6.7. Figure 6.

6 shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with

generation at bus 1. The voltage at bus 1 is 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟎∠𝟎 per unit. The scheduled loads on
buses 2 and 3 are marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100
MVA base. For the purpose of hand calculations, line resistances and line charging
susceptances are neglected.
(𝟎) (𝟎)
(a) Using Gauss-Seidel method and initial estimates of 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎 + 𝒋𝟎 and 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟎 +
𝒋𝟎 determine 𝑽𝟐 and 𝑽𝟑 . Perform two iterations.
(b) If after several iterations the bus voltages converge to
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 pu
𝑽𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 pu
Determine the line flows and line losses and the slack bus real and reactive power. Construct
a power flow diagram and show the direction of the line flows.
(c) Check the power flow solution using the gauss and other required programs.
(Refer to Example 6.9.) Use a power accuracy of 0.00001 and an acceleration factor of 1.0.

Solutions using Newton-Raphson

1st Iteration

𝝏𝑷𝟑
= −|𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟑 )
𝝏𝜹𝟐
𝜕𝑃3 1
= |1||1||20| sin ( 𝜋) = −20
𝜕𝛿2 2
∂P3
= |V3 ||V1 ||Y31 | sin(θ31 -δ3 +δ1 )+|V3 ||V2 ||Y32 | sin( θ32 -δ3 +δ2 )
∂δ3
∂P3 1 1
= |1||1||80| sin ( π) +|1||1||20| sin ( π) =100
∂δ3 2 2
 ∂P3
= |V3 ||Y32 | cos(θ23 -δ2 +δ3 )
∂|V2 |
𝜕𝑃3 1
= |1||20| cos ( 2 π) =0
𝜕|𝑉2 |
∂P3
= |V1 ||Y31 | cos(θ31 -δ3 +δ1 )+|V2 ||Y32 | cos(θ32 -δ3 +δ2 )+ 2|V3 ||Y33 | cos(θ33 )
∂|V3 |
∂P3 1 1 1
= |1||80| cos ( π) +|1||20| cos ( π) + 2|1||100| cos ( π) =0
∂|V3 | 2 2 2

∂Q2
=|V2 ||V1 ||Y21 | cos(θ21 -δ2 +δ1 )+|V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | cos(θ23 -δ2 +δ3 )
∂δ2
∂Q2 1 1
=|1||1||30| cos ( 2 π) +|1||1||20| cos ( 2 π) =0
∂δ2
∂Q2
= - |V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | cos(θ23 -δ2 +δ3 )
∂δ3
∂Q2 1
= - |1||1||20| cos ( 2 π) =0
∂δ3
∂Q2
= -|V1 ||Y21 | sin(θ21 -δ2 +δ1 )-2|V2 ||Y22 | sin(θ22 )-|V3 ||Y23 | sine(θ23 -δ2 +δ3 )
∂|V2 |
∂Q2 1 1 1
= -|1||30| sin ( 2 π) -2|1||50| sin (- 2 π) -|1||20| sin ( 2 π) = 50
∂|V2 |
∂Q2
= - |V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | cos(θ23 -δ2 +δ3 )
∂|V3 |
∂Q2 1
= - |1||30|cos ( 2 π) = -20
∂|V3 |
∂Q3
= -|V3 ||V2 ||Y32 | cos ( θ32 -δ3 +δ2 )
∂δ2
∂Q3 1
= -|1||1||20|sin ( 2 π) =0
∂δ2
∂Q3
= |V3 ||V1 ||Y31 | cos(θ31 -δ3 +δ1 )+ |V3 ||V2 ||Y32 | cos(θ32 -δ3 +δ2 )
∂δ3
∂Q3 1 1
= |1||1||80| cos ( 2 π) + |1||1||20| cos ( 2 π) =0
∂δ3
∂Q3
= -|V3 ||Y32 | sin ( θ32 -δ3 +δ2 )
∂|V2 |
∂Q3 1
= -|1||20|sin ( 2 π) = -20
∂|V2 |
∂Q3
= -|V1 ||Y31 | sin(θ31 -δ3 +δ1 )-|V2 ||Y32 | sin(θ32 -δ3 +δ2 )-2|V3 ||Y23 | sin(θ33 )
∂|V3 |
∂Q3 1 1 1
= -|1||80| sin ( 2 π) -|1||20| sin ( 2 π) -2|1||100| sin (- 2 π) =100
∂|V3 |
 ∆P(0) sch 0 ( )
2 = P2 -P2 =-4-0=-4 pu
∆P(0) sch 0 ( )
3 = P3 -P3 =-3-0=-3 pu
∆Q(0)
2
= Qsch
2
-Q(20) =-3.2-0=-3.2 pu
∆Q(0)
3
= Qsch
3
-Q(30) =-2.7-0=-2.7 pu

-(400+j320)
S2 sch = =-4.0-j3.2 p.u.
100
-(300+j270)
S3 sch = =-3.0-j2.7 p.u.
100

(0)
∆δ2
-4 50 -20 0 0
(0)
-3 -20 100 0 0 ∆δ3
[-3.2] = [ 0 0 50 ]
-20 ∆|V |(0)
2
-2.7 0 0 -20 100
[∆|V3 |(0) ]
2nd Iteration
𝝏𝑷𝟐
= |𝑽𝟐 ||𝑽𝟏 ||𝒀𝟐𝟏 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟐𝟏 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟏 ) + |𝑽𝟐 ||𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟐𝟑 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝜽𝟐𝟑 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑 )
𝝏𝜹𝟐
𝜕𝑃2 1
= |0.92||1||30| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋 − (−0.1) + 0)
𝜕𝛿2 2
1
+ |0.92||0.957||20| sin ( 𝜋 − (−0.1) + (−0.05))
2
𝜕𝑃2
= 44.98025238
𝜕𝛿2

𝝏𝑷𝟐
= − |𝑽𝟐 ||𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟐𝟑 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝜽𝟐𝟑 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑 )
𝝏𝜹𝟑
𝜕𝑃2 1
= − |0.92||0.957||20| sin ( 𝜋 − (−0.01) + (−0.05))
𝜕𝛿3 2
𝜕𝑃2
= −17.55707236
𝜕𝛿3

𝝏𝑷𝟐
= |𝑽𝟏 ||𝒀𝟐𝟏 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟐𝟏 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟏 ) + 𝟐|𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟐𝟐 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟐𝟐 )
𝝏|𝑽𝟐 |
+ |𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟐𝟑 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟐𝟑 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑 )
𝜕𝑃2 1 1
= |1||30| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜋 − (−0.01) + 0) + 2|0.919||50| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝜋)
𝜕|𝑉2 | 2 2
1
+ |0.957||20| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜋 − (−0.1) + (−0.05))
2
 𝜕𝑃2
= −3.951343038
𝜕|𝑉2 |

𝝏𝑷𝟐
= |𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟐𝟑 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟐𝟑 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑 )
𝝏|𝑽𝟑 |
𝜕𝑃2 1
= |0.919||20| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜋 − (−0.1) + (−0.05))
𝜕|𝑉3 | 2
𝜕𝑃2
= −0.9183129102
𝜕|𝑉3 |

𝝏𝑷𝟑
= −|𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
𝝏𝜹𝟐
𝜕𝑃3 1
= −|0.957||0.919||20| sin( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + (−0.1))
𝜕𝛿2 2
𝜕𝑃3
= −17.55707236
𝜕𝛿2

𝝏𝑷𝟑
= |𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟏 ||𝒀𝟑𝟏 | 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽𝟑𝟏 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟏 ) + |𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
𝝏𝜹𝟑
𝜕𝑃3 1
= |0.957||1||80| sin ( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + 0)
𝜕𝛿3 2
1
+ |0.957||0.919||20| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + (−0.1))
2
𝜕𝑃3
= 94.00054882
𝜕𝛿3

𝝏𝑷𝟑
= |𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
𝝏|𝑽𝟐 |
𝜕𝑃3 1
= |0.957||20| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜋 − (−0.5) + (−0.1))
𝜕|𝑉2 | 2
𝜕𝑃3
= 0.956340539
𝜕|𝑉2 |

𝝏𝑷𝟑
= |𝑽𝟏 ||𝒀𝟑𝟏 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟑𝟏 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟏 ) + |𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
𝝏|𝑽𝟑 |
+ 𝟐|𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟑𝟑 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟑𝟑 )
 𝜕𝑃3 1 1
= |1||80| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + 0) + |0.919||20| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + (−0.1))
𝜕|𝑉3 | 2 2
1
+ 2|0.957||100| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝜋)
2
𝜕𝑃3
= −3.080020631
𝜕|𝑉3 |

𝝏𝑸𝟐
= |𝑽𝟐 ||𝑽𝟏 ||𝒀𝟐𝟏 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟐𝟏 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟏 ) + |𝑽𝟐 ||𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟐𝟑 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟐𝟑 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑 )
𝝏𝜹𝟐
𝜕𝑄2
= −3.63008167
𝜕𝛿2

𝝏𝑸𝟐
= − |𝑽𝟐 ||𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟐𝟑 | 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽𝟐𝟑 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑 )
𝝏𝜹𝟑
𝜕𝑄2 1
= − |0.919||0.957||20| cos ( 𝜋 − (−0.1) + (−0.05))
𝜕𝛿3 2
𝜕𝑄2
= 0.8785858951
𝜕𝛿3
𝛛𝐐𝟐
= −|𝐕𝟏 ||𝐘𝟐𝟏 | 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟐𝟏 − 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟏 ) − 𝟐 |𝐕𝟐 ||𝐘𝟐𝟐 | 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟐𝟐 )
𝛛|𝐕𝟐 |
− |𝐕𝟑 ||𝐘𝟐𝟑 | 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉𝟐𝟑 − 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟑 )
𝜕𝑄2 1 1
= −|1||30| sin ( 𝜋 − (−0.1) + 0) − 2 |0.919||50| sin (− 𝜋)
𝜕|𝑉2 | 2 2
1
− |0.957||20| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋 − (−0.1) + (−0.05))
2
𝜕𝑄2
= 42.90857115
𝜕|𝑉2 |

𝝏𝑸𝟐
= − |𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟐𝟑 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟐𝟑 − 𝜹𝟐 + 𝜹𝟑 )
𝝏|𝑽𝟑 |
𝜕𝑄2 1
= − |0.919||20| sin ( 𝜋 − (−0.1) + (−0.05))
𝜕|𝑉3 | 2
𝜕𝑄2
= − 18.35095044
𝜕|𝑉3 |
 (𝟐)
𝑸𝟑 = −|𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟏 ||𝒀𝟑𝟏 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟑𝟏 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟏 ) − |𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
− |𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟑𝟑 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝜽𝟑𝟑 )

𝝏𝑸𝟑
= −|𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔( 𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
𝝏𝜹𝟐
𝜕𝑄3 1
= −|0.957||0.919||20| cos( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + (−0.1))
𝜕𝛿2 2
𝜕𝑄3
= −0.8785858951
𝜕𝛿2

𝝏𝑸𝟑
= |𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟏 ||𝒀𝟑𝟏 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟑𝟏 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟏 ) + |𝑽𝟑 ||𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
𝝏𝜹𝟑
𝜕𝑄3 1
= |0.957||0.919||80| cos ( 𝜋 − (−0.05))
𝜕𝛿3 2
1
+ |0.957||0.919||20| 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + (−0.1))
2
𝜕𝑄3
= −2.946776261
𝜕𝛿3

𝝏𝑸𝟑
= −|𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
𝝏|𝑽𝟐 |
𝜕𝑄3 1
= −|0.957||20| sin( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + (−0.1))
𝜕|𝑉2 | 2
𝜕𝑄3
= −19.11086911
𝜕|𝑉2 |

𝝏𝑸𝟑
= −|𝑽𝟏 ||𝒀𝟑𝟏 | 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽𝟑𝟏 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟏 ) − |𝑽𝟐 ||𝒀𝟑𝟐 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟑𝟐 − 𝜹𝟑 + 𝜹𝟐 )
𝝏|𝑽𝟑 |
− 𝟐|𝑽𝟑 ||𝒀𝟑𝟑 | 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽𝟑𝟑 )
𝜕𝑄3 1 1
= −|1||80| sin ( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + 0) − |0.919||20| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋 − (−0.05) + (−0.1))
𝜕|𝑉3 | 2 2
1
− 2|0.957||100| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 𝜋)
2
𝜕𝑄3
= 93.09685482
𝜕|𝑉3 |
 (𝟎) (𝟎)
∆𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝒔𝒄𝒉
𝟐 − 𝑷𝟐 = −4 − (−3.63008167) = −0.3699183304𝑝𝑢
(𝟎) (𝟎)
∆𝑷𝟑 = 𝑷𝒔𝒄𝒉
𝟑 − 𝑷𝟑 = −3.2 − (−2.946776261) = −0.2532237393 𝑝𝑢
(𝟎) (𝟎)
∆𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝒔𝒄𝒉
𝟐 − 𝑸𝟐 = −3.2 − (−2.780167313) = −0.2198326867 𝑝𝑢
(𝟎) (𝟎)
∆𝑸𝟑 = 𝑸𝒔𝒄𝒉
𝟑 − 𝑸𝟑 = −2.7 − (−2.465572445) = −0.234427555 𝑝𝑢

−0.3699183304 44.98 17.56 3.95 0.92 𝛿2

−0.2532237393 17.56 94.00 −0.96 3.08 𝛿3
[ ] = [ 3.63 −0.88 42.91
−0.2198326867 18.35] [|𝑉2 |]
−0.234427555 0.88 2.95 19.11 93.10 |𝑉3 |

𝚫 𝜹𝟐 (𝟏) = −0.010468, 𝚫𝜹𝟑 (𝟏) = −0.002565,

𝚫|𝑽𝟐 |(𝟏) = −0.012904, 𝚫|𝑽𝟑 |(𝟏) = −0.005347

𝜹𝟐 (𝟐) = −0.1 + (−0.010468) = −0.110468

𝜹𝟑 (𝟐) = −0.05 + (−0.002565) = −0.052565

|𝑽𝟐 |(𝟐) = 0.918696 + (−0.012904) = 0.905791

|𝑽𝟑 |(𝟐) = 0.956739 + (−0.005347) = 0.951392

𝑽𝟐 (𝟐) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟓𝟖 𝑽𝟑 (𝟐) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟖 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕

𝑽𝟐 (𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝟑 (𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑽𝟐 (𝟒) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽𝟑 (𝟒) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎