A.

History of Nursing Theory

John B. Watson was born in greenville on 9 January 1878 and died in New York City on the 25th of September
1958. He studied philosophy at the University of Chicago and earned a Ph.D in 1903dengan dissertation titled "Animal
Educator".

John Watshon known as the founder of behaviorism in the United States most famous work is "Psychology as the
Behaviorist Vie It" (1913. According Watshon in some of his psychology should be a science that objective, therefore
psychology should be studied as people studying science or natural Science.

Caring Science is a human science and human orientation towards the phenomena and human experience caring.
Caring science like other sciences also include art and kemanusiaan.Transpersonal caring recognizes unity in life and
relationships - relationships contained in the concentric circles of individuals caring for others, to society, to the world,
the planet earth, on nature.

Watshon (1988) in george (1990) defines caring is more than a philosophy exisestensial, he views as a spiritual
basis. Caring for him is the moral ideal of nursing. Humans would increase its presence when the spiritual dimension is
shown with self-acceptance, a high level of self-awareness, inner strength. Intuitive caring as the essence of nursing
also means accountability relationship between the nurse and the client, where nurses assist client participation, help
acquire knowledge and improve health.

Theory of human caring developed by Watshon between the years 1975 - 1979 only about ten carative factors as a
framework to provide a form and focus on the phenomenon of nursing. Watshon considers the term "factors" too
stagnant to the sensibility of today. He was then offered a concept which is more in line with the theory of evolution
and its direction in the future is the concept of "Clinical Caritas" and "Caritas Processor" which he considers more
suited to ideas and theory development era (Watshon, 2004)

B. Definition of Nursing

In the assessment of Watson, the disease may be resolved with treatment. However, without treatment, the
disease will remain and healthy conditions will not be achieved.

Caring is the essence of nursing and means responsive between nurses and clients. Caring can help a person more
controlled, more knowledgeable and can improve health.

C. Nursing Actions destination

The objective of nursing according to Watson, namely:

1. Can help a person to be more controlled in terms of activities, food, lifestyle, etc.
2. Can help clients and families to be more knowledgeable about a disease
3. Can improve the health of the client.
D. Characteristics of Nursing Theory

Characteristics (developed within the traditional context)

1. These theories relate to concepts like to build different solutions in view of certain phenomena.
2. Logical theory must naturally
3. Theory should be simple simple before generalizable.
4. Theory can be based on hypotheses that can be tested.
5. Theory contribute and assist in the development of knowledge in general accordance discipline of science
through research to achieve something that is valid
6. Theory can be used by practitioners to guide and improve the quality of the acts of service or nursing care
given
7. The theory must be consistent with other theories, with legal and other principles. But still leave questions can
not be answered then investigated.
E. E. Factors Influence Theory of Nursing
Caring science structure built ten carative factors, namely:
 1. Establish the value system humaniak - altruistic. Watshon argued that nursing care is based on the
value - the value of humanity (humaniak) and behavioral altruism above personal interests (altruistic).
2. Instill confidence and hope (faith-hope). This understanding is necessary for the process carative. In
addition to emphasizing the importance of the drug to carative also need to tell people of other
treatment alternatives are available. By developing effective client relationships nurse, nurse
facilitates a feeling of optimism, hope, and confidence.
3. Develop a sensitivity to oneself and others. The nurse is required to increase the sensitivity to self and
others.
4. Fostering a relationship of mutual trust and help each other (trust - helping). Dalah characterize the
relationship is harmonious, empathetic and warm. Harmonious relationship should be conducted in an
honest and open and not contrived.
5. Improve and accept the expression of positive and negative feelings. Feelings affect one's mind.
Nurses must accept the feelings of others and to understand their behavior.
6. Using a systematic problem-solving methods in decision making.

7. Improve the process of learning - teaching interpersonal. This is a major factor when someone is trying
to control their own health after getting some information about other treatment alternatives.
8. Provide an environment that supports, protects, or improve mental and socio-cultural, and spiritual.
Through the assessment, the nurse can determine a person's assessment of the situation and be able
to cope.
9. Assist in the fulfillment of basic human needs. To help meet the basic needs of the client, the nurse
should do so with joy. Watshon hierarchy of basic needs is similar to Maslow, the need for survival
(survival), functional requirements, the need for integrative, needs to grow and the need to seek the
help of (seeking) n as the difficulty to meet their own basic needs.
10. Develop the power factor of existential - phenomenological. This factor helps one understand life and
death. Moreover, it can help find the strength or the courage to face death.
F. Components in Nursing Theory
John Watson's view of theory to understand that humans have four interrelated human needs with:
a. Biophysical basic needs (the need for life) which includes:
• The need for food and liquids
Adequate food intake consists of six essential nutrients (groups of nutrients) are balanced. Nutrients has three
main functions:
1. Provide energy to the movement of the body
2. Provide a "structural material" for tissues such as bone and muscle
3. Mengtur body processes.
• The need for elimination and ventilation needs
Anatomy-physiology of the digestive tract under: lower gastrointestinal tract includes the small intestine and
colon. The small intestine consists of 3 sections (duodenum, jejenum, and ileum), while the large intestine is
composed of four parts (cecum, colon, appendix, and rectum).
b. Psikofisikal needs (functional requirements) which includes:
• The need for activity and rest
The ability of the move is an absolute basic requirement. The capabilities include: standing, walking, working,
eating, drinking, etc.
• The need for sexuality
c. Psychosocial needs (need for integration) which includes:
• The need for achievement
• The need to organize
d. Intra and interpersonal needs (need for development) that is self-actualization needs.
G. Application Nursing Theory
1. Nursing care can be done and practiced interpersonal
2. nursing care implemented by the carative factors that generate satisfaction of human needs.
3. The effective nursing care can improve the health and development of individuals and families.
4. Response of nursing care is not just accept anyone as they are now, but also things that might happen to
him later.
5. Environment nursing care is something that is offering possibilities for the development of potential and
provide flexibility for a person to choose the activities that are best for him in the allotted time
6. Nursing care must be heathgenic (healthy) than in curing (treating). Biofisisk nursing practice and integrate
knowledge of human behavior to improve health and help people who are sick caring science complement
curing science.
7. The practice of caring is central to nursing