MECHANICS OF SOLIDS 1

Engr. M.Waqas Malik 1

 Reference books

• Strength of Materials
4th Edition
Ferdinand L.Singer
• Mechanics of Materials
9th Edition
R.C Hibbler
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Lecture 01

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 INTRODUCTION
• Strength of materials is one of the areas
of Engineering Mechanics.
• It develops relationship between the
external loads applied on any body and
the internal force being produced within
the body.
• It is also concerned with the deformations
produced due to applied loading.

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 INTRODUCTION
• Also deals with the study of body’s stability
when subjected to applied loads.

• Note: Deflection and Body’s Stability not

only depends on the loading applied but
also on the type of material from which the
body is made.

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 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
• Consider a body as shown. It is held in
equilibrium by external applied forces.

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 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
• Let us cut a section and consider one part
to explore the internal forces.

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 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
• Use Statics to determine the resultant
forces.

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 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES

• Establish x, y
and z axis at
origin O and
split the
resultant into
respective
components.

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 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES
Vx, Vy Shear Force
Nz Normal Force
Mx, My Bending Moment
Tz Torsion

Note: If a body is subjected to coplanar

system of forces; only normal force, shear
force and bending moment will exist at a
section. Engr. M.Waqas Malik 10
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES

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 STRESS
• Stress is defined as the intensity of a force
OR
• Force acting per unit area is known as
Stress.

• Normal Stress: Force per unit area acting

perpendicular to section under observation
is known as Normal Stress.

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 STRESS
• Example:
• If two bars of same
length and different
cross-sectional areas
are subjected to
different loading, load
carrying capacity of a
bar cannot be justified
by the amount of load
being carried by any
bar. Engr. M.Waqas Malik 13
 STRESS

• If we see the dispersion of load on

respective cross-sections we will find a
common factor of comparison for which
bar is stronger than the other. This
common factor is Stress denoted by σ.
σ=P
A
• Where “P” is the applied load and “A” is
the cross-sectional area
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 STRESS

• This equation can give us the average

stress and not the stress at all points
which can be determined by differential
load over differential area.
• There are certain conditions under which
the stress is uniform across the entire
section.
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 STRESS

• Consider the
section shown.

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 STRESS
• These conditions are illustrated below;
1. The section/element is prismatic
2. The section is homogenous
3. The load is applied axially and
through the centroid
4. The minimum distance of section line
from loading point must be equal to
the minimum width of element/section
Note: Condition under which Stress is uniform
is known as Simple Stress.
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 STRESS
Problem #01: Determine the resultant internal
loadings acting on the cross section at C
of the beam shown in fig.

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 STRESS
Solution:
Let us consider the segment BC to avoid
computing reactions at A

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 STRESS
Apply the equations of equilibrium;

ΣFx = 0; Nc = 0
ΣFy = 0; Vc – 540 = 0
Vc = 540N
ΣMc = 0; Mc – 540 (2) = 0
Mc = 1080Nm
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 STRESS
Problem #02: Determine the resultant internal
loadings acting on the cross section at C
of the machine shaft shown in fig.

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 STRESS
Solution:
Let us consider the segment AC and compute
the reaction at A

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 STRESS
ΣMB = 0; Ay (0.40) – 120 (0.125) +
225 (0.10) = 0
Ay = -18.75N

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 STRESS
Apply the equations of equilibrium;

ΣFx = 0; Nc = 0
ΣFy = 0; -18.75 – 4 – Vc = 0
Vc = -58.8N
ΣMc = 0; Mc + 40 (0.025) + 18.75
(0.25)= 0
Mc = -5.69Nm
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 STRESS
Problem #03: A composite bar consist of an
aluminum section rigidly fastened between
a bronze section and a steel section as
shown. Axial loads are applied at the
positions indicated. Determine the stress
in each section.

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 STRESS
Solution:
In order to determine the stress in each
segment, find out the axial load at each
section.
(Tension)

(Compression)

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 STRESS
Applying the stress equation;
σbr = 4000
1.2
= 3330 psi
σal = 5000
1.8
= 2780 psi
σst = 7000
1.6
= 4380 psi
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 STRESS
Problem #04: The block of weight W hangs
from the pin at A. The bars AB and AC are
pinned to the support at B and C. The
areas are 800mm2 and 400mm2 for AB
and AC respectively. Neglecting the weight
of the bars, determine the maximum safe
value of W if the stress in AB is limited to
110MPa and that in AC to 120 MPa.

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STRESS

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 STRESS
Apply the equations of equilibrium;

ΣFx = 0; PACcos60o – PABcos40o = 0

ΣFy = 0; PACsin60o – PABsin40o – W = 0
Solving simultaneously,
PAB = 0.508W & PAC = 0.778W

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 STRESS
Now;
P = σA
For AB; 0.508W = (110 x 106)(800 x 10-6)
W = 173 x 103 N = 173kN
For AC; 0.778W = (120 x 106)(400 x 10-6)
W = 61.7 x 103 N = 61.7kN
Therefore the maximum safe load is 61.7 kN
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 STRESS
• Shearing Stress: Force per unit area
acting along or parallel to area resisting
the force is known as Shearing Stress.
• Shearing stress is normally known as
tangential stress.
• Shear stress is
denoted by Τ, tau.

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 STRESS

• Wood joint shown in fig below is an

example of single shear and the
connection is referred to as lap joint.

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 STRESS

• Wood joint shown in fig below is an

example of double shear and the
connection is referred to as double lap
joint.

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 STRESS
Problem #05: The bar shown has a square
cross section for which the depth and
thickness are 40mm. If an axial load of
800N is applied along the cetroidal axis of
the bar’s cross sectional area, determine
the average normal and shear stress
acting on the material along (a) section
plane a-a and (b) section plane b-b

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 STRESS

Solution:
Part (a)

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 STRESS
Part (a):
P = 800N
A = 0.04 x 0.04
= 0.0016 mm2
Normal Stress, σ = P
A
σ = 800
0.0016
σ = 500 x 103 N/m2
σ = 500kPa
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 STRESS
Shear Stress at section a-a is zero.

Part (b):

At section b-b both shear stress and normal

stress will exist
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 STRESS
Let us calculate the internal loading at section
b-b by applying equations of equilibrium
ΣFx = 0; 800 – Nsin60o +Vcos60o = 0
ΣFy = 0; Vsin60o – Ncos60o = 0
Solving the equations
N = 692.8N
V = 400N
Normal Stress; σ = P
A
Here A = 40 x 40sin60o mm2
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 STRESS
Therefore; σ = 692.8
0.04x0.04619
σ = 375kPa
And Τ=V
A
Τ = 400
0.04x0.04619
Τ = 217kPa

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 STRESS
• Bearing Stress: is
a normal stress that
is produced by the
compression of one
surface against
another surface.
• Example for
bearing stress is
soil pressure under
piers. Engr. M.Waqas Malik 41
 STRESS
• Another example
for bearing stress is
stress developed at
bolt connection.

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 STRESS
Practice Assignments:

• Numerical problems 101 to 123, Chapter1,

Strength of Materials by Singer

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