
Cl Cl
Al Al
Cl Cl
Cl
The dimeric formula is retained in non polar solvents but it broken into [Al(H2O)6]Cl3 on
dissolution in water on account of high heat of hydration
3.3 Aluminium
Aluminium ions crystallize from aqueous solutions, forming double salts. These are called
aluminium alums and have the general formula [M(H2O)6][Al(H2O)6](SO4)2, M is a singly
charged cation such as Na+, K+ or NH4+
Some M3+ ions other than Al3+ also form alums of formula [M(H2O)6[ [MIII(H2O)6](SO4)2.
Some of important alums are
FIITJEE, Ltd. ICES House, (Near Hauz Khas Bus Terminal), Sarvapriya Vihar, New Delhi - 16. Ph: 6515949, 6865182, 6854102. Fax: 6513942
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-2
Potash alum : K2SO4. Al2(SO4)324H2O

Ammonium alum : (NH4)2SO4. Al2(SO4)324H2O
Sodium alum : Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)324H2O
Chrome alum : K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)324H2O
Ferric alum : (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)324H2O
4. Compounds of Boron
4.1 Boric Acid
a) Orthoboric acid (H3BO3)
a1) i) Preparation from borax

Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O  Na2SO4 + 4H3BO3
ii) From colemanite
Ca2B6O11 + 2SO2 + 11H2O  2Ca(HSO3)2 + 6H3BO3
Boric acid forms white needle like crystal. It has a layer structure involving
triangular BO3 groups joined by hydrogen bonds.
H H
H H B H H
B H H B H
a2) Action of heat

373
4H3BO3  k  4HBO2 
413
k  H2B4O7 
Read
heat
 2B2O3
 4H2O H2O H2O
Metaboric acid Tetrabasic acid Boron trioxide
a3) It behaves as a weak monobasic acid

B(OH)3 H3BO3 H+ + H2BO 3 H2O + BO 2
Thus on titration with NaOH, it gives sodium metaborate salt
H3BO3 + NaOH NaBO2 + 2H2O
Fusion
a4) B(OH)3 + MO    M – borates
Metal oxide
Where M stands for a bivalent metal
NH
a5) B(OH)3  4HF 2
 NH 4BF4 B 2
 O
3
 BF3
Fusion Ammonium boro heat
fluoride
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4.2 Borax (sodium tetraborate) Na2B4O7. 10H2O

Borax occurs naturally and is also called Tinacal or suhaga. Tinacal contains 45% of borax
a) Preparation from Boric Acid

4H3BO3 + Na2CO3  Na2B4O7 + 6H2O + CO2
b) Basic Nature:- aqueous solution of borax is alkaline in nature due to its hydrolysis
Na2B4O7 + 3H2O  NaBO2 + 3H3BO3

NaBO2 + 2H2O NaOH + H3BO3
Strong alkali
c) Action of heat:
o
heat
Na2B4O7.10H2O   740
 Na2B4O7   C
 2NaBO2 + B2O3
10H2O
(Anhydroussodium metaborate) anhydride basic
Transparent glassy mass
When hot glassy mass is brought in contact with a coloured salt and heated again in the
flame, B2O3 displaces the volatile oxides and reacts with basic oxides to form metaborates.
Metaborates of basic radicals show characteristic colours. This test is known as borax bead
test.
Colour of metaborates of Cu Fe Co Cr Ni
Blue Green Blue Green Brown
5. Compounds of Silicon
5.1 Silicones
Silicones are organo – silicon polymers containing Si – O – Si linkages. These are formed
by the hydrolysis of alkyl or aryl substituted chlorosilanes and their subsequent
polymerisation.
H2
R3SiCl  O  R SiOH
3
Silanol
R R R R
| | | |
R  S i  OH  HO  S i  R  R  Si  O  Si  R
| | | |
R R R R
Silicone
R2SiCl2 gives rise to straight chain linear polymers
RSiCl3 gives a complex cross linked polomer
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OH
H2
O |
RSiCl 3  R  S i  OH
|
R
R R
| |
HO  S i  OH  HO  S i  OH
| |
R R
| |
R  Si  O  Si R
| |
O O
| |
These polymers are used in water proofing textiles in glassware, as lubricants and anti
foaming agents.
5.2 Silicon Carbide (Carborundum), SiC
It is obtained when a mixture of sand, carbon common salt and saw dust is strongly heated
in an electric furnace
SiO2 + 3C  SiC + 2CO
It is chemically inert and resists the attack of almost all the reagents. It is used as an
abrasive to make grind stones knife sharpness, etc.
Illustration 1: What is etching of glass? How does to happens?
Solution: Glass is chemically attacked by HF

This is known as etching of glass due to corrosive action of HF
Na2SiO3 + 6HF  2NaF + SiF4 + 3H2O
CaSiO3 + 6HF  CaF2 SiF4 + H2O
SiF4 + 2HF  H2SiF6
6. Compounds of Nitrogen
6.1 Oxides of Nitrogen
6.1.1 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

+ +
N=N=O  N  N – O
Linear Molecule
It is used for the preparation of azides
N2O + NaNH2  NaN3 + H2O
6.1.2 Nitric oxide (NO)

+
N = O  N = O
(Paramagnetic)
The liquid and solid states are diamagnetic, becuause close dimers are formed
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N ------------------ O
| |
O ------------------ N
Reaction with Cl2

2NO + Cl2  2NOCl
(nitrosyl chloride)
6.1.3 Nitrogen oxide

N N

O 132 O
O O
The gas condenses to a brown liquid which turns paler on cooling and eventually
becomes a colourless solid, due to dimerization.
2NO2 N2O4
O O
N ———N Planar structure
O O
Liquid N2O4 is useful as a non – aqueous solvent. It self – ionizes as
N2O4 NO+ + NO3–

acid base
A typical acid base reaction is
NOCl + NH4NO3  NH4Cl + N2O4

Acid base salt solvent
6.1.4 Nitrogen trioxide or nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O3)
O O
N———N O=N N=O
O
O
N2O3 + H2O  2HNO2

(anhydride of nitrous acid)
N2O3 + 2HClO4  2NO [ClO4] + H2O
6.1.5 Di nitrogen pentoxide [N2O5]
It is the anhydride of HNO3. It is a strong oxidizing agent

O O
–
Solid N2O5 is ionic NO2 NO3
+
N—O—N
O O
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6.2 Oxy Acids of Nitrogen

:N—OH
1. H2N2O2 Hyponitrous acid
HO — N:
HO OH
2. H2 NO2 Hydronitrous acid N— N
HO OH
3. HNO2 Nitrous acid
4. HNO3 Nitric acid
O
5. HNO4 Per nitric acid H—O—O—N
O
Illustration 2: If starting reagents are elements, what sequence of reactions leads to N 2O?
Solution: On passing air through an electric arc, first nitric oxide, NO is formed
N2 + O2  2NO
When nitric oxide is allowed to come in contact with moist iron fillings, nitrous
oxide. N2O is formed.
2NO + H2O + Fe  N2O + Fe(OH)2
Illustration 3: How are the following prepared?

i) N2H4
ii) NH2OH
iii) H3PO2
Solution: i) NH3 + NaOCl   NH2Cl + NaOH

glue or
gelatine
NH2Cl + NH3  NH2.NH2 + HCl

NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
ii) NaNO2 + NaHSO3  HON(SO3Na)2 + Na2SO3 + H2O

HON(SO3Na)2 + H2O  HONH(SO3Na) + NaHSO4
HONH(SO3Na) + H2O  HONH2 + NaHSO4
iii) 8P + 3Ba(OH)2 + 6H2O  2PH3 + 3Ba(H2PO2)2
Excess of Ba(OH)2 removed as BaCO3 by passing CO2 into the solution
Ba(H2PO2)2 + H2SO4  2H3PO2 + BaSO4
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-7
7. Phosphorus Chemistry
7.1 Oxides of Phosphorus
H3PO4
H3PO3
H2O
H2O H3PO4 + H3PO3
Cl3PO
P4O6 H2O
P4O10 ROH
Excess
O2 H2SO4
O2
HNO3
P4 SO3 OR(OR)3
Cl2 N2O5
Excess
PCl5 Cl2 PCl5 ROH + base (RO)3P
540  570K
P4   P4 (Re d)
(White) (Density = 2.1)
(Poisionous) (non poisonous polemer of P4 unit)
Structure of Phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10)

O
O O
O P O O P O
O O
P4O10 + 6H2O  4H3PO4

(anhydride of
phosphoric acid)
Phosphorus trioxide : [P4O6]

O O
P
P O O
P
P
O O
P4O6 + 6H2O  4H3PO3

cold
P4O6 + 6H2O  PH3 + 3H3PO4
hot
7.2 Oxy – Acids of Phosphorus
O
||
1. H3PO2 Hypophosphorus acid H  P  OH
|
H
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-8
O
||
2. H3PO3 Phosphorus acid H  P  OH
|
OH
O O
3. || ||
Hypophosphoric acid HO  P  P  OH
H4P2O6 | |
OHOH
O
||
4. H3PO4 Orthophosphoric acid H  O  P  OH
|
OH
O O
|| ||
5. H4P2O7 Pyrophosphoric acid HO  P  O  P  OH
| |
OH OH
Metaphosphoric acid O
6. HPO3 ||
O  P  OH
8. Sulphur Chemistry
8.1 Sulphur Oxides and Oxy-acid
Sulphur forms several oxides of which sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3) are
important.
Sulphur dioxide:
Preparation: It is formed by burning sulphur in air or roasting metal sulphides in the

presence of air
S8 + 8O2  8 SO2
4FeS2 + 11O2  2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Properties:
1. As reducing agent
i) Action on halogens :
SO2 + Cl2 +2H2O  H2SO4 + 2HCl
ii) Action on FeCl3 :

2FeCl3 + SO2 + 2H2O  H2SO4 + 2FeCl2 + 2HCl
2. Reaction with acidified KMnO4 :
2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O  K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
3. Reaction with acidified K2Cr2O7 :
K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-9
4. Oxidising property
i) 2H2S + SO2  2H2O + 3S

ii) SO2 + 2Mg  2MgO + S
Sulphur trioxide:
Preparation: i) By catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide

V2O5, 700K
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
ii) By dehydration of H2SO4

H2SO4 P2 O5
 SO3 + H2O.
heat
8.2 Oxo Acids of Sulphur
HO
H2SO3 Sulphurous aicd S=O
HO
O O
|| ||
H2S2O5 di-or pyrosuphurous acid HO  S  S  OH
||
O
O O
H2S2O4 Dithionous acid || ||
H  O  S  S  OH
S
||
H2S2O3 Thiosulphuric acid H  O  S  OH
||
O
O O
|| ||
H2S2O7 di or pyrosulphuric acid HO  S  O  S  OH
|| ||
O O
O O
|| ||
H2S2O6 dithionic acid H  O  S  S  OH
|| ||
O O
O O
|| ||
H2SnO6: Polythionic acid (n = 1 to 12) H  O  S  (S)n  S  OH
|| ||
O O
O
||
H2SO5 Peroxymonosulphuric acid H  O  S  O  OH
||
O
O O
|| ||
H2S2O8 Peroxidisulphuric acid H  O  S  O  O  S  OH
|| ||
O O
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8.3 Sulphuric acid or Oil of Vitriol
Preparation: It is prepared by contact process - Sulphur trioxide from the catalytic chamber
is passed through sulphuric acid to obtain oleum, H2S2O7. Dilution of oleum with water gives
H2SO4 of the desired concentration
SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7

H2S2O7 + H2O  2H2SO4
Properties: Chemical reactions of sulphuric acid are as a result of the following

characteristics :
a) Low volatility
b) Strong acidic character
c) Strong affinity to water
d) Ability to act as an oxidising agent.
i) Low volatility of sulphuric acid is put to use in the manufacture of more volatile acids
from their salts.
2MX + H2SO4  2HX + M2SO4.
(X = F-, Cl-, NO3-)
ii) Conc. sulphuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent. Many wet gases can be dried by
passage through a sulphuric acid bubbler provided the gases do not react with the acid.
Sulphuric acid removes water from organic compounds as shown by its charring action
on carbohydrates.
C12H22O11 + 11H2SO4  12C + 11H2SO4 + 11H2O.
iii) Hot conc. sulphuric acid is a moderately strong oxidising agent. In this respect, it is
intermediate between phosphoric and nitric acids. Both metals and non-metals are
oxidised by conc. sulphuric acid, which is reduced to SO2.
C + 2H2SO4  CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
Cu + 2H2SO4  CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
8.4 Sulphurous acid
Preparation: It is formed when SO2 is dissolved in water

SO2 + H2O  H2SO3
Properties :
i) It acts as reducing agent and its chemical properties are similar to those of solution e.g.
2FeCl3 + (SO2 + H2O) + H2O  2FeCl2 + H2SO4 + 2HCl
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-11
ii) It reacts with iron, forming ferrous sulphite and ferrous thiosulphate.
2Fe + 2H2SO3  FeSO3 + FeS2O3 + 3H2O
8.5 Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3 .5H2O)
If one of the oxygen atoms in the sulphate ion is replaced by sulphur, the resulting ion
(S2O32-) is as known thiosulphate.
Preparation:
i) Sodium thiosulphate is prepared by boiling aq. solution of metal sulphites with elemental
sulphur.
1
Na2SO3 + S8   Na2S2O3.
373K
8 H2 O
Hydrated sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 .5H2O is known as HYPO
ii) Spring's reaction may be used for the preparation of sodium thiosulphate.
Na2S + Na2SO3 + l2  Na2S2O3 + 2Nal
Properties:
i) Reaction with dilute acids : It reacts with dilute acids to liberate sulphur dioxide gas
alongwith precipitate of sulphur
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + S + SO2
ii) Reaction with BaCl2 : It gives white ppt. of barium thiosulphate.
S2O 2
3 + Ba
2+
 BaS2O3 
white
iii) Reaction with Silver Nitrate Solution : Gives white ppt. which quickly changes to
yellow, brown and finally black due to the formation of silver sulphide.
3 + 2Ag  Ag2S2O3 
+
S2O 2
white ppt.
Ag2S2O3 + H2O  Ag2S + H2SO4
With conc. solution of sodium thiosulphate, silver nitrate gives no ppt.
iv) It reacts with silver salts to form sodium argento thiosulphate complex
AgBr + 2Na2S2O3  Na3 [Ag(S2O3)2]

Sodium argento
thiosulphate complex
v) Thiosulphate ( S 2 O 2 2
3 ) ion is oxidized by iodine I2 to tetrathionate ( S 4 O 6 ) ion
2Na2S2O3 + I2  Na2S4O6 + 2NaI.
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8.6 Hydrogen Sulphide
Preparation: Prepared by the action of dil. HCl or H2SO4 on iron sulphide
FeS + 2HCl (dil)  FeCl2 + H2S.
Properties: It is a colourless, poisonous gas having the smell of rotten eggs.
1. As reducing agent
i) Action on halogens :
H2S + Cl2  2HCl + S
ii) Action on FeCl3 :

2FeCl3 + H2S  2FeCl2 + 2HCl + S
2. Reaction with acidified KMnO4 :
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2S  K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + S
3. Reaction with acidified K2Cr2O7 :

K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3H2S  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O + S
Illustration 4: What changes occur when sulphur is gradually heated to its boiling point
444°C and then to 200°C.
96.5°C 120°C
Solution: S S S S
(Rhombic) (Monoclinic) ( Yellow liquid) ( Yellow)
180°C
S
( Viscous liquid)
250°C
2000°C 1000°C 444°C

S S2 Black liquid S
(Dark mobile liquid)
8.7 Allotropy in Sulphur
Sulphur exists in three important allotropic forms.
1. Rhombic sulphur
2. Monoclinic sulphur
3. Plastic sulphur
1. Rhombic sulphur or octahedral sulphur or 2-sulphur
It is a bright yellow solid soluble in CS2 but insoluble in H2O
It exists as S8 molecules
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-13
S S S
S 105° S
S
S S
2. Monochlinic sulphur or -sulphur
It is dull yellow in colour and is soluble in CS2 but insoluble in H2O. It is stable only above
369 K. Below this temperature, it slowly changes to rhombic sulphur. At 369 K both
sulphur can exist. This temperature is called transition temperature. It also exists as S8
molecules with puckered (non planar) ring structure but symmetry is different.
3. Plastic sulphur or Amorphous sulphbur or -sulphur.
It is amorphous form of sulphur. It has rubber like transparent yellow threads and is
insoluble in CS2 and H2O Plastic sulphur is regarded as a super cooled liquid. It has
random long inverted chains of sulphur atoms.
S S
S S
S
S S
S
S
Illustration 5: Why does sulphur begin to melt below its actual melting points.
Solution: Monoclinic sulphur has a true melting point of 392 K. However, it often melts
a few degree lower due to the break down of some of the S8 molecules.
Exercise 1: Oxygen forms diatomic molecules (O2) while sulphur forms octa atomic
molecules (S8) explain.
9. Halogens
9.1 Inter halogen compounds
Halogens react with each other to form a number of compounds called inter-halogen
compounds. These compounds are named as halogen halides.
ICl3 Iodine trichloride

IF7 Iodine heptafluoride
All inter-halogen compounds are covalent compounds. These are generally more reactive
than the individual halogens. The stability of the inter halogen compounds increases with the
size of the central atom.
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-14
Shapes of some inter halogen compounds

XXn (n = 7) with
Type XXn (n = XXn (n = 5)
Type XXn (n = 3) pentagonal
1) (with linear (with square
(with T-shape) bipyramidal
shape) pyramidal shape)
shape)
CIF ClF3 ClF5
BrF BrCl BrF3 BrF5
ICl, IBr, IF ICl3, IF3 IF5 IF7
9.2 Properties of Hydrogen Halides
Hydrohalic acids (HF, HCl, HBr and HI)
1. Physical Nature : Except HF, all others HCl, HBr, HI are gases HF is a liquid due to
intermolecular hydrogen bonding
2. Acidic Strength : All act as acids in their aq. solution and acidic strength varies in the
order : HF < HCl < HBr < HI
HX  H+ + X-
It can be explained in terms of strength of H - X bonds which is in the order :
H - I < H-Br < H-Cl < H-F.
Preparation and Properties:
1. Less volatile acids displace more volatile acids from their salts.
2NaCl + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2HCl 
HBr and HI cannot be prepared by conc. H2SO4 as they are more powerful reducing
agents and reduces conc. H2SO4 to SO2
2KBr + H2SO4  K2SO4 + 2HBr
H2SO4 + 2HBr  Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
2. Less volatile, non -oxidising H3PO4 is used to prepare HBr and HI
KBr + H3PO4  KH2PO4 + HBr
KI + H3PO4  KH2PO4 + HI 
Properties:
1 All the three acids are reducing agents HCl is not attacked by H2SO4.
2HBr + H2SO4  2H2O + SO2 + Br2 

2HI + H2SO4  2H2O + SO2 + I2
2. All the three react with KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7

2KMnO4 + 16HCl  2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2 
K2Cr2O7 + 14HBr  2KBr + 2CrBr3 + 7H2O + 3Br2
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-15
Other reactions are similar.

1. Dipole moment HI  HBr  HCl  HF
2. Bond length HF  HCl  HBr  HI
3. Bond strength HI  HBr  HCl  HF
4. Thermal stability HI  HBr  HCl  HF
5. Acid strength HF  HCl  HBr  HI
6. Reducing power HF  HCl  HBr  HI
Exercise 2: Dry chlorine does not bleach clothes. Explain why?

Exercise 3: Explain why?
i) I2 dissolves more in KI solution than in water?
ii) In the preparation of HI form KI, phosphoric acid is preferred to sulphuric
acid.
iii) Bond dissociation energy of F2 is 38 Kcal/ mol and that for Cl2 is 57
Kcal/mol.
9.3 Pseudohalide ions and pseudohalogens
Ions which consist of two or more atoms of which at least one is nitrogen and have
properties similar to those of halide ions are called pseudohalide ions. Some of these
pseudohalide ions can be oxidised to form covalent dimers comparable to halogens (X2).
Such covalent dimers of pseudohalide ions are called pseudohalogens.
Examples
Pseudohalide ions Pseudohalogen
CN–, cyanide ion (CN)2 cyanogen

OCN–, cyanate ion (SCN)2 thiocyanogen
SCN–, thiocyante ion
SeCN–, selenocyanate ion
NCN2– Cyanamide ion
–
N3 azide ion
ONC– fulminate ion
The best known psuedohalide ion is CN–
Some important stable compound of Xenon

XeF2 (linear molecules) XeF4 (linear molecules)
F
F F
Xe Xe
F F
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-16
XeO3 Pyramidal
XeO4 Tetrahedral
XeOF4 Square pyramidal
XeO2F2 Distorted octahedral
First rare gas compound discovered was Xe+ (PtF6]– by Bartlett.
9.4 Oxyacids of Chlorine
Different oxyacids of chlorine are:

Formula Name Corresponding Salt
HOCl Hypochlorous acid Hypochlorites
HClO2 Chlorous acid Chlorites
HClO3 Chloric acid Chlorates
HClO4 Perchloric acid Perchlorates
Acidic Character: Acidic character of the same halogen increases with the increase in
oxidation number of the halogen:
HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HOCl
Reason : It is because the release of H+ ion in each case would result in the formation of
ClO4 - , ClO3-, ClO2 - and ClO- ions. Now more is the number of oxygen atoms in the ion
greater is the dispersal of the negative charge and hence more is the stability of resulting
ion. Since a more stable ion would be formed relatively with more ease, therefore, the ease
of formation of ions would be
ClO4- > ClO3- > ClO–2 > ClO-
Preparation :
HOCl : Ca(OCl)2 + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + 2HOCl

2HgO + H2O + 2Cl2 HgO.HgCl2  + 2HOCl
(insoluble basic mercury chloride)
H2O2
HClO2 : BaO2 + 2ClO2  Ba(ClO2)2 (liquid) + O2
Ba(ClO2)2 + H2SO4(dil.)  BaSO4  + 2HClO2
HClO3 : 6Ba(OH)2 + 6Cl2  5BaCl2 + Ba(ClO3)2 + 6H2O

Ba(ClO3)2 + H2SO4(dil.)  BaSO4  + 2HClO3
HClO4 : (a) KClO4 + H2SO4  KHSO4 + HClO4

(b) 3HClO3  HClO4 + 2ClO2 + H2O
Illustration 6: How are F2O and Cl2O prepared?
Solution: 2F2 + 2NaOH  2NaF + H2O + F2O

( 2% solution)

2Cl2 + 2HgO   HgCl2
300 C
HgO + Cl2O
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-17
10. Compounds of Silver

Silver Nitrate, AgNO3(Lunar Caustic)
Preparation :
It is prepared by dissolving the metal in dilute nitric acid and crystallizing the solution
3Ag + 4HNO3  3AgNO3 + 2H2O + NO
Properties:
i) On heating, it gives metallic silver and nitrogen dioxide

Δ
2AgNO3  2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
ii) It reacts with iodine in two ways.
a) When iodine is in excess

5AgNO3 + 3I2 + 3H2O  HIO3 + 5AgI + 5HNO3
b) When AgNO3 is in excess

6AgNO3 + 3I2 + 3H2O  AgIO3 + 5AgI + 6HNO3
iii) When treated with alkali, it gives precipitate of silver oxide, which dissolves in excess of
NH4OH
2AgNO3 + 2NaOH  Ag2O  + 2NaNO3 + H2O

brown ppt.
2AgNO3 + 2NH4OH  Ag2O  + 2NH4NO3 + H2O
Ag2O + 4NH4OH  2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + 3H2O
iv) It gives turbidity with tap water (Cl-) and turbidity is soluble in NH4OH.
AgNO3 + Cl-  AgCl  + NO3-

tap Turbidity
water
AgCl + 2NH4OH  Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2O

(Soluble)
Silver Bromide (AgBr)
Preparation: It is prepared by adding soluble bromide to a silver salt solution
AgNO3 + NaBr  AgBr + NaNO3
Properties:
1. It is pale- yellowish white solid, insoluble in water and conc. HNO3 but soluble in excess
of NH4OH, KCN and Hypo solution.
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-18
AgBr + 2NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2] Br + 2H2O

AgBr + 2KCN  K[Ag(CN)2] + KBr
AgBr + 2Na2S2O3  Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaBr
2. On heating it melts to red liquid
11. Hydrogn Peroxide

 Hydrogen peroxide :
Preparation :
Lab Method : It is prepared by the action of cold, dilute sulphuric acid on sodium or
barium peroxide
Na2O2 (s) + H2SO4(aq)  H2O2(aq) + Na2SO4
BaO2.8H2O + H2SO4(aq)  H2O2 (aq) + BaSO4(s)
Anhydrous barium oxide is not used because the precipitated BaSO4 forms a protective
layer on the unreacted barium peroxide and thus prevents its further participation in the
reaction. However it can be overcome by using phosphoric acid.
By Electrolysis: It can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of peroxydisulphuric acid

which is obtained by the electrolytic oxidation of sulphuric acid
electrolysi
2H2SO4(aq) s H2S2O8 (aq) + H2(g)
2H2O
H2S2O8(aq)  2H2SO4(aq) + H2O2(aq)
By the auto-oxidation of 2-ethyl anthraquinol. The net reaction is a catalytic union of H2

and O2 to yield hydrogen peroxide.
O2(air)
2-ethyl anthraquinol H2(Pd)
(oxidised product) + H2O2
Properties:
i) Unstable liquid, decomposes to give water and dioxygen and the reaction is slow in the
absence of catalyst. It is catalysed by certain metal ions, metal powders and metal
oxides.
2H2O2 (l)  2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
ii) It acts as oxidant as well as reductant in both acid and alkaline medium. On the whole,
hydrogen peroxide is a very powerful oxidising agent and poor reducing agent. Some
typical oxidation and reduction reaction of hydrogen peroxide are as follows :
As oxidising agent
In acidic medium: H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e-  2H2O
In basic medium : H2O2 + OH- + 2e-  3OH--
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-19
As reducing agent
In acidic medium: H2O2  2H+ + O2 + 2e-
In basic medium : H2O2 + 2OH-  2H2O + O2 + 2e-

2Fe2+ + H2O2 + 2H+  2Fe3+ + 2H2O
2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+  2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2
Mn2+ + H2O2  Mn+4 + 2OH-
2Fe3+ + H2O2 + 2OH-  2Fe2+ + 2H2O + O2
The oxidising property of hydrogen peroxide is put to use in the restoration of old
paintings, where the original white lead paint has been converted to black PbS by the
H2S in the atmosphere. Hydrogen peroxide oxidises the black PbS into white PbSO4.
PbS(s) + 4H2O2 (aq)  PbSO4(s) + 4H2O
black white
Tests :
a) It liberates iodine from potassium iodide in presence of ferrous sulphate
b) Acidified solution of dichromate ion forms a deep blue colour with H2O2 due to the
formation of CrO5. , The blue colour fades away gradually due to decomposition of CrO 5
into Cr3+ ions and oxygen
Cr2O72- + 4H2O2 + 2H+  2CrO5 +5H2O
c) With a solution of titanium oxide in conc.H2SO4, it gives orange colour due to the
formation of pertitanic acid.
Ti4+ + H2O2 + 2H2O  H2TiO4 + 4H+
pertitanic acid
Exercise 4: Statues coated with white lead on long exposure to atmosphere turn black and
the original colour can be restored in treatment with H2O2 why?
Exercise 5: Why hydrated barium peroxide is used in the preparation of H 2O2 instead of the
anhydrous variety?
12. Carbon (Oxide and Carbides)

 Oxides
Carbon burns in and forms two oxides, carbon monoxide, (CO) and Carbon dioxide
(CO2).
Carbon Monoxide :
Preparation :
i) By heating carbon in limited supply of oxygen.

1
C + O2  CO.
2
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-20
ii) By heating oxides of heavy metals e.g. iron, zinc etc with carbon.
Fe2O3 + 3C  2Fe + 3CO

ZnO + C  Zn + CO
Two important industrial fuels water gas and producer gas contain carbon along with
hydrogen and nitrogen, Water gas is obtained by passing steam over hot coke
C + H2O  CO + H2
(water gas)
When air is passed over hot coke, producer gas is obtained.
2C + O2 + 4N2  2CO + 4N2

(Producer gas)
Properties :
i) It is a powerful reducing agent and reduces many metal oxides to their corresponding
metals.
Fe2O3 + 3CO  2Fe + 3CO2
CuO + CO  Cu + CO2
ii) It burns in air to give heat and carbon dioxide

1
CO + O2  CO2 + heat.
2
Tests
a) Burns with blue flame
b) A filter paper soaked in platinum or palladium chloride is turned pink, green or black
due to reduction of the chloride by carbon monoxide.
Carbon di-oxide:
Preparation:
i) In the lab., it is prepared by the action of acids on carbonates.

CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
ii) By combustion of carbon

C + O2  CO2
Properties :
i) It turns lime water milky and milkiness disappears when CO2 is passed in excess
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3  + H2O, CaCO3 + H2O + CO2  Ca(HCO3)2

ii) Solid carbon dioxide or dry ice is obtained by cooling CO2 under pressure. It passes from
the soild state straight to gaseous state without liquefying (hence dry ice).
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-21
iii) A burning candle is put out but burning magnesium continues burning in the gas jar.
 Carbides
Carbon combines with more electropositive elements than itself when heated to high
temperature to form carbides. Carbides are of mainly three types.
i) Salt like Carbides : These are the ionic salts containing either C22– (acetylide ion) or C4-
(methanide ion)e.g. CaC2, Al4C3, Be2C.
ii) Covalent Carbides : These are the carbides of non-metals such as silicon and boron. In
such carbides, the atoms of two elements are bonded to each other through covalent
bonds.
SiC also known as Carborundum.
iii) Interstitial Carbides : They are formed by transition elements and consist of metallic
lattices with carbon atoms in the interstices. e.g. tungsten carbide WC, vanadium
carbide VC.
13. Ammonia (NH3)

Preparation:
1. Lab Method :
i) By heating an ammonium salt with a strong alkali ; like NaOH either in solid form or
when dissolved in water.
NH4Cl + NaOH  NH3 + NaCl + H2O
ii) By the hydrolysis of magnesium nitride

Mg3N2 + 6H2O  3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3.
2. It is manufactured by Haber's process
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g).
Properties:
i) Basic nature : Its aq. solution is basic in nature and turns red litmus blue.
NH3 + H2O NH 4 + OH-
ii) Reaction with halogens :
Chlorine : 8NH3 + 3Cl2  6NH4Cl + N2

Excess of chlorine : NH3 + 3Cl2  NCl3 + 3HCl
Bromine : 8NH3 + 3Br2  6NH4Br + N2
Excess of bromine : NH3 + 3Br2  NBr3 + 3HBr
Iodine : 2NH3 + 3I2  NH3.NI3 + 3HI
Nitrogen
tri iodide ammonate
NH3.NI3 explodes in dry state
8NH3.NI3  6NH4I + 9I2 + 6N2
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-22
iii) Complex formation : Due to the presence of lone pair of electrons on nitrogen, it
acts as lewis-base. Thus it forms co-ordinate linkage with metal ions and these
ammonia compounds find use in qualitative analysis
Ag+ + NH3  [Ag(NH3)2]+
Cu2+ + 4NH3  [Cu(NH3)4]2+
Cd2+ + 4NH3  [Cd(NH3)4]2+
iv) Precipitation of heavy metal ions from the aq. solution of their salts : Heavy
metal ions like Fe3+, Al3+, Cr3+ etc. are precipitated from their aqueous salt solution.
FeCl3 + 3NH4OH  Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
Brown ppt.
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH  Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
White ppt.
CrCl3 + 3NH4OH  Cr(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
Green ppt.
14. Fertilzers
Substances which increase the fertility of soils are known as fertilizers. They are classified
into three categories :
1. Nitrogeneous fertilizers : These are fertilizers which mainly supply nitrogen to the
plants. e.g ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, calcium
cyanamide and urea
2. Phosphatic fertilizers : They supply phosphorus to the plants. e.g. superphosphate of
lime Ca(H2PO4)2
3. Mixed fertilizers : Fertilizers containing more than one elements, namely nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium. They contain a mixture of ammonium salt, ammonium
phosphate, superphosphate and potassium salt. It is known as NPK fertilizers
Phosphatic fertilizers such as superphosphate of lime is obtained from phosphatic rocks
by treatment with conc. sulphuric acid. In this way, insoluble phosphate rock is rendered
soluble in water for use as a source of this essential plant nutrient.
Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 + 5H2O  Ca(H2PO4)2 H2O + 2CaSO4. 2H2O.
soluble
Treatment of phosphate rock with phosphoric acid leads to the formation of triple
superphosphate which is free from calcium sulphate and hence contains a greater
percentage of phosphorus.
Ca5(PO4)3F + 7H3PO4 + 5H2O  5Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O + HF
15. Bleaching Powder

The exact chemical composition of bleaching powder is not yet known but it behaves as if it
contains calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 and basic calcium chloride, CaCl2.Ca(OH)2.H2O.
Preparation: It is prepared by passing chlorine over slaked lime
3Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2  Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2.Ca(OH)2.H2O+H2O
Bleaching Powder
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-23
Properties:
1. Reaction with Dilute Acids : With dilute acids, it gives chlorine which is known as
available chlorine.
CaOCl2 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + Cl2

CaOCl2 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2O + Cl2
2. When treated with water it decomposes into calcium chloride and calcium hypochlorite
2CaOCl2 + H2O  CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + H2O
3. Bleaching powder reacts with CO2 (atmospheric) and gives chlorine which accounts for
its oxidising and bleaching actions.
CaOCl2 + CO2  CaCO3 + Cl2 
4. Action of Heat : On heating bleaching powder gives a mixture of chlorate and chloride

6CaOCl2  Ca(ClO3)2 + 5CaCl2
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-24
15. Answers to Exercise

Exercise 1: The minimum oxidation number (O.N.) of S is –2 while its maximum O.N. is
+6 in SO3 the O.N. is +4 therefore, it cannot only increase its O.N. but can
also reduce its O.N.
Due to small size of oxygen the non-bonding electrons on the two oxygen
atom is O–O bond strongly repel each other while such repulsion are much
less in S–S bond. As a result O – O bond dissociation energy is much less
than S –S bond dissociation energy in other words sulphur has much higher
tendency for catenation than oxygen. Further, oxygen because of its small
size has a high tendency to form p-p multiple bonds but sulphur because of
its bigger size does not form P multiple bonds.
Exercise 2: The bleaching action of chlorine is due to the liberation of nascent oxygen
from water
H2O + Cl2  2HCl + [O]
Exercise 3: i) I2 is a covalent molecule. Thus its solubility is less in polar solvent (water).
Potassium iodide combines with iodine to form a polyhalide which is an
ionic compound. Being ionic KI3 is more soluble
KI + I2  KI3 K   I3 
ii) Besides acidic nature of sulphuric acid it acts as an oxidising agent.
H2SO4 oxidises HI (reducing agent) fromed from KI into Iodine. Thus
H3PO4 is preferred as it does not oxidise HI.
2KI + 2H2SO4  2KHSO4 + 2HI
H2SO4 + 2HI  I2 + SO2 + 2H2O
iii) The low dissociation energy of F2 is due to high inter-electronic repulsion
between non - bonding electrons in the 2p orbitals as the size of fluorine
atom is small. As a result F—F bond is weaker than Cl—Cl bond.
Exercise 4: On long exposure to atmosphere, white lead is converted into black PbS due
to the action of H2S present in the atmosphere. As a result statues turn
black.
PbO2 + 2H2S  PbS + 2H2O
On treatment of these blackened statues with H2O2, the black PbS gets
oxidised to white PbSO4 and the colour is restored
PbS + 4H2O2  PbSO4 + 4H2O
Exercise 5: If anhydrous barium peroxide is used in the preparation, the barium sulphate,
thus formed forms an insoluble protective coating on the surface of solid
barium peroxide. This prevents the further reaction of the acid, i.e., causing
the reaction to stop. If, however, hydrated barium peroxide (in the form of this
paste) is used, the water causes to dislodge the insoluble BaSO4 from the
surface of BaO2. BaSO4 thus settles at the bottom of the reaction vessel and
the reaction continues without any difficulty.
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-25
17. Solved Problems

17.1 Subjective
Problem 1: A solution of ferric chloride acidified with HCl is unaffected when hydrogen is
bubbled through it, but gets reduced when Zn is added to same acidified
solution - why?
Solution: Molecular hydrogen is not so reactive, Zn reacts with the acid to produce
nascent hydrogen which reduces ferric chloride into ferrous chloride.
Problem 2: Presence of water is avoided in the preparation of H2O2 from Na2O2 - why?
Solution: Water reacts with Na2O2 to produce NaOH which increases the
decomposition of H2O2.
Problem 3: Boron and aluminium both are in the same group. Yet AlCl3 shows anomalous
mol.wt. which BCl3 doesn’t - why?
Solution: AlCl3 lacks back bonding as in BCl3 because of increase in size of aluminium.
Aluminium metal atoms complete their octate by coordinate bond forming by
chlorine atom between two Al atom, hence AlCl3 exists as dimer hence,
shows anomalous mol.wt.
Problem 4: Calcium burns in nitrogen to produce a white powder which dissolves in

sufficient water to produce a gas (A) and an alkaline solution. The solution on
exposure to air produces a thin solid layer of (B) on the surface. Identify the
compound (A) and (B).
Solution: Ca + N2  Ca3N2 (white powder)

Ca3N2 + 6H2O  3Ca(OH)2 + 2NH 3 
(A)
Ca(OH)2 + CO3  CaCO 3 + H2O

(B ) solid layer
Problem 5: Although boric acid B(OH)3 contains three hydroxyl groups yet it behaves as a
mono-basic acid. Explain.
Solution: Because of the small size of boron atom and presence of only six electrons in
its valence shell in B(OH)3, it coordinates with the oxygen atom of the H2O
molecule to form a hydrated species.
In this hydrated species, B3+ ion because of its small size has a high
polarizing power and hence pulls the -electrons of the co-ordinated oxygen
atom towards it. The co-ordinated O-atom, in turn pull the -electrons of the
O–H bonds, thereby facilitating the release of a proton.
B(OH)3 + NaOH  Na [B(OH)4] Na+ BO 2 + 2H2O
Problem 6: How do NO 3 and PO 3 ion differ structurally?
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-26
Solution NO 3 ion exists as a free ion. Since N is sp2 hybridized, therefore, NO 3 ion
has trigonal planar shape on other hand, PO 3 does not exist as a free ion. It
usually exists in the polymeric form i.e. PO 3 in which the various PO 3 units
are linked together through P–O–P bonds to form either linear or cyclic
structures. Each PO 3 unit has a tetrahedral (sp3) shape
Problem 7: When a blue litmus is dipped into a solution of hypo chlorous acid, it first turns
red and then later gets decolourised . why?
Solution: HClO is an acid, thus turns blue litmus into red. HClO is an oxidising agent
also and the nascent oxygen given by HClO bleaches the red litmus
Red litmus + O  colour less
Problem 8: The bleaching action of chlorine is permanent while that of sulphur dioxide is
temporary - why?
Solution: Chlorine bleaching action is due to oxidation while that of SO2 is due to
reduction. Hence the substances bleached by SO2 is reoxidised by the
oxygen of the air to its original state
Problem 9: Iodine is liberated in the reaction between KI and Cu + ions. But chlorine is not
liberated when KCl is added to Cu+2 ions. Why?
Solution: I– is strong reducing agent it reduces Cu+2 ions to Cu+ ions. The Cl– ion is a
weak reducing agent, thus it doesn’t reduce Cu+2 ions.
2Cu+2 + 4KI  Cu2I2 + I2 + 4KI
Problem 10: Give reason for decreasing order of conductivity of following

Cs+  Rb+  k+  Na+  Li+
Solution: Ions are hydrated in solution since Li is very small it is heavily hydrated. This
make the radius of the hydrated ions large and hence it move only slowly
(although Li+ is very small) and the radius of hydrated Cs+ ion is smaller than
the radius of hydrated Li+.
17.2 Objective
Problem 1: H2O2 is not

(A) a reducing agent (B) an oxidising agent
(C) a dehydrating agent (D) a bleaching agent
Solution: (C)
Problem 2: A chloride dissolves appreciably in cold water when placed on a Pt wire in
Bunsen flame, no distinctive colour is noticed. The cation is
(A) Mg+2 (B) Ba+2
(C) Pb+2 (D) Ca+2
Solution: Magnesium does impart colour to flame

 (A)
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-27
Problem 3: Which of the following is obtained by oxidation of phosphorous by HNO 3?

(A) H3PO4 (B) H3PO3
(C) H4P2O7 (D) H3PO2
Solution: P4 + 20HNO3  4H3PO4 + 20NO3 + 4H2O

 (A)
Problem 4: The blue colour mineral lapis lazuli which is used as a semi precious stone is a
mineral of the following class -
(A) Sodium alumino silicate (B) Zinc cobaltate
(C) Basic copper carbonate (D) Prussian blue
Solution: (A)
Problem 5: Hydrolysis of PI3 yield -

(A) Monobasic acid and a salt
(B) Monobasic acid and a dibasic acid
(C) A Monobasic base and a dibasic acid
(D) A Monobasic acid and tribasic acid
Solution: (B)
Problem 6: Decomposition of H2O2 is slowed down by addition of -
(A) Alcohol (B) MnO2
(C) Alkali (D) Pt
Solution: (A)
Problem 7: Which is/are true statement(s)?
(A) all halogens form oxy acids
(B) all halogens show –1, +1, +3, +5 and +7 oxidation states
(C) HF is a dibasic acid and attack glass
(D) oxidising power is in order F2  Cl2  Br2  I2
Solution: (C)
Problem 8: The metal (s) soluble in aqua regia is (are)
(A) Pt (B) Au
(C) Ag (D) All the above
Solution: (D)
Problem 9: By burning NH3 in oxygen, it gives ________ and H2O -

(A) NO (B) N2
(C) NO2 (D) N2O
Solution: (B)
P4 + 5O2  X 2 Y, Y is
H O
Problem 10:
(A) H3PO4 (B) P2O5
(C) H3PO3 (D) H4P2O7
Solution: P4 + 5O2  P4O10   4H3PO4

6H2 O
(A)
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-28
18. Assignment (Subjective Problems)

LEVEL – I
1. The size of d orbital, decrease : Si  P  S  Cl but  bonding increases in the same

order. Explain.
2. Explain the stability of oxides of alkali metals.
3. BaO2 is a peroxide but PbO2 is not a peroxide why?
4. Why nitric acid cannot be used to prepare H2S.
5. Ferric iodide is very unstable but ferric chloride is stable. Why?
6. Element A burns in nitrogen to give an ionic compound B. Compound B reacts with

water to give C and D. A solution of C becomes milky on bubbling carbon dioxide.
Identify A, B, C and D.
7. Why dry SO2 does not bleach dry flowers?
8. Why H2S is stronger acid than H2O?
9. In the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the contact process, sulphur trioxide is not
directly dissolved in water. Why?
10. Conc. H2SO4 cannot be used for drying H2. Explain
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-29
LEVEL - II
1. Complete the following reactions.
a) KBr + ICl 
b) KF + BrF3 
2. Anhydrous AlCl3 cannot be prepared by heating hydrated AlCl3.6H2O - why?
3. Why AlF3 is ionic while AlCl3 is covalent?
4. The polarity of B—X bonds is in the order B—F  B—Cl  B—Br but Lewis acidity
order is BF3 BCl3  BBr3. Explain.
5. Explain the solubility of salts of alkali and alkali earth metals
6. Mg3N2 when reacted with water gives off NH3 but HCl is not obtained from MgCl2 on
reaction with water at room temperature. Why?
7. Why calcium cyanide is used as fertilizer?
8. Pure HI kept in a bottle acquires a brown colour after sometime. Explain
9. Why zinc chloride cannot be dehydrated on heating. Explain
10. Explain why a solution of ferric chloride gives brown precipitate.
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-30
LEVEL - III
1. Hydrogen peroxide acts both as an oxidising and as a reducing agent in alkaline

solution towards certain first row transitional metal ions. Illustrate both these
properties of H2O2 using chemical equations.
2. Compound (A)
i) On strong heating gives two oxides of sulphur
ii) On adding aqueous NaOH solution to its aqueous solution, a dirty green ppt is
obtained which starts turning brown on exposure to air.
Identify (A) and give chemical equations involved.
3. i) A black mineral (A) to treatment with dilute NaCN solution in presence of air
gives a clear solution of (B) and (C).
ii) The solution of (B) on reaction with Zn gives precipitate of a metal (D).
iii) (D) is dissolved in dil. HNO3 and the resulting solution gives a white ppt. (E) with
dil. HCl.
iv) (E) on fusion with Na2CO3 gives (D).
v) (E) dissolves in aqueous solution of NH3 giving a colourless solution of (F)
vi) Identify (A) to (F)
4. An inorganic compound (A) shows the following reaction.

i) It is white solid and exists as dimer; gives fumes of (B) with wet air.
ii) It sublines in 180C and form monomer if heated to 400C.
iii) Its aqueous solution turns blue litmus to red.
iv) Addition of NH4OH and NaOH seperately to a solution of (A) gives white ppt.
which is however soluble in excess of NaOH.
5. What happens when:

a) Ferric chloride is added to potassium ferrocyanide
b) Iron reacts with cold dilute nitric acid
c) Green vitrol is strongly heated
6. How will you prepare

a) Copper oxide from copper sulphate
b) Ferrous sulphate from Mohr's salt
c) Anhydrous ZnCl2 from white vitriol
7. Carbon tetrachloride is not affected but silicon tetrachloride is hydrolysed by water.

Why?
8. Explain the structure of C3O2 is term of bonding in the molecule.
9. Pure PH3 does not burn in air but impure sample of PH3 burns in air. Why?
10. (SiH3)3N is a weaker base than (CH3)3N, Why?
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-31
19. Assignment (Objective Problems)

LEVEL – I
1. Which of the following oxides of nitrogen combines with Fe (II) ions to form a dark
brown complex?
(A) N2O (B) NO
(C) NO2 (D) N2O5
2. Of the following acids
I : hypo phosphorous acid II: hydroflouric acid
III: oxalic acid IV: glycine
(A) I, II are monobasic, III dibasic acid and IV amphoteric
(B) II monobasic, I, III dibasic acid, IV amphoteric
(C) I monobasic, II, III dibasic, IV amphoteric
(D) I, II, III dibasic, IV amphoteric
3. In the following statements, select the correct statement :
(A) N(CH3)3 has pyramidal structure
(B) N(SiH3)3 shows planar arrangement
(C) both correct
(D) none is correct
4. A solution of sodium in liquid ammonia is strongly reducing agent due to the
presence of
(A) Na atoms (B) Sodium hydride
(C) sodium amide (D) solvated electron
5. Amongst sodium halides NaF has the highest m.p. because it has
(A) highest oxidising power (B) lower polarity
(C) minimum ionic character (D) maximum ionic character
6. Crude common salt is hygroscopic because of impurities of
(A) CaSO4 and MgSO4 (B) CaCl2 and MgCl2
(C) CaBr2 and MgBr2 (D) Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2
7. Which of the following is obtained by the reaction of Cu and Conc. H2SO4?

(A) S (B) SO3
(C) SO2 (D) H2
8. A gas which burns with blue flame is -
(A) CO (B) O2
(C) N2 (D) CO2
9. When lead storage battery is discharged -
(A) SO2 is evolved (B) lead sulphate is consumed
(C) lead is formed (D) sulphuric acid is consumed
10. In white phosphorus the incorrect statement is

(A) Six P - P single bonds are present
(B) Four P - P single bonds are present
(C) Four lone pairs of electrons are present
(D) PPP bond angle is 60
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-32
11. Anhydrous _______ is a very effective dessiccant (water absorber used in dry
battery. It is
(A) conc. H2SO4 (B) P2O5
(C) CaCl2 (D) MgClO4
12. Which is least basic among the following

(A) NF3 (B) NCl3
(C) NBr3 (D) NI3
13. Which of the following is the strongest oxidising agent?

(A) N2O (B) NO
(C) NO2 (D) N2O5
14. The inertness of nitrogen is due to its -

(A) high electronegativity (B) small atomic radius
(C) high dissociation energy (D) stable configuration
15. Nitrolim is -
(A) CaC2 (B) CaCN2 + C
(C) CaC2N2 (D) CaC2 + CaCN
16. Molecular formula of Glauber's salt is

(A) MgSO4,7H2O (B) FeSO4,7H2O
(C) CuSO4,5H2O (D) Na2SO4, 10H2O
17. A solution of Na2SO4 in water is electrolysed using inert electrodes. The products at
the cathode and anode are respectively
(A) H2,O2 (B) O2,H2
(C) O2,Na (D) O2,SO2
18. Which of the following does not give flame test?

(A) Na (B) Sr
(C) K (D) Zn
19. In the electrolysis of alumina, cryolite is added to alumina to

(A) Lower the m.p. of alumina
(B) Increase the electrical conductivity
(C) Minimise the anode effect
(D) Remove impurities from alumina
20. Butter of tin is

(A) (NH4)2SnCl6 (B) SnCl2 + Sn(OH)2
(C) SnCl4. 5H2O (D) H2SnCl4
21. The metal X is prepared by the electrolysis of fused chloride. It reacts with hydrogen
to form a colourless solid from which hydrogen is released on treatment with water.
The metal is
(A) Al (B) Ca
(C) Cu (D) Zn
22. Which of the following statement about anhydrous AlCl3 is corect?
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-33
(A) It exists as AlCl3 molecules

(B) It is a strong Lewis base
(C) It is sublimes at 100°C under vacuum
(D) it is not easily hydrolysed
23. The material used in solar cell is

(A) Si (B) Sn
(C) Ti (D) Cs
24. White phosphorus may be removed from red phosphorus by

(A) sublimation (B) distillation
(C) dissolving in CS2 (D) heating with an alkali solution
25. Non combustible hydride is -

(A) NH3 (B) PH3
(C) AsH3 (D) SbH3
26. Which has S - S bonds

(A) H2S2O3 (B) H2S
(C) H2S2O6 (D) S3O9
27. While testing BO 33 , there is a green - edged flame on heating the salt with conc.
H2SO4 and CH3OH, green colour is of
(A) (CH3)3B (B) (CH3O)3B
(C) B2O3 (D) H3BO3
28. NO2 is not obtained when following is heated

(A) Pb(NO3)2 (B) AgNO3
(C) LiNO3 (D) KNO3
29. Acid rain may cause

(A) rusting easier (B) stone cancer in Taj Mahal
(C) non - fertility of soil (D) all are correct
30. Following are neutral oxide except

(A) NO (B) N2O
(C) CO (D) NO2
LEVEL – II
LEVEL - II More than one choice
1. Nitrogen (I) oxide is produced by :

(A) thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate
(B) disproportionation of N2O4
(C) thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrite
(D) interaction of hydroxylamine and nitrous acid.
2. The major role of fluorspar (CaF2), which is added in small quantities in the electrolytic
reduction of alumina dissolved in fused cryolite (Na3AlF6), is
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-34
(A) as a catalyst
(B) to make the fused mixture very conducting
(C) to lower the temperature of the melt
(D) to decrease the rate of oxidation of carbon at the anode.
3 The pairs of compound which cannot exist together in aqueous solution are
(A) NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 (B) Na2CO3 and NaHCO3
(C) NaOH and NaH2PO4 (D) NaHCO3 and NaOH
4. Highly pure dilute solution of sodium in liquid ammonia :

(A) shows blue colour (B) exhibits electrical conductivity
(C) produces sodium amide (D) produces hydrogen gas
5. Li has following abnormal behaviour in its group:
(A) Lithium carbonate decomposes into its oxide on heating, unlike other elements
(B) LiCl is covalent in nature
(C) Li3N is stable compound
(D) LiCl is poor conductor of electricity in molten state
6. Select wrong statements about alkali metals :
(A) all form (M NH2) amide (B) all form super oxides (M O2)
(C) all form ionic hydrides (M H) (D) all form nitrides
7. Select the correct statements about diborane :
(A) B2H6 has three centred bound
(B) each boron atom lies in sp3 hybrid state
(C) Hb . . . . . B . . . . . .Hb bond angle is 1220
(D) All hydrogens in B2H6 lie in the same plane
8. Stability of monovalent and trivalent cations of Ga, In, Tl lie in following squence:
(A) Ga3+ < In3+ > Tl3+ (B) Ga3+ > In3+ > Tl3+
+ + +
(C) Tl > In > Ga (D) Ga3+ > In+ > Tl+
9. Which of the following are true about silicones ?
(A) they are formed by hydrolysis of R2SiCl2
(B) they are polymer, made up of R2SiO2 units
(C) they are made up of SiO44  units
(D) they are macromolecules
10. Which among the following statements are correct ?

(A) Aqua dag and oil dag are made up of graphite
(B) Graphite reacts with conc. HNO3 to form mellitic acid C6(COOH)6
(C) C3O2 is also toxic like CO
(D) Zircon, ZrSiO4 is a gemstone
LEVEL – III Other Enggineering Exams
1. Which of the following carbides give allylene on hydrolysis ?

(A) CaC2 (B) Be2C
(C) MgC2 (D) Mg2C3
2. Metallic magnesium is obtained by:
(A) reduction of MgO with coke
(B) electrolysis of an aqueous solution of MgCl2
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-35
(C) electrolysis of molten MgCl2.

(D) displacement of magnesium by iron from MgCl2 solution
3. One of the natural minerals of sodium is tincal. Its formula is:

(A) Na2CO3. 10H2O (B) NaNO3
(C) Na2B4O7 . 10H2O (D) NaCl
4. What are the raw materials used in Solvay process ?

(A) NaCl, NH3, CaCO3 (B) NaOH, CO2
(C) NaCl, CO2 (D) NaCl, CaCO3, C, H2SO4
5. The element which shows radioactivity is:

(A) Mg (B) Sr
(C) Ba (D) Ra
6. Beryllium shows diagonal relationship with :

(A) Na (B) B
(C) Al (D) K
7. The fluorspar is
(A) CaSO4 (B) BaSO4
(C) CaF2 (D) CaCO3
8. The following compounds have been arranged in order of their increasing thermal stabilities.
Identify the correct order:
K2CO3 (I), MgCO3 (II), CaCO3 (III), BeCO3 (IV)
(A) I < II < III < IV (B) IV < II < III < I
(C) IV < II < I < III (D) II < IV < III < I
9. Plaster of Paris in contact with water sets into a hard mass. The composition of hard mass is
:
(A) CaSO4 H2O (B) CaSO4 .Ca(OH)2
(C) CaSO4 . 2H2O (D) CaSO4.2Ca(OH)2
10. When aluminium is heated in atmosphere of nitrogen forms a nitride of formula :

(A) AlN (B) Al3N
(C) AlN3 (D) Al2N3
11. Which of the following has the lowest melting point?

(A) B (B) Ga
(C) Al (D) Ti
12. In Hall’s process, the ore is mixed with:
(A) coke (B) calcium carbonate
(C) sodium hydroxide (D) sodium carbonate
13. Which of the following compounds is formed when boron trichloride is treated with water ?
(A) H3BO3 + HCl (B) B2H6 + HCl
(C) B2O3 + HCl (D) none of these
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-36
14. The structure and hybridization of Si(CH3)4 is:

(A) bent, sp (B) trigonal, sp2
3 2
(C) octahedral, sp d (D) tetrahedral, sp3
15. Lead shows oxidation state :

(A) +3, +4 (B) +1, +2
(C) +2, +4 (D) +4
LEVEL - IV
A Matrix-Match Type
1. Match the column- I with column - II

Column – I Column – II
(A) Mephitic air (p) Nitrogen trioxide
(B) Laughing gas (q) Nitrogen
(C) Anhydride of HNO3 (r) Nitrous oxide
(D) Anhydride of HNO2 (s) Nitrogen pentoxide
2. Match the column- I with column - II
Column – I Column – II
(A) Explosive (p) Sn
(B) Artificial gem (q) SiC
(C) Self reduction (r) Fe2O3
(D) Magnetic material (s) Pb(N3)2
B Linked Comprehension Type
Comprehension - I
The thermal stability of the salts of the s-block elements is dependent upon three main
factors. Firstly, the greater the charge of the ions involved, the stronger the interionic
attraction and the more stable the salt. Also, the smaller the ions become in terms of their
ionic radii the closer they approach each other in the lattice area of comparable size, the
crystal lattice is arranged in a more uniform fashion and thus possess greater thermal
stability. There is one another factor that affects thermal stability. The larger the anions in
the crystal become, for example CO32 , unless the cation is of comparable size, the anions
decompose on heating to give smaller anions such as O2–. This point is especially important
when considering the thermal stability of the carbonates, nitrates and hydroxides of the s-
block elements.
An unknown s-block salt was uncovered at the landing of a meteor. When converted to its
hydroxide, it was found that the Kb of salt was 1.0 × 106. It did not decompose to the oxide.
The metal obtained exhibited the typical properties of most s-block metals :- ductile,
malleable, luster, good electrical and thermal conductivity and a high reactivity. The original
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-37
salt obtained from the meteor possessed a complex formula and the metal itself had a high
molecular weight.
1. Which groups of the periodic table comprise the s-block elements ?

(A) Groups I, II and III (B) Groups I and II
(C) Groups II and III (D) Groups I and II
2. Given that the CO2 anion is approximately the same size as the early Group I cations,
3
what would occur if Na2CO3 were heated ?
(A) It would decompose to yield Na2 (B) It would decompose to yield Na2CO2
(C) It would decompose to yield NaOH (D) No decomposition would occur
3. Comparing calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, which of the two would be more stable?
(A) Magnesium oxide would be more stable because the magnesium cation is smaller
(B) Magnesium oxide would be more stable because magnesium has a lower atomic mass
than calcium
(C) Calcium oxide would be more stable because the calcium cation is smaller than the
magnesium cation
(D) Calcium oxide would be more stable because calcium has a greater atomic
mass than magnesium
4. The nitrates of the Group I elements decompose not to the oxide but to the nitrite NO2  


although O2 is smaller than NO2 . Why ?
(A) Because only doubly charged anions like CO 2 decompose to the oxide
3
(B) Because the double charge on the oxygen would make the salt less stable than
a singly charged nitrite anion
(C) Because the nitrite anion contains two oxygen atoms while the oxide anion
contains only one
(D) Because the nitrite anion is probably about the same size as the Group I
cations
5. When s-block carbonates decompose, a gas is obtained which is heavier than air and does
not support a lighted splint. What gas is it ?
(A) O2 (B) CO
(C) CO2 (D) CO3
6. What would be the pH of a 1.0 M solution of the unknown salt hydroxide given that the metal
is monovalent ?
(A) 11 (B) 8.0
(C) 75 (D) 13.0
7. Li2O is often considered to be covalent in nature because of the unusually high electro-
negativity of lithium. Which of the following would be a plausible Lewis dot structure for the
compound.
   
(A) Li  Li  O  
(B) Li  O Li
 
 
(C) Li = O = Li (D) Li  O Li
 
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-38
Comprehension - II
In all the oxyacids of phosphorus, each phosphorus atom is in sp3 hybrid state, i.e., it is
tetrahedrally bonded to neighbouring four atoms. All these acids contain P - OH bonds, the
hydrogen atom of which are ionisable imparting acidic nature to the compound. The ous
acids (oxidation state of P = +1 or +3) also have P - H bonds in which hydrogens are not
ionisable (P and hydrogen have nearly same electronegativity). The presence of P  H
group in these acids imparts reducing properties. The structure of the various acids are
drawn below (note that the tetrahedral shape of phosphorus is not shown only for
convenience of representation).
O O O
OH P H HO P OH HO P P OH
H H OH OH
(A) Hypophosphorous acid (B) Phosphorous acid (C) Hypophosphoric acid
O O O O
HO P OH HO P O HO P O P OH
H H OH OH
(D) Phosphoric acid (E) Metaphosphirc acid (F) Pyrophosphric acid
(Orthophosphoric) acid
8. In which of the above structures, the oxidation state of P is +5.

(A) D & E (B) F & E
(C) C,D & E (D) D,E & F
9. Among the above acids, the acids having basicity 4 are :

(A) A & E (B) C & D
(C) C & F (D) D & F
10. There is very little difference in acid strength in the series H3PO4, H3PO3 and H3PO2
because
(A) phosphorus in these acids exists in different oxidation states
(B) the hydrogen in these acids are not all bonded to phosphorus
(C) phosphorus is not a highly electronegative element
(D) phosphorus oxides are less basic
11. Which of the acids show reducing properties?

(A) A & C (B) A & B
(C) A, B & E (D) A only
12. Although metaphosphoric acid is written as a monomer, it exists as a polymer, (HPO3)n. The number of
P  O  P bonds in cyclic tri-metaphosphoric acid is
(A) zero (B) two
(C) three (D) four
13. Metaphosphoric acid (E) can be prepared by heating
(A) D & F (B) C & F
(C) C & D (D) B,C & F
Comprehension - III
Several features of sulfuric acid are given below:
Preparation of Sulfuric Acid: Sulfuric acid is commonly prepared by the combustion of
elemental sulfur to sulfur dioxide, followed by the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-39
trioxide. Sulfur trioxide is then absorbed into a 98% aqueous solution of H2SO4 , and water
is added to maintain a 98% concentration. SO3 reacts with the water in the aqueous solution
according to Reaction-1.
SO3(g) + H2O ——> H2SO4(l); Reaction-1
Properties: Concentrated sulfuric acid is 98% H2SO4 and 2% water by mass. It has a
density of 1.84 g/mL and a boiling point of 338° C. Preparation of other Acids: HC1 (g)
and HNO3 (l) may be prepared by the reaction between sulfuric acid and the sodium salt of
the corresponding conjugate base (C\~ or NOJ, respectively).
Formation of SO2: Sulfuric acid forms SO2 gas when it reacts with several compounds. For
example, I2 and SO2 are formed when 12 reacts with concentrated H2SO4; Br2 and SO2 are
formed when Br2 reacts with concentrated H2SO4. Cu+ and SO2 are formed in hot solutions
of Cu(s) in H2SO4. This last reaction is unusual, because most metals react with solution of
H2SO4 to form hydrogen gas and a metal sulfate.
14. When sulfuring acid reacts with copper, how does the oxidation of number of the sulfur
change ?
(A) From + 4 to + 6 (B) From + 6 to + 4
(C) From + 6 to + 8 (D) From + 8 to + 6
15. The apparatus shown below can be used to prepare HNO3 (boiling point = 86°C).
The yield of HNO3 collected in the tube can be maximized by maintaining the temperatures
of the flask and tube, respectively, at
(A) 0°C and 100°C (B) 100°C and 0°C
(C) 350°C and 150°C (D) 350°C and 100°C
16. Which of the following is the balanced equation describing the combustion of element sulfur
?
(A) 2H2S  3O2   2SO2  2H2O (B) H2S  2O2  SO3  H2O
(C) 2SO3   2S  3O2 (D) S  O2  SO2
17. In the second step of preparing H2SO4 from elemental sulfur (the catalytic oxidation of SO2),
which strategy is most likely to increase the yield of SO3 formed ?
(A) Reducing the reaction temperature
(B) Reducing the reaction pressure
(C) Removing SO3 from the reaction mixture
(d) Removing O2 from the reaction mixture
18. Which of the following expressions can be used to determine the number of moles of water
in 1 mL. Of concentrated H2SO4 ?
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-40
(A)
1.84  0.98  1.84  0.02  (B)
1.84  0.2 
98 18 18
(C)
1.84  0.98 (D)
1.84  0.9818.0 
18 98.0
19. If H2(g) is formed from the reaction of Fe(s) with dilute H2SO4 (aq), which species acts as the
reducing agent ?
(A) Fe (B) FeSO4
2
(C) SO4 (D) H3O
20. Which of the following species has the smallest concentration in 98% H 2SO4 ?
(A) SO24 (B) H 2SO4
(C) H3O (D) HSO4
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-41
20. Answers to Objective Assignments

LEVEL – I
1. (B) 2. (A)
3. (C) 4. (D)
5. (D) 6. (B)
7. (C) 8. (A)
9. (D) 10. (B)
11. (D) 12. (A)
13. (D) 14. (C)
15. (B) 16. (D)
17. (A) 18. (D)
19. (B) 20. (C)
21. (B) 22. (C)
23. (A) 24. (B)
25. (A) 26. (C)
27. (B) 28. (D)
29. (D) 30. (D)
LEVEL - II
1. (A), (D) 2. (B), (C) 3. (C), (D)

4. (A), (B) 5. (A), (B), (C) 6. (B), (D)
7. (A), (B), (C) 8. (B), (C) 9. (A), (B), (D)
10. (A), (B), (D)
LEVEL - III
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A)

5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (C) 8. (B)
9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (D)
13. (A) 14. (D) 15. (C)
LEVEL - IV
A B
Match the following Write-up
1. (a – q); (b – r); (c – s); (d – p) 1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (A)
2. (a – s); (b – q); (c – p); (d – r) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (A)
7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C)
10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (C)
13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (B)
16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (B)
19. (A) 20. (A)
RSM79-P5-CH-PPC-42

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19

a)  - Al2O3 (rhombic lattice) is dense, hard and resistant to chemical attack.

3.2 Aluminium chloride: (AlCl3)

Potash alum : K2SO4. Al2(SO4)324H2O

a) Orthoboric acid (H3BO3)

a1) i) Preparation from borax

ii) From colemanite

Ca2B6O11 + 2SO2 + 11H2O  2Ca(HSO3)2 + 6H3BO3

a2) Action of heat

a3) It behaves as a weak monobasic acid

4.2 Borax (sodium tetraborate) Na2B4O7. 10H2O

a) Preparation from Boric Acid

Na2B4O7 + 3H2O  NaBO2 + 3H3BO3

R2SiCl2 gives rise to straight chain linear polymers

RSiCl3 gives a complex cross linked polomer

5.2 Silicon Carbide (Carborundum), SiC

SiO2 + 3C  SiC + 2CO

Solution: Glass is chemically attacked by HF

6.1.1 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

6.1.2 Nitric oxide (NO)

Reaction with Cl2

6.1.3 Nitrogen oxide

Liquid N2O4 is useful as a non – aqueous solvent. It self – ionizes as

N2O4 NO+ + NO3–

A typical acid base reaction is

NOCl + NH4NO3  NH4Cl + N2O4

6.1.4 Nitrogen trioxide or nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O3)

N2O3 + H2O  2HNO2

N2O3 + 2HClO4  2NO [ClO4] + H2O

6.1.5 Di nitrogen pentoxide [N2O5]

It is the anhydride of HNO3. It is a strong oxidizing agent

6.2 Oxy Acids of Nitrogen

3. HNO2 Nitrous acid

4. HNO3 Nitric acid

2NO + H2O + Fe  N2O + Fe(OH)2

Illustration 3: How are the following prepared?

Solution: i) NH3 + NaOCl   NH2Cl + NaOH

NH2Cl + NH3  NH2.NH2 + HCl

ii) NaNO2 + NaHSO3  HON(SO3Na)2 + Na2SO3 + H2O

Structure of Phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10)

P4O10 + 6H2O  4H3PO4

Phosphorus trioxide : [P4O6]

P4O6 + 6H2O  4H3PO3

7.2 Oxy – Acids of Phosphorus

Preparation: It is formed by burning sulphur in air or roasting metal sulphides in the

ii) Action on FeCl3 :

2. Reaction with acidified KMnO4 :

2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O  K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4

3. Reaction with acidified K2Cr2O7 :

K2Cr2O7 + 3SO2 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O

i) 2H2S + SO2  2H2O + 3S

Preparation: i) By catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide

ii) By dehydration of H2SO4

8.2 Oxo Acids of Sulphur

8.3 Sulphuric acid or Oil of Vitriol

SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7

Properties: Chemical reactions of sulphuric acid are as a result of the following

b) Strong acidic character

c) Strong affinity to water

d) Ability to act as an oxidising agent.

C12H22O11 + 11H2SO4  12C + 11H2SO4 + 11H2O.

C + 2H2SO4  CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O

Cu + 2H2SO4  CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O