Lesson 6
derived from Karl Marx, advocating
ALS (Alternative Learning System)
- is a parallel learning system in the
Philippines that provides a practical
option to the existing formal
instruction. When one does not have
or cannot access formaleducation in
schools
Animism – a beliefs system that
hold that both animate and inanimate
things have spiritual essence
Behavior - the way in which one acts
or conducts oneself, especially
toward others.
Beliefs - an acceptance that a
statement is true or that something
exists.
Bilineal – means one’s descent is
based on both male and female.
Bourgeoisie - the middle class,
typically with reference to its
perceived materialistic values or
conventional attitudes.
Broken family – caused by the
separation or dissolution of marriage
CCT (Conditional Cash Transfer)
– refers to the government
intervention in the economy
Christianity - is a Abrahamic
monotheistic religion based on the
life and teachings of Jesus of
Nazareth as described in the New
Testament.
Church - a building used for public
Christian worship.
Communism - a political theory
class war and leading to a society in
which all property is publicly owned
and each person works and is paid
according to their abilities and needs.
Consumer - a person who purchases
goods and services for personal use.
Corporation - a company or group
of people authorized to act as a single
entity (legally a person) and
recognized as such in law
Domestic market - also referred to
as an internal market
or domestic trading, is the supply and
demand of goods, services, and
securities within a single country.
Economy – an institution that address
questions regarding limited resources
of society.
Educational Institutions - ensure
that an individual in fictionally
literate
Extended family – composed of
nuclear family and other relatives
such as grandparents, aunts, uncles,
and cousins.
Family – vital institution for the
continue survival of humanity
because it nurtures offspring from
childhood into adulthood
God/gods - n Christianity, the
doctrine of the Trinity describes God
as one God in three divine Persons
(each of the three Persons is God
himself). The Most Holy Trinity
comprises God the Father, God the
Son (which is Jesus Christ God), and
God the Holy Spirit.
Health institutions – ensure that
individual have access to health
services to promote universal public
health
Hinduism - is the world's oldest
religion, according to many scholars,
with roots and customs dating back
more than 4,000 years. Today, with
about 900 million
followers, Hinduism is the third-
largest religion behind Christianity
and Islam.
Holistic perspective - many different
factors are taken into account to
generate a picture of the culture as a
whole
Industrialists - a person involved in
the ownership and management of
industry
Institutional approach – social
institutions are ordered sets of rules,
norms and beliefs that organize
human behavior.
International market
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and
Syria) -
Islam - is an Abrahamic
monotheistic religion teaching that
there is only one God (Allah), and
that Muhammad is the messenger of
God. It is the world's second-largest
religion with over 1.8 billion
followers or 24% of the world's
population, most commonly known
as Muslims.
Jainism - a nontheistic religion
founded in India in the 6th century
BC by the Jina Vardhamana
Mahavira as a reaction against the
teachings of orthodox Brahmanism,
and still practiced there
Judaism - is the religion of
the Jewish people. It is an ancient,
monotheistic, Abrahamic religion
Kinship – a social structure defined
by relations among individuals linked
by blood or marriage ties.
Laws - Law is a system of rules that
are created and enforced through
social or governmental institutions to
regulate behavior.
Liberal Economics – market is a
level playing field, and that each
individual is able to engage freely in
economics activities
Loyal citizenry - A person who
feels loyalty to a nation, cause, or
person feels a sense of allegiance,
commitment, dedication toward them.
Market failures - refers to cases
when the market becomes inefficient
due to imperfect competition,
information and mobility.
Market-oriented economy - society,
system etc is one with
free markets where people can buy
and sell freely and where most
companies are not owned by the
state. Market-oriented activities are
designed to lead to a more market-
oriented economy.
Marriage – a basis for kinship
Matrilineal – one’s descent is based
on the female line
Monogamous – having only one
partner
Monotheism – a religion that
believes in only one god
Mysticism - belief that union with or
absorption into the Deity or the
absolute, or the spiritual apprehension
of knowledge inaccessible to the
intellect, may be attained through
contemplation and self-surrender.
Norms - something that is usual,
typical, or standard
Nuclear family – families that are
composed of parents and children
Patrilineal – means one’s descent is
based on the male line
Polyandry – a wife can marry many
husband
Polygamous – having more than one
partner
Polygyny – a husband could take
many wives
Polytheism – a religion that believes
in many god
Population - is the number of living
things that live together in the same
place
Practices - the actual application or
use of an idea, belief, or method, as
opposed to theories relating to it.
Proletariat - workers or working-
class people, regarded collectively
(often used with reference to
Marxism).
Reconstituted family – composed of
spouse and children from previous
marriage
Relational approach – focuses on
the social relations rather than beliefs,
norms or values
Relationship - the way in which two
or more concepts, objects, or people
are connected, or the state of being
connected.
Religion – an institution that involves
a set of beliefs and practices of a
particular social group
Revolution - s a fundamental and
relatively sudden change in political
power and political organization
which occurs when the population
revolts against the government,
typically due to perceived oppression
(political, social, economic).
Rules - accepted principle or
instruction that states the way things
are or should be done, and tells you
what you are allowed or are not
allowed to do
Sect - a group of people with
somewhat different religious beliefs
(typically regarded as heretical) from
those of a larger group to which they
belong.
Secularization process – the
decrease in the influence of religion
and organized churches in social
affairs
Shintoism - or kami-no-michi (as
well as other names) is the traditional
religion of Japan that focuses on
ritual practices to be carried out
diligently to establish a connection
between present-day Japan and its
ancient past.
Social class - a division of a society
based on social and economic status
Social Institution – refers to the
organized set of elements such as
beliefs, rules, practices and
relationship that exist to attain social
order
Social order - s a fundamental
concept in sociology that refers to the
way in which the various components
of society—social structures and
institutions, social relations, social int
eractions and behavior, and cultural
features such as norms, beliefs, and
values—work together to maintain
the status quo.
Social status - Social status is the
level of respect, honor, assumed
competence, and deference accorded
to people, groups, and organizations
in a society. Some writers have also
referred to a socially valued role or
category a person occupies as a
"status"
Socialist - a person who advocates or
practices socialism.
Socializations - socialization is the
process of internalizing the norms
and ideologies of society.
Spouse - a husband or wife,
considered in relation to their partner.
Suppliers - A supplier may be
distinguished from a contractor or
subcontractor, who commonly adds
specialized input to deliverables
Theocracies – states that are under
the power of religious leaders
Theology – the study of the nature of
God and religious belief.
Traditional healers - A person in a
primitive society who uses long-
established methods passed down
from one healer to another to treat a
person suffering from various
illnesses, many of which have
psychological underpinnings.
Universal education -
Universal access to education is the
ability of all people to have equal
opportunity in education, regardless
of their social class, gender, ethnicity
background or physical and mental
disabilities
Values - the regard that something is
held to deserve; the importance,
worth, or usefulness of something.
Western health system -
A system in which medical doctors
and other healthcare professionals
(such as nurses, pharmacists, and
therapists) treat symptoms and
diseases using drugs
Lesson 7
Amend - make minor changes
in (a text) in order to make it
fairer, more accurate, or more
up-to-date.
Anthropologist - an expert in or
student of anthropology.
Authority - the power or right to give
orders, make decisions, and enforce
obedience.
Behavior - the way in which one acts
or conducts oneself, especially
toward others.
Bureaucracy - a system of
government in which most of the
important decisions are made by state
officials rather than by elected
representatives.
Charismatic authority - a concept of
leadership developed by the
German sociologist Max Weber. It
involves a type of organization or a
type of leadership in which authority
derives from the charisma of the
leader.
Chiefdoms - a form of hierarchical
political organization in non-
industrial societies usually based on
kinship, and in which formal
leadership is monopolized by the
legitimate senior members of select
families or 'houses'.
Claim - state or assert that something
is the case, typically without
providing evidence or proof.
Clientelistic behavior - exchange of
goods and services for political
support, often involving an implicit
or explicit quid-pro-quo Clientelism
involves an asymmetric relationship
between groups of political actors
described as patrons, brokers,
and clients.
Decisions -a conclusion or resolution
reached after consideration.
Disputes - a disagreement between
management and employees that
leads to an action of protest by the
employees.
Emergence - process of coming into
view or becoming exposed after
being concealed.
Establishment - a group in a society
exercising power and influence over
matters of policy or taste and seen as
resisting change.
Fact - a thing that is known or proved
to be true.
Heroes - a person who is admired or
idealized for courage, outstanding
achievements, or noble qualities.
Justification - the action of showing
something to be right or reasonable.
Law - the system of rules which a
particular country or community
recognizes as regulating the actions
of its members and which it may
enforce by the imposition of
penalties.
Leaders - the person who leads or
commands a group, organization, or
country.
Legal-rational - a form of leadership
in which the authority of an
organization or a ruling regime is
largely tied to legal
rationality, legal legitimacy and
bureaucracy.
Legitimacy - conformity to
the law or to rules.
Liberalization - the removal or
loosening of restrictions on
something, typically an economic or
political system.
Maintain - cause or enable (a
condition or state of affairs) to
continue.
Nation - a large body of people
united by common descent, history,
culture, or language, inhabiting a
particular country or territory.
Obey - comply with the command,
direction, or request of (a person or a
law); submit to the authority of.
Organization - body of people with a
particular purpose, especially a
business, society, association, etc.
Patriarch - a system of society or
government in which the father or
eldest male is head of the family and
descent is traced through the male
line.
Political culture - set of attitudes,
beliefs and sentiments that give order
and meaning to a political process
and which provide the underlying
assumptions and rules that govern
behavior in the political system".
Political liberalization - loosening of
government controls. Although
sometimes associated with the
relaxation of laws relating to social
matters such as abortion and divorce.
Politics - the activities associated
with the governance of a country or
other area, especially the debate or
conflict among individuals or parties
having or hoping to achieve power.
Power - a right or authority that is
given or delegated to a person or
body.
Rules - one of a set of explicit or
understood regulations or principles
governing conduct within a particular
activity or sphere.
Sovereignty - the authority of a state
to govern itself or another state.
State - a nation or territory
considered as an organized political
community under one government.
Traditional Authority - a form of
leadership in which the authority of
an organization or a ruling regime is
largely tied to tradition or custom.
The main reason for the given state of
affairs is that it 'has always been that
way'.
Lesson 8
Absolute poverty - refers to a condition
where a person does not have the
minimum amount of income needed to
meet the minimum requirements for one
or more basic living needs over an
extended period of time.
Access - computing. to obtain or retrieve
(information) from a storage device. to
place (information) in a storage device
See also direct access, sequential access.
Amenities - a desirable or useful feature
or facility of a building or place.
Black feminism - a school of thought
stating that sexism, class oppression,
gender identity and racism are
inextricably bound together.
Closed systems - a physical system that
does not allow certain types of transfers
(such as transfer of mass and energy
transfer) in or out of the system.
Conflict theory - perspectives in
sociology and social psychology that
emphasize a materialist interpretation of
history, dialectical method of analysis, a
critical stance toward existing social
arrangements, and political program of
revolution or, at least, reform.
Dependency theory - notion that
resources flow from a "periphery" of
poor and underdeveloped states to a
"core" of wealthy states, enriching the
latter at the expense of the former.
Deprive - deny (a person or place) the
possession or use of something.
Discrimination -the unjust or prejudicial Individuals - characteristic of a
treatment of different categories of particular person or thing.
people or things, especially on the
Inequality - difference in size, degree,
grounds of race, age, or sex.
circumstances, etc.; lack of equality.
Endogamous marriages - practice of
Intergenerational mobility - refers to
marrying within a specific social group,
changes in social status between different
caste or ethnic group, rejecting those
generations within the same family.
from others as unsuitable for marriage or
other close personal relationships. Liberal feminists - an individualistic
form of feminist theory, which focuses
Ethnicity - the fact or state of belonging
on women's ability to maintain their
to a social group that has a common
equality through their own actions and
national or cultural tradition.
choices.
Exogamous marriage - a social
Marginalized - (of a person, group, or
arrangement where marriage is allowed
concept) treated as insignificant or
only outside a social group.
peripheral.
Functionalism - a framework for
Modernization theory - used to explain
building theory that sees society as a
the process of modernization within
complex system whose parts work
societies.
together to promote solidarity and
stability. Open systems - a system that has
external interactions. Such interactions
Gender - either of the two sexes (male
can take the form of information, energy,
and female), especially when considered
or material transfers into or out of the
with reference to social and cultural
system boundary, depending on the
differences rather than biological ones.
discipline which defines the concept.
Global stratification - refers to
Opportunities - A favorable or
the hierarchical arrangement of
advantageous circumstance or
individuals and groups in
combination of circumstances.
societies around the world.
Political power - the capacity of an
Hierarchy - a system or organization in
individual to influence the conduct
which people or groups are ranked one
(behaviour) of others.
above the other according to status or
authority. Poverty - a multifaceted concept, which
may include social, economic, and
Homeless - (of a person) without a
political elements.
home, and therefore typically living on
the streets.
Prejudice - affective feeling towards a Stratification - a system or formation of
person or group member based solely on layers, classes, or categories.
that person's group membership.
Subjective poverty - seeing oneself as
Race - a situation in which individuals or poor or very poor.
groups compete to be first to achieve a
Traditional societies - refers to a society
particular objective.
characterized by an orientation to the
Radical feminists - a perspective within past, not the future, with a predominant
feminism that calls for a radical role for custom and habit.
reordering of society in which male
Underclass - the lowest social stratum in
supremacy is eliminated in all social and
a country or community, consisting of
economic contexts.
the poor and unemployed.
Relative poverty - condition in which
Upward mobility - sociol the movement
people lack the minimum amount of
of an individual, social group, or class to
income needed in order to maintain the
a position of increased status or power
average standard of living in the society
in which they live. Vulnerable - susceptible to physical or
emotional attack or harm.
Social exclusion - rocess in which
individuals or people are systematically Wealth - the state of being rich; material
blocked from (or denied full access to) prosperity.
various rights, opportunities and
World system theory – an approach to
resources that are normally available to
world history and social change that
members of a different group.
suggests there is a world economic
Social stratification - a kind of social system in which some countries benefit
differentiation whereby a society groups while others are exploited.
people into socioeconomic strata, based
upon their occupation and income,
wealth and social status, or derived
power (social and political).
State centered theories - political
theory which stresses the role of the
government on civil society.

Status - he relative social, professional,

or other standing of someone or
something.

Lesson 9
Acquired - learn or develop
Advocate - a person who publicly
supports or recommends a particular
cause or policy.
Assimilation - the process of taking in
and fully understanding information or
ideas.
Banned - officially or legally prohibit
Broadcasting - he transmission of
programs or information by radio or
television.
Corruption - dishonest or fraudulent
conduct by those in power, typically
involving bribery.
Cultural change - a term used in public
policy making that emphasizes the
influence of cultural capital on individual
and community behavior.
Demographic - relating to the structure
of populations
Dictatorship - government by a dictator.
Diffusion - the dissemination of
elements of culture to another region or
people.
Emergence - the process of coming into
view or becoming exposed after being
concealed
Employment - the condition of having
paid work.
Eradication - the complete destruction
of something.
Evident - plain or obvious; clearly seen
or understood.
Facebook - spend time using the social
networking website Facebook.
Feedback - information about reactions
to a product, a person's performance of
task, etc. which is used as a basis for
improvement.
Globalization - the process by which
businesses or other organizations
develop international influence or start
operating on an international scale.
Government - he governing body of a
nation, state, or community.
Harassment - aggressive pressure or
intimidation.
Headscarves - a square of fabric worn as
a covering for the head, often folded into
a triangle and knotted under the chin.
Innovation - the action or process of
innovating.
Instagram - a free photo and video
sharing app available on Apple iOS,
Android and Windows Phone.
Liberation - the act of setting someone
free from imprisonment, slavery, or
oppression; release.
Migration - a way to move from one
place to another in order to live and
work.
Nationalism - dentification with one's
own nation and support for its interests,
especially to the exclusion or detriment
of the interests of other nations.
Online platforms - An online Vehicles - a thing used for transporting
marketplace that places one party in people or goods, especially on land, such
touch with another, such as buyers and as a car, truck, or cart.
sellers.
Perspective - a particular attitude toward
or way of regarding something; a point
of view.
Population - all the inhabitants of a
particular town, area, or country.
Revolution - a forcible overthrow of a
government or social order, in favor of a
new system.
Social Change - refers to any significant
alteration over time in behavior patterns
and cultural values and norms.
Social contradiction - arises where the
specific goals, projects, or social
identities generated by conformity with
one rule are thwarted (or inhibited) by
reason of efforts to conform to another
rule of that same code-culture-grammar.
Social tension - helps to evaluate the
level of civil disorder, it is one or more
forms of disturbance caused by a group
of people.
Technology - the collection of
techniques, skills, methods,
and processes used in the
production of goods or
services or in the
accomplishment of objectives,
such as scientific
investigation.
Twitter - make a posting on the
social media application
Twitter.