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||. DISCUSSION

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is a network of glands in your body that make the
hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ,
and function in your body. The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce
hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual
function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
The endocrine system is made up of the Pituitary Glands, Thyroid Gland,
Parathyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Ovaries in female and Testicle in Men.

The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and
"crinis," meaning to secrete . In general, a gland selects and removes materials from the
blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in
the body. The endocrine system affects almost every organ and cell in the body. Although
the hormones circulate throughout the body, each type of hormone is targeted toward
certain organs and tissues, the Merck Manual notes. The endocrine system gets some help
from organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads, which have secondary endocrine
functions. The kidney, for example, secretes hormones such as erythropoietin and
renin.The thyroid also secretes a range of hormones that affect the whole body. "Thyroid
hormones impact a host of vital body functions, including heart rate, skin maintenance,
growth, temperature regulation, fertility and digestion," said Dr. Jerome M. Hershman, a
professor of medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and author of
the thyroid sections of the Merck Manual.
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"In this way, the thyroid gland is the body's master metabolic control center," said Cindy
Samet, a chemistry professor at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. "Brain,
heart and kidney function, as well as body temperature, growth and muscle strength —
and much more — are at the mercy of thyroid function."
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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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What Is a Gland?

•A gland is an organ that makes and puts out hormones that do a specific job in your body.
Endocrine glands release the substances they make into your bloodstream.

•An organ in the human or animal body which secretes particular chemical substances for
use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings.

Endocrine System Functions

•Makes hormones that control your moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs,

and reproduction

•Controls how your hormones are released

•Sends those hormones into your bloodstream so they can travel to other body parts

Parts of the Endocrine System

Many glands make up the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal
gland are in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is
between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your Kidneys, and the pancreas is behind
your stomach. Your ovaries (if you're a woman) or testes (if you're a man) are in your pelvic
region..

Hypothalamus this organ connects your endocrine system with your nervous system.
Its main job is to tell your pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.
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Pituitary gland. This is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses information it
gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do. It makes many important
hormones, including growth hormone; prolactin, which helps breast feeding moms make
milk; and luteinizing hormone, which manages estrogen in women and testosterone in men.

Pineal gland. It makes a chemical called Melatonin that helps your body get ready to
go to sleep.

Thyroid Gland. This gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls

your metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough (a condition called hypothyroidism),
everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow down. You could
get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism),
everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have Diarrhea . And you might lose
weight without trying.

Parathyroid. This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play a role
in bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.

Thymus. This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight
infection and are crucial as a child's Immune System develops. The thymus starts to shrink
after puberty.

Adrenals. Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (also
called Epinephrine ), these two glands also make hormones called corticosteroids. They
affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.

Pancreas. This organ is part of both your digestive and endocrine systems. It makes
digestive enzymes that break down food. It also makes the hormones insulin and glucagon.
These ensure you have the right amount of sugar in your bloodstream and your cells.

If you don't make insulin, which is the case for people with type 1 diabetes,
your blood sugar levels can get dangerously high. In type 2 diabetes , the pancreas usually
makes some insulin but not enough.

Ovaries. In women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone. These hormones
help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.

Testes. In men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow facial and
body hair at puberty. It also tells the penis to grow larger and plays a role in making sperm.
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WORK SHEET (LABELING)

Choose the answers here:

•PINEAL •PARATHYROID •TESTES •THYMUS

•HYPOTHALAMUS •PANCREAS •ADRENAL •PLACENTA

•THYROID •OVARIES •PINEAL GLAND •INSULIN

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IDENTIFICATION

1.What is the main function of Endocrine Glands?

2.The thyroid is an Endocrine Gland, and is situated at the base of the neck .Upon which cartlage is it situated?

3.Insulin is secreted by the Beta vells in the islets of Langerhans. These islets are found in which organ?

4.Which hormone is secreted from the Neurohypophysis?

5 What causes most thyroid disease?

6.What are the 3 hormones that produced by females?

7.Where is the hormone prolactin produced?

8.What is specialist of the Endocrine System called?

9.Where is the Thyroid Gland Located?

10.There are exocrine and endocrine glands. Which of these statements applies ONLY to Endocrine Glands?

A. They secrete their prouduct into ducts

B. They control short term activities

C. They can form round clusters called acinus

D. They pour their secretions into the blood stream

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The endocrine glands secrete hormones which work like chemical signals that control
different parts of the body, making those parts work properly, if they receive the right
amount of the hormone. When these dosages are not correct, it can cause many problems
in the physiology of the body.

The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes, the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and
the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin and ADH,
(antidiuretic hormone). The other three are secreted by the adenohypophysis.

Estrogen is made in the ovaries. Testosterone is also made in the ovaries, but in much
less amount than estrogen. Oxytocin is produced in females by the pituitary gland, and it
is responsible for the flow of milk (from the breast) during lactation. It is also responsible
for the contraction of the uterus during childbirth.

Auto-immunity, in which the immune system mistakes one or more thyroid proteins
for foreign proteins, such as those associated with bacteria or viruses, is the main cause of
thyroid disease

The thyroid gland is actually named for its position on the thyroid cartilage, which
forms the Adam's Apple (also called the laryngeal prominence). The thyroid cartilage in
turn gets its name for the Greek for "shield" referring to its shape. The thyroid gland is
not shield-shaped at all; it tends to be thought of as butterfly-shaped and wrapping around
the cartilage, however when the neck is opened to view the gland, it is rather amorphous.

The arytenoid and cricoid cartilages are indeed situated in the larynx, but the costal
cartilages are not: they are the small areas of cartilage that join the bony ribs to the
sternum.

Prolactin stimulates milk production it is produced In Pituitary Gland.

The Thyroid Gland straddles the windpipe at the base of the neck.

The endocrine system is composed of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the
blood and the specialist of endocrine system is calk Endocrinologist.

Before synthetic human insulin and human insulin from genetically modified
bacteria was available, most insulin originated from slaughterhouses, thus there were
pork insulin and beef insulin. Insulin is secreted by the Beta cells in the Islets of
Langerhans. It is found in Pancreas.
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https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/endocrine-system-facts

https://www.livescience.com/26496-endocrine-system.html

https://www.funtrivia.com/trivia/SciTech/Endocrine-System-5787.html

https://www.qldscienceteachers.com/junior-science/biology/quizzes/endocrine-system