Automation of Electricity bill generation based on IOT

A PROJECT REPORT

submitted by

Bondada Venkata Sai Aniketh 13BCE0031

Koduri Manikanta 13BCE0486
Kandregula Vivek 13BCE0546

in partial fulfillment for the award

of the

B. Tech

degree in

Computer Science and Engineering

School of Computing Science and Engineering

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 School of Computer Science and Engineering

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “Automation of Electricity bill generation
based on IoT” submitted by us to the School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT
University, Vellore-14 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering is a record of bonafide work
carried out by us under the supervision of Gopichand G, Assistant Professor. We further
declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be submitted,
either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma of this institute or of any
other institute or university.

Signature
Bondada Venkata Sai Aniketh (13BCE0031)

Signature
Koduri Manikanta (13BCE0486)

Signature
Kandregula Vivek (13BCE0546)

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 School of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE

The project report entitled “Automation of Electricity bill generation based on IoT” is
prepared and submitted by Bondada Venkata Sai Aniketh (13BCE0031), Koduri Manikanta
(13BCE0486) and Kandregula Vivek (13BCE0546). It has been found satisfactory in terms of
scope, quality and presentation as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering in VIT University,
India.

Guide
Prof. Gopichand G

Internal Examiner External Examiner

(Name & Signature) (Name & Signature)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction, which accompanies the successful completion of the project, is incomplete
without the mention of a few names. We take this opportunity to acknowledge the efforts of
many people who helped us complete this project.

Firstly, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project guide Prof.Gopichand G,
School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT University who has helped us at every
step of making this project a success with his valuable inputs and expertise. This project would
not have been possible without his help.

We would also like to convey our heartfelt gratitude to R Senthil Kumar, Head, Department
of Software Systems and Dr Arunkumar Thangavelu, Dean School of Computer Science
and Engineering for their continuous support and supervision during the project and also for
being flexible with deadlines thereby making it easier to deliver this project.

Lastly, we would like to express our gratitude to VIT University for providing us with the
opportunity to complete this project which has helped us learn and improve ourselves in so many
ways for which we sincerely thank them.

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 Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page.
No.
1 Introduction 1

1.1 Theoretical Background 1

1.2 Motivation 1

1.3 Aim of the proposed Work 1

1.4 Objective of the proposed work 2

2 Literature Survey 2

2.1 Survey of the Existing work 2

2.2 Summary of the Survey 3

3 Overview of the Proposed System 4

3.1 Introduction 4

3.2 System Architecture of the Proposed System 4

3.3 Proposed System Model (UML Diagrams) 23

4 Proposed System Analysis and Design 29

4.1 Introduction 29

4.2 Requirement Analysis 29

4.2.1 Functional Requirements 29

4.2.1.1 Product Perspective 29

4.2.1.2 Product features 30

4.2.1.3 User characteristics 30

4.2.1.4 Assumption & Dependencies 31

4.2.1.5 Domain Requirements 31

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 4.2.1.6 User Requirements 31

4.2.2 Non Functional Requirements 32

4.2.2.1 Product Requirements 32

4.2.2.1.1 Efficiency 32

4.2.2.1.2 Reliability 32

4.2.2.1.3 Portability 33

4.2.2.1.4 Usability 33

4.2.2.2 Organizational Requirements 33

4.2.2.2.1 Implementation Requirements 33

4.2.2.3 Operational Requirements 34

4.2.3 System Requirements 36

4.2.3.1 H/W Requirements 36

4.2.3.2 S/W Requirements 36

5 Results and Discussion 39

5.1 Implementation 39

5.2 Methodology and Pseudo Code 40

5.3 Simulation Tool 44

5.4 Test Cases 48

5.5 Performance Metrics 50

6 Conclusion 50

6.1 Limitations and Scope 51

6.2 References 52

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page.
No.
1 Use Case scenario Description 24

2 Entities Description 26

3 Test Cases 48

4 Performance Metrics 50

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page.
No.
1 Block Diagram 5

2 Energy Meter 8

3 16*2 Alphanumeric LCD 11

4 IoT Module 13

5 GSM Module 16

6 Use Case Diagram 23

7 ER Diagram 26

8 Sequence Diagram GSM Module 27

9 Sequence Diagram IoT Module 28

10 Hardware Setup 40

11 Simulation Tool Keil 44

12 Simulation Tool Flash Magic 45

13 Graph of IoT module 46

14 GSM Message 47

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

S.No Abbreviation Expansion

1 IoT Internet of things

2 GSM Global System for Mobile

3 LCD Liquid Crystal Display

4 SMS Short Message Service

5 AMR Automatic Meter Reading

6 GPRS General Packet Radio Service

7 EU Electrical Utilities

8 RPS Regulated Power Supply

9 UB Unbilled Units

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 ABSTRACT

Automation is the new trend in today’s technology where manual intervention is

minimized to reduce human prone errors. In every industry available we are trying to automate
every possible task and are trying to make every application as efficient as possible. The
advantages of remote meter reading and spot billing are well recognized by the various
electricity boards in the country today. Not only does spot billing lead to substantially more
prominent income accumulation efficiency and better decision systems, it also brings intangibles
like transparency and better customer service to the system. There exists various manual methods
from the electricity department to calculate the amount of units consumed by the customer. One
such method is a person going door to door to calculate the bill and the no. of units consumed by
the meter reading available at the customer’s place. This automation bill generation system
mainly tends to decrease this manual method and tends to improve by using available
technology.

Each consumer is provided with a unique energy meter, which is having an IoT module,
microcontroller unit and a display unit. Consumer can check the bill details which are updated in
the web server which is done through IoT module.

The additional component of this system is the GSM module i.e. Global System for
Mobile, communication regarding the units of electricity consumed and other related details to
the customer’s connection and service provided. The customer will be brought to notice
regarding the consumption of their particular electricity bill through mobile communication. An
unique feature that is available is that the electricity board can disconnect or reconnect the
connection from the remote place using a simple SMS if the due amount is not cleared in time.

This project uses regulated minimum requirement of 5V, and also a 500mA power
supply. Three terminal voltage regulator is used for voltage regulation.

Keywords - IoT, GSM, Electricity Bill, Web Server

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1.0 Introduction

This document specifies the main parametric requirements and design for the implementation of
the Automation of Electricity bill generation based on IoT. These requirement specifications will
derive a complete understanding of what is to be expected of the project that is to be
implemented. The clear understanding of the system based on IoT and its functionality will allow
for the correct software or prototype to be developed.

1.1 Theoretical Background

Electrical power circulation is the most important component of electrical power framework the
delivers power/electricity to the consumers. Electric power organizations are currently these days
embracing some propelled frameworks, for example, PC supported examining control and
administration of electric power, with the goal that it can give high quality of service to the
electric consumers. This project idealizes a prototype the available system with the automation of
Electric billing system.

1.2 Motivation

The wide growth of wireless communication multipurpose requirements is being resolved

through current available technology and also to enable options for advanced research with new
possibilities in the field of automation. Automation in electricity domain can provide reliable
solutions whose main motto is to help collect the meter readings automatically and also can be
useful with the major available options to monitor the system with its readings and meter values.

1.3 Aim of the proposed Work

Automation is the new trend in today’s technology where manual intervention is minimized to
reduce human prone errors. In every industry available we are trying to automate every possible
task and are trying to make every application as efficient as possible. The advantages of remote

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meter reading and spot billing are well recognized by the various electricity boards in the country
today. The main aim is to intervene the manual effort with automation.

1.4 Objectives of the proposed Work

(i) To provide the user daily (if requested) / monthly bill and the consumed units details through
the web server with IoT Module.
(ii) To provide the similar details through GSM module connection by sending a SMS
notification.
(iii) To show the readings on an alphanumeric LCD screen.
(iv) To avail the feature to disconnect/reconnect the electricity connection of the user
through GSM facility.

2.0 Literature Survey

Detailed description regarding the prominent functionality of the system and its Literature study
existence

2.1 Survey of the existing models

For this work, In India existing meter reading techniques are analyzed and are conducted an
extensive study with different electrical meter reading instruments available now. In present
existing system an electronic energy meter is fixed in the location for measuring the conventional
usage of electricity of every individual user. There are mainly two types of meters which are
used for home and multipurpose usage. Single-Phase is majorly used for home usage and
meanwhile Three-Phase is used for Industrial purpose .The meters that are presently used are
capable for recording the number of kWh units. Every individual user’s kWh units of usage are
still being recorded manually. The manually recorded usage data will further be processed by
available meter reading company. Further processing of this electric meter reading, the company
primarily needs to valid every customer’s billing units as per usage and amount to be paid will be
calculated as per available rates of electricity. Calculation is based on units where we can infer
from (1) and consumption of electricity per units.
1 Unit = 1kWhr (1)

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According to latest trend, Automatic Energy Meter Reading technology has been making use of
their own infrastructure to bill their customers in an efficient and economical way. The amount
of data in which the customer receiving is quite low related to perform this task in available time;
hence these applications have been demanding low bit rates. These meters are exploring and
demanding other services as load and alarm management, remote monitoring and disconnections,
etc. In this context, the Low Voltage modems should provide more throughout while keeping the
cost of the hardware low.
The results of this technology has the less complexity in order to deploy an network, the cost of
the equipment and value added services that provided are two key factors in its business case of
Automatic Meter Reading .

2.2 Summary identified in the survey

Many e-metering systems have now been proposed, based on different technologies mainly using
Zigbee, GSM and GPRS.

Electric Meter System is intended for communication of long-distance data transfers regarding
the billing information of units which is based upon GPRS . The designed systems which are in
use can’t be developed without considering the primary resources as the frequent use of GPRS is
still a task for many people. However a GSM based Energy meter reading with direct billing
facility is available in this system, but failure can arise during the missing of SMS which will
degrade the reliability, accuracy and performance of the system. This problem can be overridden
if the billing data related information can be stored in the web server in any form which includes
usage of cloud and local host domain for concurrent access which can be termed more robust,
user friendly and as a reliable system. The present proposed design can be considered different
from the prior proposals. The usage of the IoT module along with GSM/GPRS channel can be
functional means of communication considering sending data in the form of SMS can be seen as
an easy approach, due to its current superior vicinity coverage ability and maintaining the metric
norms. Various electricity boards in different states in India are intact with the manual method

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and can consider using the proposed GSM usage for faultless administration which can be further
extended to come into existence.

3.0 Overview of the proposed system

The proposed system consists of different modules and detailed description of each module can
be overviewed.

3.1 Introduction and Related Concepts

Remote electricity billing is a unique concept, in which the electricity board will have consumed
units of the customers. Each consumer is provided with a unique energy meter, which is having
an IoT module, microcontroller unit and a display unit. Consumer can check the bill details
which are updated in the web server which is done through IoT module.

The additional component of this system is the GSM module i.e. Global System for Mobile,
communication regarding the units of electricity consumed and other related details to the
customer’s connection and service provided. The customer will be brought to notice regarding
the consumption of their particular electricity bill through mobile communication. An unique
feature that is available is that the electricity board can disconnect or reconnect the connection
from the remote place using a simple SMS if the due amount is not cleared in time.

3.2 Framework, Architecture or Module for the Proposed System

The Basic block diagram or the schematic diagram of the Automation of Electricity bill
generation is given below.

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Block Diagram
Contrast

16x2 Alphanumeric
Load Bank LCD

AT
IOT module
89S52 ESP8266
Energy
Meter

Circuit
Breaker Current Current
Driver driver DC Buzzer

Max 232

Mains Voltage
GSM
modem

Fig. 1 Block Diagram

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1. LPC2148

The LPC2148 microcontroller is based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-CPU with real-time

emulation and embedded trace support, that combine microcontroller with embedded high speed
flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique
accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. The
ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor, which offers high performance and
very low power consumption. The ARM architecture is based on Reduced Instruction Set
Computer (RISC) principles, and the instruction set and related decode mechanism are much
simpler than those of micro programmed Complex Instruction Set Computers.

Features:
 Von Neumann Architecture
 3-stage pipeline fetch, decode, execute
 32-bit Data Bus
 32-bit Address Bus
 37 32-bit registers
 32-bit ARM instruction set
 16-bit THUMB instruction set
 32x8 Multiplier
 Barrel Shifter

2. Load Bank

A Load Bank is a device which develops an electrical load, applies the load to an electrical
power source and converts or dissipates the resultant power output of the source. A Load Bank is
intended to accurately mimic the operational or “real” load which a power source will see in
actual application.
However, unlike the “real” load, which is likely to be dispersed, unpredictable and random in
value, a Load Bank provides a contained, organized and fully controllable load. Consequently, a

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Load Bank can be further defined as a self-contained, unitized, systematic device which includes
both load elements with control and accessory devices required for operation.

Where the “real” load is served by the power source and uses the energy output of the source for
some productive purpose, the Load Bank serves the power source, using its energy output to test,
support or protect the power source.

3. Energy Meter
Watt hour meter or energy meter is an instrument which measures amount of electrical energy
used by the consumers. Utilities install these instruments at every place like homes, industries,
organizations to charge the electricity consumption by loads such as lights, fans and other
appliances. Most interesting type is used as prepaid electricity meters.

Basic unit of power is watts. One thousand watts is one kilowatt. If we use one kilowatt in one
hour, it is considered as one unit of energy consumed. These meters measure the instantaneous
voltage and currents, calculate its product and gives instantaneous power. This power is
integrated over a period which gives the energy utilized over that time period.

These may be single or three phase meters depending on the supply utilized by domestic or
commercial installations. For small service measurements like domestic customers, these can be
directly connected between line and load. But for larger loads, step down current transformers
must be placed to isolate energy meters from higher currents.

Energy meter or watt hour meter is classified in accordance with several factors such as:
 Type of display like analog or digital electric meter.
 Type of metering point like grid, secondary transmission, primary and local distribution.
 End applications like domestic, commercial and industrial.
 Technical like three phases, single phase, HT, LT and accuracy class meters.

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 Basic types of Energy meters:
1. Electromechanical induction type Energy meter
2. Electronic Energy meters
3. Smart Energy Meters

Fig. 2 Energy Meter

4. Circuit Breaker
Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually and
automatically for controlling and protection of electrical power system respectively. As the
modern power system deals with huge currents, the special attention should be given during
designing of circuit breaker for safe interruption of arc produced during the operation of circuit
breaker. This was the basic definition of circuit breaker.

Introduction to Circuit Breaker

The modern power system deals with huge power network and huge numbers of associated
electrical equipments. During short circuit fault or any other types of electrical fault these
equipment as well as the power network suffer a high stress of fault current in them which may
damage the equipment and networks permanently. For saving these equipment and the power
networks the fault current should be cleared from the system as quickly as possible. Again after

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the fault is cleared, the system must come to its normal working condition as soon as possible for
supplying reliable quality power to the receiving ends. In addition to that for proper controlling
of power system, different switching operations are required to be performed.

So for timely disconnecting and reconnecting different parts of power system network for
protection and control, there must be some special type of switching devices which can be
operated safely under huge current carrying condition. During interruption of huge current, there
would be large arcing in between switching contacts, so care should be taken to quench
these arcs in circuit breaker in safe manner. The circuit breaker is the special device which does
all the required switching operations during current carrying condition. This was the
basic introduction to circuit breaker.

Types of Circuit Breaker

According different criteria there are different types of circuit breaker. According to their arc
quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as- According to their arc quenching media
the circuit breaker can be divided as-
1. Oil circuit breaker.
2. Air circuit breaker.
3. SF circuit breaker.
4. Vacuum circuit breaker.

5. Mains Voltage

Mains electricity is the general-purpose alternating-current (AC) electric power supply. Mains
electricity is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses, and it is the
form of electrical power that consumers use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions and
electric lamps into wall sockets.
The two principal properties of the electric power supply, voltage and frequency, differ between
regions. A voltage of (nominally) 230 V and a frequency of 50 Hz is used in Europe, most of

9
Africa, most of Asia, much of South America and Australia. In North America, the most
common combination is 120 V and a frequency of 60 Hz. Other voltages exist, and some
countries may have, for example, 230 V but 60 Hz. This is a concern to travelers, since portable
appliances designed for one voltage and frequency combination may not operate with or may be
destroyed by another. The use of different and incompatible plugs and sockets in different
regions and countries provides some protection from accidental use of appliances with
incompatible voltage and frequency requirements

6. 16*2 Alphanumeric LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn
more about internal structure of a LCD.

Pin Description:
 Ground
 Vcc +5V
 Contrast control
 Register select (RS)
 Read/Write (RD/WR)

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  Enable (EN)
 Data pins D0 – D7
 Vcc +5V

16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Features

 Intelligent, with built-in Hitachi HD44780 compatible LCD controller and RAM
providing simple interfacing
 61 x 15.8 mm viewing area
 5 x 7 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line
 Can display 224 different symbols
 Low power consumption (1 mA typical)
 Powerful command set and user-produced characters
 TTL and CMOS compatible
 Connector for standard 0.1-pitch pin headers

Fig. 3 16*2 Alphanumeric LCD

7. Contrast
Contrast, or more appropriately put, the contrast ratio of a liquid crystal display is the ratio of the
light area of a display to the dark area. When an LCD is used in a product, an allowance must be
made to adjust the LCD bias voltage. This adjustment will control the contrast between the LCD
segment being on and off, and this voltage needs to be optimized for the best appearance. This
adjustment needs to be made in production for most LCD designs, and it may also need to be
adjusted dynamically during your products usage since temperature extremes may effect the
LCDs contrast. This section covers information on LCD contrast adjustment required to make

11
the display viewable, and also how to compensate for the correct contrast over the full
temperature range of your product.

8. IoT Module
The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that
can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either
hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application
processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware,
meaning, you can simply hook this up to your ARM device and get about as much WiFi-ability
as a WiFi Shield offers (and that’s just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an extremely
cost effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.
This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it to
be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with
minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip
integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed to
occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth
co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating
conditions, and requires no external RF parts.
There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which has
been provided by amazing community support.

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 Fig. 4 IoT Module

10. Current Driver

In electronics, a driver is an electrical circuit or other electronic component used to control
another circuit or component, such as a high-power transistor, liquid crystal display (LCD), and
numerous others.
They are usually used to regulate current flowing through a circuit or to control other factors
such as other components, some devices in the circuit. The term is often used, for example, for a
specialized integrated circuit that controls high-power switches in switched-mode power
converters. An amplifier can also be considered a driver for loudspeakers, or a constant
voltage circuit that keeps an attached component operating within a broad range of
input voltages.
Typically the driver stage(s) of a circuit requires different characteristics to other circuit stages.
For example in a transistor power amplifier, typically the driver circuit requires current gain,

13
often the ability to discharge the following transistor bases rapidly, and low output impedance to
avoid or minimize distortion.

11. Max 232

The MAX-232 IC is an integrated circuit which consists of 16 pins and it is a resourceful IC
mostly used in the voltage level signal problems. Generally, the MAX-232 IC is used in the
RS232 communication system for the conversion of voltage levels on TTL devices that are
interfaced with the PC serial port and the Microcontroller. This IC is used as a hardware layer
converter like to communicate two systems simultaneously. The image of MAX232 is shown
below.

The MAX-232 IC is used to exchange the TTL/CMOS logic to RS232 logic levels through the
serial communication of Microcontroller with the personal computers. The microcontroller
operates at the TTL logic levels with the voltage of 0-5v, and the serial communication with PC
works on the RS232 with the volts of -25V to +25V. The difference of voltage will become the
makes difficult to establish the communication with each other.

Pin Description of MAX232

The in-between links are provided through the MAX232 interface, it is a transmitter/receiver
which includes the voltage generator to the supply of RS232 voltage levels through the 5V
supply. The RS232 input converts to 5V TTL/COMS level through these receivers, i.e. R1 and
R2 do not exclude the +-30V. The transmitters T1 and T2 are used to convert the TTL/COMS
input levels to RS232 level.

14
The transmitter obtains input from the microcontrollers and microprocessors through serial
transmission pins and the output is given to the receiver of RS232. The receiver on the other side
obtains the input from transmission pin of RS232 serial port and the output is given to the
receiver pin of the microcontroller. The external capacitor is added to the MAX232 with a range
of 1µF to 22µF.

12. Buzzer
Piezo buzzers are used for making beeps, tones and alerts. This one is petite but loud! Drive it
with 3-30V peak-to-peak square wave. To connect one pin to ground and the other pin to a
square wave out from a timer or microcontroller. For the loudest tones, stay around 4 KHz, but
works quite well from 2KHz to 10KHz. For extra loudness, you can connect both pins to a
microcontroller and swap which pin is high or low ('differential drive') for double the volume.

Features:
 The PS series are high-performance buzzers that employ uni morph piezoelectric
elements and are designed for easy incorporation into various circuits.
 They feature extremely low power consumption in comparison to electromagnetic
units.
 Because these buzzers are designed for external excitation, the same part can
serve as both a musical tone oscillator and a buzzer.
 They can be used with automated inserters. Moisture-resistant models are also
available.
 The lead wire type(PS1550L40N) with both-sided adhesive tape installed easily is
prepared.

13. GSM Modem

Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital
cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a
pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz

15
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless
modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up
modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends
and receives data through radio waves. The working of GSM modem is based on commands, the
commands always start with AT (which means ATtention) and finish with a <CR> character.
For example, the dialling command is ATD<number>; ATD3314629080; here the dialling
command ends with semicolon.

The AT commands are given to the GSM modem with the help of PC or controller. The GSM
modem is serially interfaced with the controller with the help of MAX 232. Here max 232 acts
as driver which converts TTL levels to the RS 232 levels. For serial interface GSM modem
requires the signal based on RS 232 levels. The T1_OUT and R1_IN pin of MAX 232 is
connected to the TX and RX pin of GSM modem

Fig. 5 GSM Module

Definition:
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital
cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a
pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz
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SMS in GSM Network:
Short message service is a mechanism of delivery of short messages over the mobile
networks. It is a store and forward way of transmitting messages to and from mobiles.
The message (text only) from the sending mobile is stored in a central short message
center (SMS) which then forwards it to the destination mobile. This means that in the case that
the recipient is not available, the short message is stored and can be sent later.
Each short message can be no longer than 160 characters. These characters can be text
(alphanumeric) or binary Non-Text Short messages. An interesting feature of SMS is return
receipts. This means that the sender, if wishes, can get a small message notifying if the short
message was delivered to the intended recipient.
Since SMS used signaling channel as opposed to dedicated channels, these messages can
be sent/received simultaneously with the voice/data/fax service over a GSM network.
SMS supports national and international roaming. This means that you can send short
messages to any other GSM mobile user around the world. With the PCS networks based on all
the three technologies, GSM, CDMA and TDMA supporting SMS, SMS is more or less a
universal mobile data service.

SMS working principle:

The Fig 3.26 below shows a typical organization of network elements in a GSM network
supporting SMS

Fig. Main components in SMS operation

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 The SMC (Short Message Center) is the entity which does the job of store and forward of
messages to and from the mobile station. The SME (Short Message Entity) which can be located
in the fixed network or a mobile station, receives and sends short messages.
The SMS GMSC (SMS gateway MSC) is a gateway MSC that can also receive short
messages. The gateway MSC is a mobile network’s point of contact with other networks. On
receiving the short message from the short message center, GMSC uses the SS7 network to
interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR, the home location register.
HLR is the main database in a mobile network. It holds information of the subscription
profile of the mobile and also about the routing information for the subscriber, i.e. the area
(covered by a MSC) where the mobile is currently situated. The GMSC is thus able to pass on
the message to the correct MSC.
MSC (Mobile Switching Center) is the entity in a GSM network which does the job of
switching connections between mobile stations or between mobile stations and the fixed
network.

A VLR (Visitor Location Register) corresponds to each MSC and contains temporary
information about the mobile, information like mobile identification and the cell (or a group of
cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using information from the VLR the MSC is able to
switch the information (short message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC +
BTSs), which transmits the short message to the mobile.
The BSS consists of transceivers, which send and receive information over the air
interface, to and from the mobile station. This information is passed over the signaling channels
so the mobile can receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on.

18
Communication between the GSM modem and the Microcontroller

The figure below depicts the main blocks of a wireless communication system. It also
shows the communication principles of the system. The MS (mobile station) represents the gsm
modem plus SIM card.
The modem excluding SIM card, is known as the ME (mobile equipment). The TE
(terminal equipment) is a micro-controller and is a part of the application.

Fig. Main blocks in communication between the GSM modem and the
microcontroller (TE)

The end-to-end communication path to be established between the external application

and a remote terminal or host, via the GSM network is done through the serial communication.
Serial data with flow control according to the RS232 signaling protocol operates between the
modem and the external application.

Introduction to GSM Wireless Modems

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless
modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial-up
modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and
receives data through radio waves.

19
A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, an external
GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem
in the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It should
be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer. Like a GSM
mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.

As mentioned in earlier sections of this SMS tutorial, computers use AT commands to control
modems. Both GSM modems and dial-up modems support a common set of standard AT
commands. You can use a GSM modem just like a dial-up modem.

In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT

commands. These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. With the extended
AT commands, you can do things like:
 Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.
 Sending SMS messages.
 Monitoring the signal strength.
 Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.
 Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.
The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per minute is very low --
only about six to ten SMS messages per minute.

GSM Specifications:

GSM 900
Mobile to Base Transceiver Station (uplink): 890-915 MHz
Base Transceiver Station to Mobile (downlink):935-960 MHz
Bandwidth: 2 * 25 MHz

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels

20
(channel numbers 1 to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. Guard bands
100 kHz wide are placed at either end of the range of frequencies.

GSM 1800
Mobile to Base Transceiver Station (uplink): 1710-1785 MHz
Base Transceiver Station to Mobile (downlink) 1805-1880 MHz
Bandwidth: 2 * 75 MHz

GSM-1800 uses 1710–1785 MHz to send information from the mobile station to the base
transceiver station (uplink) and 1805–1880 MHz for the other direction (downlink), providing
374 channels (channel numbers 512 to 885). Duplex spacing is 95 MHz

GSM Modem Application

Fig. GSM Applications

SPECIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS FOR GSM

21
The specifications and characteristics for GSM

 Frequency band—The frequency range specified for GSM is 1,850 to 1,990 MHz
(mobile station to base station).
 Duplex distance—The duplex distance is 80 MHz Duplex distance is the distance
between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz
apart.
 Channel separation—The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM, this
is 200 kHz.
 Modulation—Modulation is the process of sending a signal by changing the
characteristics of a carrier frequency. This is done in GSM via Gaussian minimum shift
keying (GMSK).
 Transmission rate—GSM is a digital system with an over-the-air bit rate of 270 kbps.
 Access method—GSM utilizes the time division multiple access (TDMA) concept.
TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same carrier. Each
call is assigned a particular time slot.
 Speech coder—GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC). The purpose of LPC is to
reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics the vocal tract.
The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is encoded
at 13 kbps.

22
3.3 Proposed System Model (UML Diagrams)

(i) Use Case Diagram

Fig. 6 Use Case Diagram

23
Use Case Scenario Description

Use Case ID 1
Use Case name Electricity Board
This is the authorized person who will have the options to monitor the
electricity details which includes no. of units and other required details. These
Summary modules can be used for monitoring the system :-

 GSM Module
 IoT Module
 Regulated Power Supply

Preconditions Authorized user should be from the Electricity Department

Registering his particular mobile number through GSM module. Ability to

perform options to connect/disconnect the service. Options to send the bill if
Success End required by the customer
Condition

Primary, Electricity Board

Secondary Actors

Table 1 Use Case scenario description

24
Use Case ID 2
Use Case name User
The registered users who are using the electricity for their uses can avail the
Summary following functions-

 Requesting the bill through a SMS

 Have to option to see their details through web server

Preconditions User can be any person who uses electricity in daily life

Iser

User module should avail all the facilities required and can pay bill as per
Success End time to prevent disconnection

Condition

Primary, Electricity Board, User

Secondary Actors

25
 (ii) ER Diagram

Fig. 7 ER Diagram
ENTITIES
Entities Description
Electricity Department The corresponding authorities who are related to the electricity
department
GSM Module which mainly sends notifications through mobile carrier
services
IoT This module monitors and maintains the details regarding the
usage of units
Consumer User who consumes the units of electricity
Table 2 Entities Description

26
 (iii) Sequence Diagram

GSM Module

Fig. 8 Sequence Diagram GSM Module

27
 IoT Module

Fig. 9 Sequence Diagram IoT Module

28
4 Proposed System Analysis and Design

4.1. Introduction

This section consists of a detailed explanation of the requirements of the system which can be
divided into three sections functional requirements that consists of a formal description of the
products intended capabilities, appearances and interactions and non functional requirements
describes how the system works and finally system requirements explain what are the basic
hardware and software requirements in detail.

4.2. Requirement Analysis

4.2.1. Functional Requirements

Functional requirements define the fundamental actions that systems must perform. The
functional requirements for the system are divided into various categories.

4.2.1.1. Product perspective

This project aims to make the billing process with greater revenue-collection efficiency and
better decision systems; it also brings intangibles like transparency and better customer service to
the system and saves a lot of human resources as well. The present system requires a person to
go to each house and take readings which is not an efficient method considering the technology
that is available. This system is not a standalone project it consists of both hardware and software
that are interlinked for the project to run.

29
4.2.1.2. Product features

This product consists of GSM module through which several SMS codes which can be used for
communication between the user and the authority i.e. the official can send a message.

#CCONNT to turn the meter on

#DCONNT to turn the meter off

#BILL for the user to find the number of unbilled units and the total bill to be paid

#PAID the authorities can use this to reset users unbilled units to ZERO

IOT module is also available in this product the number of unbilled units and related data is sent
to a web server through the IOT module and the user can check his electricity usage details in the
web server.

4.2.1.3. User characteristics

We have identified two potential classifications of users of our system

 Authorities: these are the government officials of the electricity board. They are
responsible for turning the meter on or off and they also send the respective electricity
bills to the clients or the users of the electricity meter. The authorities must also maintain
the complete system and make sure that there are no errors in the working of the system.

 Client: These are the users of the electricity meters. They are capable of requesting for
the total number of unbilled units through either an SMS or either by checking the web
server. The clients are responsible to make sure that they pay their bills on time or their
connections will be disconnected by the authorities.

30
4.2.1.4. Assumptions and dependencies

 It is assumed that the officials who are using this system have the basic knowledge on
how to send an SMS message and also have a basic understanding on how the billing
process is done to ensure that no errors will take place.

 It is assumed that the users also have the basic knowledge on how to send an SMS
message and also how to open the received messages and also it is assumed that the user
is familiar with an internet browser and also familiar with handling keyboard and mouse.
Since this system also consists of a web server it is assumed that the user has a decent
internet connectivity.

4.2.1.5. Domain requirements

The products safety and secured usage shall be assured by the present standards of the electricity
board. //have to add official electricity board standards//

4.2.1.6. User requirements

 The remote electricity billing system shall generate the monthly unbilled units and send it
to the user through SMS using the GSM module.

 This system can be used to disconnect and reconnect with the meter based on the
payment of the electricity bill through an SMS using the GSM module.

 This system also consists of the IOT module which can be used to find the number of
unbilled units through the internet on a web server.

 This system also consists of a Regulated Power Supply to meet the minimum
requirements of a User while utilizing the power supply.

31
  Our application addresses the following key challenges with a traditional metering
system:

 Dependency on a person for operation

 Large amount of time required for operation
 Human errors
 Limited access to metering device in rural substations
 Collection of data that is inaccurate and cannot be used for reliability analysis
 Inability to perform outage notifications

4.2.2 Non Functional Requirements

This section describes in detail of all the non-functional requirements

4.2.2.1 Product Requirements

4.2.2.1.1 Efficiency (in terms of Time and Space)

 The system takes a time-lapse of 30 seconds to respond to the user request with a perfect
result.
 Updating the data regarding the consumption of units will be done automatically in the
webpage.
 High voltage when detected can be indicated through the buzzer and the system will then
automatically be disconnected by the Relay.

4.2.2.1.2 Reliability

 This system will allow the specific user to access the specific account which is highly
secured.
 Billing of units is very accurate without any errors.
32
  The system will not allow unauthorized users to check the unbilled (UB) units.

4.2.2.1.3 Portability
 The user can easily access the system anywhere through a phone call and connect to the
device.
 The system is compatible with windows vista/7/8/10.

4.2.2.1.4 Usability
 The User can check the Electricity Bill with the Unbilled Units on a daily, monthly basis
through GSM.
 User can see the data instant through LCD and also through a webpage.
 The company can connect and disconnect the electricity if the user doesn’t pay the bill on
time.

4.2.2.2 Organizational Requirements

 The electricity department’s main objectives and priorities are to be met.
 The business and performance pattern shouldn’t be disturbed.
 All processes and quality assurance with maintenance should be available.
 New technology trends should be observed and constant increase in productivity should
be a main priority for the organization.
 High security and confidentiality parameters should be met.

4.2.2.2.1 Implementation Requirements

For any system to work it has a set of requirements or inputs it requires, our system too has been
designed keeping in mind certain working environments and the system provides the results if it
is provided with the inputs that it has been designed to work on. For deploying this electricity
billing system we require a electric energy meter which has the readings of no. of units.

33
  A continuous power supply needs to be provided to the system (designed expecting 220-
240 volts)
 The power supply to the load in our case first pass through a step down transformer.
 Bridge rectifier is used to convert the AC to DC voltage.
 Required number of capacitors and resistors are used in our Regulated Power Supply
(RPS).
 Wide coverage of network should be available for mobile communication through
GSM.
 Continuous internet connectivity over the wifi is to be provided for the IoT module to
send notifications through the server.

4.2.2.3 Operational Requirements

 Economic
The system aims at automating a manual performed task so while doing so it should not incur
any major cost. The installation and maintenance of the system should be economical. So the
system should be designed and developed in such a way that development cost should be
viable and the also the regulated power supply should be in a suitable voltage.

 Environmental
Environmental factors can be considered at a very minimal point of consideration in this
system.Vibration induced noise can cause a problem to the public by large power
transformers. Usage of such transformers can be minimized.

 Social
This system is designed favorably to everyone rather than being biased to a certain sector of
society who turn to avoid bill payment.

34
  Political
This system doesn’t have any funding issues and do not represent any particular symbol or
entity. This system is neither harmful physically nor mentally to the user.

 Ethical
Parameters like patent rights are not to come into role as this is implemented in a low level
basis. This should not disturb the balance in society.

 Health and Safety

There may be a high chance of electricity fallout, so all connections must be checked and
connected properly. Voltage supply should be in control and fluctuations should be avoided.
Voltage regulators can be available along the system to prevent such breakdowns. Prevention
of elements of fire and water can be done if the system is shielded externally.

 Sustainability
Sustenance and reliability are two major aspects of a project which needs to work over a
certain lifetime. The system should be designed in such a way that it should be able to self
sustain or perform its functions on a regular basis without any issues also the system should
be reliable enough, that it should not generally malfunction as that would lead to stoppage of
basic activity in the electricity meter. The system can be robust if the Regulated Power
Supply is intact.

 Legality
The system which would perform all the above mentioned functionalities should be
completely legal. That is it should be certified by the respective government authorities for
usage and also all the methods it incorporates to provide the offered services should be
brought about in a legal way i.e. licenses or services if any required should be bought and
accepted so as not cause any hindrance in future.

35
4.2.3 System Requirements
4.1.3.1 H/W Requirements

 Switch Board
 Light bulb
 Resistors (330 ohms)
 Electrolytic Capacitors
 LED
 Buzzer
 MAX 232
 LCD
 Relay
 Step down transformer
Step down transformer converts high voltage to low voltage. (Here 230VAC to 18VAC)
 Opto coupler
Opto coupler is designed to provide complete electric isolation of input and output circuits..
 Bridge Rectifier
The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles
of the input ac voltage.
 Voltage Regulator
Voltage regulator is used to convert the 12V obtained from the AC-DC adapter to 5V to power
up the microcontroller and the level converter. Capacitors are connected accordingly for
reducing the disturbances.

4.1.3.2 S/W Requirements

 Embedded C programming

 Keil Uvision:
Keil Software, world's leading developer of Embedded Systems SoftwSare, makes ANSI C
compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers, linkers, library managers, simulators,
36
integrated environments, and evaluation boards for the 8051, 251 and ARM7 microcontroller
families. The Keil Software is a compiler where Embedded C program can be compiled and run
the program. It is used to send the compiled program to the IOT module. Once the program is
send it cannot be re-written but it can be Re-send the program then the existing program will be
deleted and new program will be installed.

 IOT based WiFi module sent information to Web Server

The web Server will receive the data from the IOT module and it will be stored in the form of a
graph. The stored data will be represented in the form of a graph consisting details regarding
time and data including the fluctuations of the units used by the user. The data can be viewed
from any place with the connection of the IOT module.

 GSM COMMANDS

AT commands are instructions used to control a modem. AT is the abbreviation of ATtention.

Every command line starts with "AT" or "at". That's why modem commands are called AT
commands. Many of the commands that are used to control wired dial-up modems, such as ATD
(Dial), ATA (Answer), ATH (Hook control) and ATO (Return to online data state), are also
supported by GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones. Besides this common AT command set,
GSM/GPRS modems and mobile phones support an AT command set that is specific to the GSM
technology, which includes SMS-related commands like AT+CMGS (Send SMS message),
AT+CMSS (Send SMS message from storage), AT+CMGL (List SMS messages) and
AT+CMGR (Read SMS messages).
Note that the starting "AT" is the prefix that informs the modem about the start of a command
line. It is not part of the AT command name. For example, D is the actual AT command name in
ATD and +CMGS is the actual AT command name in AT+CMGS. However, some books and
web sites use them interchangeably as the name of an AT command.
Here are some of the tasks that can be done using AT commands with a GSM/GPRS modem or
mobile phone:

37
  Get basic information about the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example,
name of manufacturer (AT+CGMI), model number (AT+CGMM), IMEI number
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) (AT+CGSN) and software version
(AT+CGMR).
 Get basic information about the subscriber. For example, MSISDN (AT+CNUM) and
IMSI number (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (AT+CIMI).
 Get the current status of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For example, mobile
phone activity status (AT+CPAS), mobile network registration status (AT+CREG), radio
signal strength (AT+CSQ), battery charge level and battery charging status (AT+CBC).
 Establish a data connection or voice connection to a remote modem (ATD, ATA, etc).
 Send and receive fax (ATD, ATA, AT+F*).
 Send (AT+CMGS, AT+CMSS), read (AT+CMGR, AT+CMGL), write (AT+CMGW) or
delete (AT+CMGD) SMS messages and obtain notifications of newly received SMS
messages (AT+CNMI).
 Read (AT+CPBR), write (AT+CPBW) or search (AT+CPBF) phonebook entries.
 Perform security-related tasks, such as opening or closing facility locks (AT+CLCK),
checking whether a facility is locked (AT+CLCK) and changing passwords
(AT+CPWD).
(Facility lock examples: SIM lock [a password must be given to the SIM card every time
the mobile phone is switched on] and PH-SIM lock [a certain SIM card is associated with
the mobile phone. To use other SIM cards with the mobile phone, a password must be
entered.])
 Control the presentation of result codes / error messages of AT commands. For example,
you can control whether to enable certain error messages (AT+CMEE) and whether error
messages should be displayed in numeric format or verbose format (AT+CMEE=1 or
AT+CMEE=2).
 Get or change the configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, change the GSM network (AT+COPS), bearer service type (AT+CBST), radio
link protocol parameters (AT+CRLP), SMS center address (AT+CSCA) and storage of
SMS messages (AT+CPMS).

38
  Save and restore configurations of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. For
example, save (AT+CSAS) and restore (AT+CRES) settings related to SMS messaging
such as the SMS center address.
There are two types of AT commands:
1. Basic commands are AT commands that do not start with "+". For example, D (Dial), A
(Answer), H (Hook control), and O (Return to online data state) are basic commands.
2. Extended commands are AT commands that start with "+". All GSM AT commands are
extended commands. For example, +CMGS (Send SMS message), +CMGL (List SMS
messages), and +CMGR (Read SMS messages) are extended commands.

5 Results and Discussion

5.1 Implementation
Based on the available and known requirements, the system developed suits its desired prototype
by satisfying its requirements given by the user. Using the above mentioned hardware and
software we implemented this system. Electricity supply is required for this prototype to
function. As per previous discussions we have known to include the Regulated power supply for
the generation of electricity to pass through. The hardware required will be embedded to the
microcontroller to steer an output. Implementation of regulated power supply involves hardware
along with current flow. Electric meter is another component that visualizes the readings from
regulated power supply to microcontroller and a reliable connection to GSM module. The
hardware representation of the prototype will be supporting all the norms as per the modules.
The modules tend to communicate with the microcontroller as per the prescribed connections.
This is maintained by including all the interconnections of the modules avoiding inference with
other modules. The electric meter is interfaced externally with the LCD to visualize the Unbilled
(UB) units of the connection setup. An automatic switch in terms of relay is available at the setup
and including two external buttons functions one for a reset and other for to increment the
reading values. A two switch slot is available alongside to allow any 230V power supply to
function along with the system.

39
 Fig. 9 Hardware Setup

5.2 Methodology with Pseudo code

Methodology

The methodology which we are adopting for our project is based on mainly two modules
notably:
 IoT Module
 GSM Module
The main IoT module is to be based on a web server In this web server main functionalities
details can be available i.e., customer/user’s id , name, address and other details including date
and time can be found. The web server will have the monthly details of the users regarding the
consumption of units and price cost on a regular basis. Constant updating of the electricity
consumption units can be found. This web server is maintained through the IoT module which is
ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. Wireless connectivity thorough IoT module is mainly done through the
Wi-Fi module.

The other module is the GSM module in which communication is done through mobile device.

40
Remote electricity billing is which the electricity bill can be collected using the consumers
mobile phones .The methodology to implement this project is by providing the users with
distinctive meters along with a SIM card. The initial step is to register the mobile number with
the help of a reset button and other commands.

The electricity board can produce the electricity bill of a consumer by simply sending an SMS to
the SIM, it automatically generates the bill by calculating the number of units that have been
consumed. This calculation can be programmed with the help of Keil platform which is
interfaced with the microcontroller. Other functionalities in the GSM module includes
disconnection and reconnection of the electric connection through a simple SMS sent by the
electricity board. Monthly bill is generally sent through a SMS at first. If the due is not cleared as
per given date, the authorities/electricity board have the option to disconnect the connection
through a SMS. If the bill is cleared then again the electricity board will have the option to
reconnect the connection.

Additional components are also present like the buzzer which comes into role by buzzing when
the voltage overflows than the maximum capacity. Other component is the LCD which consists
of the unit reading and also the UB (Unbilled readings) of the user’s connection.

Pseudo Code
// LCD Display function
void cal(void)
{
count_p++;
if(count_p>=99)
{
count++;
ucount++;
LCD_cmd(0x86);
conv(count);

41
 write(0,count);
write(3,ucount);
count_p=0;
LCD_putc('.');
LCD_cmd(0xc3);
conv(ucount);
send_iot_field1(count,count_p);
}
LCD_cmd(0x8A);
conv1(count_p);
write(1,count_p);
LCD_cmd(0xc3);
conv(ucount);
}

// Delay function
void DelayMs(long ms)
{
long i,j;
for (i = 0; i < ms; i++ )
for (j = 0; j < 6659; j++ );
}
//IoT module function
void send_iot_field1( unsigned int dat1, unsigned int dat2)
{
unsigned char buffer1[20];
send_com("AT\n");
DelayMs(800);

send_com("AT+CIPSTART=\"TCP\",\"184.106.153.149\"\n");
DelayMs(1800);

42
 send_com("AT+CIPSEND=52\n");
DelayMs(800);
send_com("GET /update?api_key=0OKN01LM1WG6KASH&field1=");
sprintf(buffer1,"%d.d",datt1,dat2);
send_com(buffer1);
send_com("\n\n");
DelayMs(800);
}
//GSM function basic code
if(!strcmp(scan,"CCONNT"))
{
printf("COMMAND: CCONNT\n\n");
printf("STATUS:\n");
set_pin0(L0);
write(2,0);
LCD_puts(0x8D,"ON ");}
else
if(!strcmp(scan,"DCONNT"))
{ printf("COMMAND: DCONNT\n\n");
printf("STATUS:\n");
clr_pin0(L0);
write(2,1);
LCD_puts(0x8D,"OFF");
}
else
{
printf("WRONG CODE\n");}

43
5.3 Simulation Tool
 We used Keil for creating the code and later generated a .hex file.

Fig. 11 Simulation Tool Keil

 To dump the code into the microcontroller we have to convert the .hex file generated with
selected parameters and run the code we have to use the flash magic tool.
 The hex file consists data in the form of binary 1’s and 0’s.

44
 Fig. 12 Simulation Tool Flash Magic

 To provide the user daily (if requested) / monthly bill and the consumed units details
through the web server with IoT Module.
 To provide the similar details through GSM module connection by sending a SMS
message.
 To show the readings on an alphanumeric LCD screen.
 To avail the feature to disconnect/reconnect the electricity connection of the user through
GSM facility.
 To show the details in the form a graph where each node represents details of usage in the
web server through IoT module.

45
 Fig. 13 Graph of IoT module

46
 Fig. 14 GSM Message

47
5.4 Test Cases

GSM MODULE

TEST ID TEST DATA DESCRIPTION ACTUAL EXPECTED TEST REMARKS

OUTPUT OUTPUT PASS/FAIL

1 #CCONT To turn the The meter An SMS to Pass

meter on will turn connected
on mobile

2 #BILL 2 To receive the The An SMS to Pass

unbilled units phone receive from
will the electricity
receive a department
message
regarding
the
number of
unbilled
units
3 #DCONNT To turn the The meter An SMS to Pass
meter off will be connected
turned off mobile
regarding the
disconnection
of meter

4 #PAID authorities The meter An SMS to Pass

reset user’s will be the connected
unbilled units to reset to mobile
zero regarding the
zero
payment of
bill

48
IOT MODULE

TEST ID TEST DATA DESCRIPTION ACTUAL EXPECTED TEST REMARKS

OUTPUT OUTPUT PASS/FAIL

1 Network Login to Error due No error Fail

connection connect to the to message
login incorrect network incorrect
password password

2 Network Login to the Network No error Pass

connection network is message
login correct connected
password

3 Channel Id of Displays the A graph A graph with Pass

the web server details depicting unit
regarding the the units consumption
units of consumed details
consumption. in the
form of
nodes

49
5.5 Performance Metrics

Table 3 Performance Metrics

6 Conclusion
Everyone are more concerned about their time in this busy world; Many of them tend to
miss the deadline to pay their electricity bill. These difficulties can easily be avoided by
using prepaid electricity billing system. Every consumer can recharge their EB account
through their cell phones. Most importantly the manual error made by the employees
while taking readings can be vanished by this system. The unique consumer ID given by
the EB makes the users account more secure.

This system provides several benefits to the consumers. This technology can be operated
easily by every consumer without any help from the EB employees. In this busy world
people are more concern about their valuable and precious time. Our system helps them to

50
 save their precious time by avoiding them from queues in front of EB office. While the
consumer leaves their apartment, they can terminate the main power supply in order to
control the wastage of energy. It’s quite natural in human to create errors while taking
readings. This may lead to heavy lose for the consumers while paying the electricity bill.
Hence such errors can be avoided easily by using this system.
The advantages of this Model are:
 Automation of all features including communication from the EB office to the
customer.
 Saves data using automatic control and storage systems.
 Reduces the human errors.
 It involves less cost to communicate.
 This system increases productivity.
 To increase n number of customers to communicate and automate.

6.1 Limitations and Scope

This project has been stated for the use of EB billing purposes for a locality.

i. This module can be equipped with a faster and more capable microcontroller to
integrate control of more Electricity Billing devices at the same time
ii. Voice alerts can be used to indicate the various controlling of devices their status
of operation.
iii. Advanced AVR microcontrollers with bigger flash memories can be used to
create an increased number of functions and programs for better functionality and
for a user friendly interface.
iv. We can include the touch sensors or pressure sensors in the system so that the
security is provided whenever intruders try to tamper the electric meter.

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6.2 References

[1] Li Xiaoguang Hu, “Design of an ARM-Based Power Meter Having WIFI Wireless Communication Module”
IEEE 2009.
[2] Petri Oksa, Mikael Soini, “Considerations of Using Power Line Communication in the AMR System”, 2006
IEEE International Symposium on 26-29, pp.208-211, Mar. 2006
[3] Primicanta, A.H.; Nayan, M.Y.; Awan, M.; “Hybrid Automatic Meter Reading System” in Computer
Technology and Development, 2009. ICCTD '09.
[4] Tae-Gue Oh, Chung-Hyuk Yim and Gyu-Sik Kim, ‘ESP8266 WI-FI Module for monitoring system
application’, Global Journal of Engineering Science and Researches.
[5] Internet of Things with ESP8266 by Marco Schwartz
[6] Principles and Applications of GSM by Vijay K. Garg and Joseph E. Wilkes

[7] P.K. Lee and L.L. Lai, Fieee, (2007)“A practical approach to wireless GPRS on-line power quality monitoring
system”, Power Engineering society.
[8] Subhashis Maitra, “Embedded Energy Meter- A new concept to measure the energy consumed by a consumer
and to pay the bill”, Power System Technology .
[9] HG Rodney Tan, CH Lee, VH Mok,( 2007) “Automatic Power Meter Reading using GSM Network”.
[10] T. Chandler,( 2005), "The technology development of automatic metering and monitoringsystems,"
International Power.
[11] M. Choi, S. Ju, and Y. Lim, (2008),"Design of integrated meter reading system based on power line
communication," in IEEE International Symp. Power Line Commun. Its Appl.
[12] A. Abdollahi, M. Dehghani, and N. Zamanzadeh,( 2007), "SMS-based reconfigurable automatic meter reading
system," in IEEE International Conf. Control Appl.
[13] Y. K. Peng, et al.,( 2007), “A novel PWM technique in digital control,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, Vol. 54.

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