J B Manual Work Shop 13

J B LAB INSTRUMENTS(Electrical Work shop Lab- Manual)
PEAK DETECTOR USING OP-AMP 741
AIM: 1.To study the operation of AC voltage follower (AF = 1).
2. To study the operation of DC voltage follower.
APPARATUS: 1. Breadboard.
2. 1MHz function generator.
3. 20MHz Oscilloscope.
4. Digital Multi meter .
5. Connecting wires & Power supply.
Components required:
IC 741 – 1No.
0.01f Capacitor –1 No.
100k Resistors -1 No.
10k Resistor - 1No.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig (1)
Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

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E Mail Id: jbtech007@gmail.com, Website: www.jblabinstruments.com
INTRODUCTION:
The lowest gain can be obtained from a non-inverting amplifier with feedback is 1.
When the non-inverting amplifier is configured for unity gain, it is called as Voltage follower
because the output voltage is equal to and in phase with the input voltage. The voltage
follower is also called a non-inverting buffer amplifier because, when placed between two
networks, it removes the loading on the first network.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit of voltage follower as shown in fig (1) on the breadboard.
2. Switch on the power supply and apply the voltage 15V to the circuit.
3. Apply the input signal of 1 KHz through the function generator.
4. Measure the output voltage of the voltage follower by connecting the C.R.O at Output terminals.
5. Calculate the gain of the voltage follower.
6. Repeat the above steps for different input voltages.
WAVEFORMS:

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RESULT:
EXERCISE:
1. List the important characteristics of a voltage follower.
2. Mention the applications of a voltage follower.
3. Why R-C components are used for AC voltage follower.
4. List the applications of OP-AMP 741 operating in non- inverting mode.
5. Draw the DC voltage follower and explain.
6. Can we use the Inverting mode of Op-Amp as voltage follower?
7. What are the other voltage follower IC’s.

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ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS USING OP-AMP 741

AIM: To compare the applied input signal with the reference voltages to the
Comparator Circuit.
APPARATUS: 1.zero crossing detector kit
2. 1MHz Function Generator – 1no.

3. 20MHz C.R.O. – 1no.
4. Connecting Patch chords.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig (1)
PROCEDURE:
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1. Connect the comparator circuit as shown in fig (1).

2. Connect the 1MHz function generator to the input terminals. Apply 1V signal at non-
inverting terminals of the op-amp IC741.
3. Connect the 20MHz C.R.O at the output terminals.
4. Keep 1V reference voltage at the Inverting terminal of the Op-amp. When Vin is less
than the Vref, then output voltage is at –Vsat because of the higher input voltage at
negative terminal. Therefore the output voltage is at logic low level
5. Now, Keep –1V reference voltage. When Vref is less than the Vin, then the output
voltage is at +Vsat because of the higher input voltage at positive terminal. Hence, the
output voltage is at logic high level.
6. Observe and record the output voltage and waveforms.
WAVEFORMS:
If Vref is Positive
If Vref is Negative.

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RESULT:
EXERCISE:
1. Why are the diodes D1 & D2 used in the circuit?
2. What is the difference between a basic comparator and the Schmitt trigger?
3. List the important characteristics of the comparator.
4. List out different applications of comparator.
5. What is the difference between Inverting and Non – Inverting

Comparator?
6. Show the outputs for Inverting comparator with negative bias and non-

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Inverting comparator with positive bias.
7. Show the output waveform for Inverting comparator with positive bias of 2V
And supply voltage 12V.
8. Briefly explain the features of comparator IC LM311.

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DESIGN +5V VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AIM: 1) To construct and study the fixed voltage regulator
Using IC 7805
2) To find line regulation and load regulation of the IC regulator.
APPARATUS: 1. Multi meter
2. Power supply
3. Breadboard/Kit
Components required:
0.1f Capacitors – 2no.
IC’s 7805, 7809 & 7912.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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V0
Line regulation =
Vin
V0
Load regulation =
VL
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections of fig (1.a) on breadboard.

2. Connect input to Power supply and output to digital multi meter.
3. Apply input voltage of 7V to input and note down output voltage.
4. Vary input voltage from 7V to 20V and record the output voltages.
5. Connect fig (1.b) and repeat steps (2) to (4).
6. Calculate line regulation of IC’s used.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
7805
Vin Vout Vin Vout
RESULT:

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EXERCISE:
1. Define line and load regulation.
2. Mention the application of voltage regulator.
3. List the types of voltage regulator.
4. List the different types of 3- terminal voltage regulator IC”s?
5. Draw and explain the internal block diagram of 3- terminal regulator IC.
6. Why do we use capacitors at input and output terminal of a regulator?
7. Define “dropout” voltage of a regulator.
8. What is the difference between a +ve and a –ve voltage regulator.
9. Compare three terminal voltage regulator with 723 voltage regulator.
10. List the features of IC voltage regulators.

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ACTIVE FILTERS (FIRST AND SECOND ORDER) USING
P-AMP 741 ACTIVE FILTER
Theory:
Active Filters
An electric filter is often a frequency-selective circuit that passes a specified band of frequencies and
blocks or attenuates signals of frequencies outside this band. Filters may be classified in a number of ways:
1. Analog or Digital
2. Passive or Active
3. Audio Frequency (AF) or Radio Frequency (RF)
Analog filters are designed to process analog signals, while digital filters
Process analog signals using digital techniques. Depending on the type of elements used in their construction,
filters may be classified as passive or active. Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors, and
inductors. Active filters, on the other hand, employ transistors or op-amps in addition to the resistors and
capacitors. The type of element used dictates the operating frequency range of the filter. For example, RC
filters are commonly used for audio or low frequency operation, whereas LC or crystal filters are employed at
RF or high frequencies. Especially because of their high Q value (figure of merit), the crystals provide more
stable operation at higher frequencies
An active filter offers the following advantages over a passive filter:
1. Gain and frequency adjustment flexibility: Since the op-amp is capable of providing a gain, the
input signal is not attenuated as it is in a passive filter. In addition, the active filter is easier to
tune or adjust.
2. No loading problem: Because of the high input resistance and low output resistance of the op-
amp, the active filter does not cause loading of the source or load.
3. Cost: Typically, active filters are more economical than passive filters. This is because of the
variety of cheaper op-amps and the absence of inductors.
The most commonly used filters are these:
1. Low pass filter

2. High pass filter
Each of these filters uses an op-amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as the passive elements

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Experimental procedure
Low pass filter
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure1

2. Choose the R1 and Rf values depending on the pass band gain of the filter AF
AF = 1+ Rf/R1
In general, choose 10K for Rf and R1 then pass band gain=2
3. Choose a value for high cut off frequency fH

4. Calculate the R using R=1/2II fH C where C=0.0047
5. Connect the Function generator to the input of the filter of fixed amplitude
6. For different values of input signal frequency F. Note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate pass band gain AF which is given by AF =Vo/Vin for different frequencies
Observe
1. For low frequencies, that is, f< fH
Vo/Vin = AF
2. When input frequency equals to cut off frequency i.e. f= fH

Vo/Vin = AF /2=0.707Af
3. For high frequencies i.e. f > fH

Vo/Vin < AF
4. Thus the low pass filter has a constant gain AF upto high cut off frequency. At
fH the gain is 0.707Af and after fH it decreases at a constant rate with an

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increase in frequency.
High pass filter
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure2

2. Choose the R1 and Rf values depending on the pass band gain of the filter AF
AF = 1+ Rf/R1
In general, choose 10K for Rf and R1 then pass band gain=2
3. Choose a value for high cut off frequency fL

4. Calculate the R using R=1/2II fLC where C=0.0047

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5. Connect the Function generator to the input of the filter of fixed amplitude
6. For different values of input signal frequency F. Note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate pass band gain AF which is given by AF =Vo/Vin for different frequencies
Observe
1. For low frequencies, that is, f< fL
Vo/Vin < AF
2. When input frequency equals to cut off frequency i.e. f= fL

Vo/Vin = AF /2=0.707 AF
3. For high frequencies i.e. f > fL

Vo/Vin =AF
4. Thus the High pass filter has a constant gain AF from low cut off frequency to higher frequencies. At fL
the gain is 0.707 AF below fL it decreases at a constant rate with a decrease in frequency.
Vo/Vin = AF /2=0.707 AF

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Design & Fabrication of Single/Three Phase Induction Motor Stator
Aim: Design & Fabrication of Single/Three Phase Induction Motor Stator.
The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor. Almost 80% of the
mechanical power used by industries is provided by three phase induction motors because of its
simple and rugged construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, the absence of
commutator and good speed regulation. In three phase induction motor, the power is transferred
from stator to rotor winding through induction. The induction motor is also called a synchronous
motor as it runs at a speed other than the synchronous speed.
Like any other electrical motor induction motor also have two main parts namely rotor and stator.
1. Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A stator winding is
placed in the stator of induction motor and the three phase supply is given to it.
2. Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.
The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as
1. Squirrel cage rotor,

2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the three phase induction motor are classified
as:
1. Squirrel cage induction motor,

2. Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound induction motor.
The construction of stator for both the kinds of three phase induction motor remains the same and
is discussed in brief in next paragraph.
The other parts, which are required to complete the induction motor, are:
1. Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of steel.
2. Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.
3. One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of heat during its rotation. To
overcome this problem, we need a fan for cooling.
4. For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.
5. There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually varies from 0.4 mm to 4
mm. Such a distance is called air gap.

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Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor

The stator of the three-phase induction motor consists of three main parts:
1. Stator frame,
2. Stator core,
3. Stator winding or field winding.
Stator Frame
It is the outer part of the three phase induction motor. Its main function is to support the stator
core and the field winding. It acts as a covering, and it provides protection and mechanical strength
to all the inner parts of the induction motor. The frame is either made up of die-cast or fabricated

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steel. The frame of three phase induction motor should be strong and rigid as the air gap length of
three phase induction motor is very small. Otherwise, the rotor will not remain concentric with the
stator, which will give rise to an unbalanced magnetic pull.
Stator Core
The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux. In order to reduce the eddy
current loss, the stator core is laminated. These laminated types of structure are made up of
stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All the stamping are stamped together to form stator
core, which is then housed in stator frame. The stamping is made up of silicon steel, which helps to
reduce the hysteresis loss occurring in the motor.
Stator Winding or Field Winding

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The slots on the periphery of the stator core of the three-phase induction motor carry three phase
windings. We apply three phase ac supply to this three-phase winding. The three phases of the
winding are connected either in star or delta depending upon which type of starting method we use.
We start the squirrel cage motor mostly with star-delta stater and hence the stator of squirrel cage
motor is delta connected. We start the slip ring three-phase induction motor by inserting resistances
so, the stator winding of slip ring induction motor can be connected either in star or delta. The
winding wound on the stator of three phase induction motor is also called field winding, and when
this winding is excited by three phase ac supply, it produces a rotatingmagnetic field.
Squirrel Cage Three Phase Induction Motor

The rotor of the squirrel cage three phase inductions motor is cylindrical and has slots on its
periphery. The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed (skewing is not
shown in the figure of squirrel cage rotor besides) as the skewing prevents magnetic locking
of stator and rotor teeth and makes the working of the motor more smooth and quieter. The
squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars (copper bras rotor is shown in
the figure beside). This aluminum, brass or copper bars are called rotor conductors and are
placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are permanently
shorted by the copper, or aluminum rings called the end rings. To provide mechanical
strength, these rotor conductors are braced to the end ring and hence form a complete
closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its name as squirrel cage induction motor.
The squirrel cage rotor winding is made symmetrical. As end rings permanently short the

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bars, the rotor resistance is quite small, and it is not possible to add external resistance as
the bars get permanently shorted. The absence of slip ring and brushes make the
construction of Squirrel cage three-phase induction motor very simple and robust and hence
widely used three phase induction motor. These motors have the advantage of adopting any
number of pole pairs. The below diagram shows a squirrel cage induction rotor having
aluminum bars short circuit by aluminum end rings.
Advantages of Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor

1. Its construction is very simple and rugged.
2. As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance.
Applications of Squirrel Cage Induction Rotor

We use the squirrel cage induction motors in lathes, drilling machine, fan, blower printing
machines, etc.

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Assembly of DOL & 3-Point Starter
Aim: To Assembly of DOL Starter.
Assembly of DOL:
Apparatus:
S No. Items Qty

1 MCB’S 1
2 Contactors (0-220V/9A) 1
3 Push Buttons
1) Red Colour (Stop switch)-NC 1
2) Green Colour (Start switch)-NO 1
4 Bulb-Load 1
Theory:
Parts of DOL Starters:
Working principle of DOL Starter:
The main heart of DOL starter is Relay Coil. Normally it gets one phase constant from
incoming supply Voltage (A1).when Coil gets second Phase relay coil energizes and
Magnet of Contactor produce electromagnetic field and due to this Plunger of Contactor
will move and Main Contactor of starter will closed and Auxiliary will change its position
NO become NC and NC become (shown Red Line in Diagram) .
Pushing Start Button

When We Push the start Button Relay Coil will get second phase from Supply Phase-Main
contactor (5)-Auxiliary Contact (53)-Start button-Stop button-96-95-To Relay Coil
(A2).Now Coil energizes and Magnetic field produce by Magnet and Plunger of Contactor
move. Main Contactor closes and Motor gets supply at the same time Auxiliary contact
become (53-54) from NO to NC.
Release Start Button

Relay coil gets supply even though we release Start button.

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Pushing Stop Button

When we push Stop Button Control circuit of Starter will be break at stop button and Supply
of Relay coil is broken, Plunger moves and close contact of Main Contactor becomes Open,
Supply of Motor is disconnected.
Motor Starting Characteristics on DOL Starter:

 Available starting current: 100%.
 Peak starting current: 6 to 8 Full Load Current.
 Peak starting torque: 100%
Contactors & Coil
DOL part –Contactor:

Magnetic contactors are electromagnetically operated switches that provide a safe and
convenient means for connecting and interrupting branch circuits.
Magnetic motor controllers use electromagnetic energy for closing switches. The
electromagnet consists of a coil of wire placed on an iron core. When a current flow through
the coil, the iron of the magnet becomes magnetized, attracting an iron bar called the
armature. An interruption of the current flow through the coil of wire causes the armature to
drop out due to the presence of an air gap in the magnetic circuit.
Line-voltage magnetic motor starters are electromechanical devices that provide a safe,
convenient, and economical means of starting and stopping motors, and have the advantage
of being controlled remotely. The great bulk of motor controllers sold are of this type.

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Contactors are mainly used to control machinery which uses electric motors. It consists of a
coil which connects to a voltage source. Very often for Single phase Motors, 230V coils are
used and for three phase motors, 415V coils are used. The contactor has three main NO
contacts and lesser power rated contacts named as Auxiliary Contacts [NO and NC] used for
the control circuit. A contact is conducting metal parts which completes or interrupt an
electrical circuit.
 NO-normally open
 NC-normally closed

Wiring of DOL Starter:

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Procedure:
1) Three Phase Main Supply of Wire connects to MCB’S input.
2) MCB’S Output of wire connects to Contactor Input (1L1, 3L2, 5L3).
3) Contactor Output (2T1, 4T2, 6T3) wires connect to Three Phase Bulb Load(R, Y, B).
4) Contactor Input side (1L1) to connected NC – Switch(RED Button) of no.1
5) NC Switch of no.2 wire connected to NO-Switch(Green color) of no.3
6) NO-Switch (Green Button) of no.3 wire connects to contactors of 14NO.
7) NO-Switch (Green Button) of no4 wire connects to contactors of 14NO and A2.
8) Line of Neutral wire connect to Contactor of A1
9) Now MCB ON Position and start the Starter with the help of Green Button press.
10) When the Stop the Starter with the help of Push Red Button.
Advantages of DOL Starter:
1. Most Economical and Cheapest Starter

2. Simple to establish, operate and maintain
3. Simple Control Circuitry
4. Easy to understand and trouble‐shoot.
5. It provides 100% torque at the time of starting.
6. Only one set of cable is required from starter to motor.
7. Motor is connected in delta at motor terminals.
Disadvantages of DOL Starter:

1. It does not reduce the starting current of the motor.
2. High Starting Current: Very High Starting Current (Typically 6 to 8 times the FLC of
the motor).
3. Mechanically Harsh: Thermal Stress on the motor, thereby reducing its life.
4. Voltage Dip: There is a big voltage dip in the electrical installation because of high in-
rush current affecting other customers connected to the same lines and therefore not
suitable for higher size squirrel cage motors
5. High starting Torque: Unnecessary high starting torque, even when not required by the
load, thereby increased mechanical stress on the mechanical systems such as rotor shaft,
bearings, gearbox, coupling, chain drive, connected equipments, etc. leading to
premature failure and plant downtimes.

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Features of DOL starting

 For low- and medium-power three-phase motors
 Three connection lines (circuit layout: star or delta)
 High starting torque
 Very high mechanical load
 High current peaks
 Voltage dips
 Simple switching devices
Result:

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ASSEMBLY OF 3- POINT STARTERS

Aim: To Assembly of 3-Point Starter.
Apparatus:
S No. Items Qty

1) MCB’S 1
2) NO VOLT Coil (NVC) 1
3) Over Load Coil (OLR) 1
4) Copper Studs 6
5) Starting Resistance
6) Starter Handle 1
7) Soft Iron Piece 1
8) Spring 1
9) Lever 1
10) Triangular Piece 1
11) Terminals (L,A,F) 1
12) Backlit sheet 10*10Inch 1
THEORY: -
The current drawn by the motor armature is given by the equation Ia= E/(Ra+Rst).
When a DC Motor is at rest there is no back emf developed in the armature. If now full supply
voltage is applied across stationary armature, it will draw very large current because armature
resistance is relatively small. This excessive current will damage commutator and brushes. To avoid
this, a resistance is introduced in series with armature which limits starting current to safe value. A
mechanism which adds resistance during starting only is known as starter. There are two types of
starters which are commonly used for DC shunt motor
3- POINT STARTER:
Three point starters is shown in the figure. The three point starter has three external points
1) L : To be connected to line (Mains)
2) F(or) Z : To be connected to field

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3) A: To be connected to the armature.
Working: When arm touches the stud no. 1 full starting resistance gets connected in the
armature circuit. The starting current taken by the armature is limited as
Ia = (V-Eb)
Ra
As the arm is further moved, the starting resistance is gradually cut off till the arm reaches to the last
stud. Mean while the motor speed gradually increases which gradually increases. When arm reaches
to last stud, full is developed which keep current to safe value and now no starting resistance is
required.
The arm is attached with soft iron piece S. When the arm is moved to the last stud, this iron piece is
attracted and held by an electromagnet called HOLD-ON coil.
The arm is supported with spring. When the motor is disconnected from the supply, this spring brings
the arm back to the first stud. Three point starter is incorporated with two protective parts namely
1) HOLD ON Coil (Low Voltage or No Voltage release)
2) Over load relay.
HOLD ON Coil:
It is an electromagnet. It has two functions
i) It holds the arm in normal working of motor.
ii) It releases the arm during abnormal conditions and thereby protects the motor.
Over Load Relay:

As the load on the motor increases, it takes more and more current. Under over load condition, the
current taken by the motor is very large. To protect the motor from this large current Over Load
Relay is used. It is an electromagnet. It is designed in such a way that, it produces sufficient magnetic
force under over load condition only. Due to this force it attracts bar below it.
When this bar is lifted, the triangular portion on its one side short circuit the HOLD-ON Coil. The
HOLD-ON Coil gets de-energized and releases arm and hence motor is protected.

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Drawback of Three Point Starter:

As this starter has only three points for external connection, the field winding and hold on coil are
connected in series. When a flux control method is used to control this motor, due to addition of
resistance in field circuit, the current through it reduces. This reduced current may not be sufficient to
produce magnetic force by hold on coil to hold the arm. This may release the arm back to the off
position. The disadvantage of three point starter is corrected in four point starter by providing fourth
point. This point is useful for separating the connections of HOLD-ON Coil and field winding.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Procedure:
 ‘L’ terminal wire connects to OLR Coil.
 OLR Coil other side to connected Spring of Handle.
 Starting Resistance connected studs to stud(1-2,2-3,3-4,4-5,5-6)
 Last stud (6) to Terminal of ‘A’ and NVC Coil.
 NVC Coil other to Terminal of ‘F’
 NVC Coil parallel connection to Lever Triangular of OLR.
Result:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is the necessity of starter in a D.C. motor?
2) List the starters used for DC series Motor and DC Shunt Motor.
3) What is the function of Hold On coil?
4) What is the function of Over Load relay?
5) What is the limitation of three point start.

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J B LAB INSTRUMENTS (Electrical Work shop Lab- Manual)
Wiring of Distribution Box with MCCB, ELCB, RCCB & MCB

Aim: To Wiring of Distribution Box with MCCB, ELCB, RCCB & MCB.
Apparatus:
S No. Items Qty

1. MCCB 1
2. ELCB 1
3. RCCB 1
4. MCB 1
5. M S Box 2*2.5 ft 1
6. Bus Bars 4
7. Digital Volt meter 1
8. Digital Ammeter 1
9. LED Indicators( R,Y, B) 3
10. Connecting Wires 1
Theory:
MCB-Miniature Circuit Breaker:

MCB is an electromechanical device which guards an electrical circuit from an over current that
may effect from short circuit, overload or imperfect design. This is a better option to a Fuse since
it doesn’t require alternate once an overload is identified. An MCB can be simply rearranged and
thus gives a better operational protection and greater handiness without incurring huge operating
cost. The operating principle of MCB is simple.

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Miniature Circuit Breaker

An MCB function by interrupting the stability of electrical flow through the circuit once an error
is detected. In simple conditions this circuit breaker is a switch which routinely turns off when
the current flows through it and passes the maximum acceptable limit. Generally, these are
designed to guard against over current and overheating.
MCB is substituting the rewirable switch-fuse units for low power domestic and industrial
applications in a very quick manner. In wiring system, the MCB is a blend of all three functions
such as protection of short circuit, overload and switching. Protection of overload by using a
bimetallic strip & short circuit protection by used solenoid.
These are obtainable in different pole versions like single, double, triple pole & four poles with
neutral poles if necessary. The normal current rating is ranges from 0.5-63 A with a symmetrical
short circuit breaking capacity of 3-10 KA, at a voltage level of 230 or 440V.

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MCCB-Molded Case Circuit Breaker:

The MCCB is used to control electric energy in distribution n/k and is having short circuit and
overload protection. This circuit Breaker is an electromechanical device which guards a circuit
from short circuit and over current. They offer short circuit and over current protection for
circuits ranges from 63 Amps-3000 Amps. The primary functions of MCCB are to give a means
to manually open a circuit, automatically open a circuit under short circuit or overload
conditions. In an electrical circuit, the over current may result faulty design
Molded Case Circuit Breaker

The MCCB is an option to a fuse since it doesn’t need an alternate once an overload is noticed.
Unlike a fuse, this circuit breaker can be simply reset after a mistake and offers enhanced
operator safety and ease without acquiring operating cost. Generally, these circuits have thermal
current for over current and the magnetic element for short circuit release to work faster.

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ELCB -Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker:

The ELCB is used to protect the circuit from the electrical leakage. When someone gets an
electric shock, then this circuit breaker cuts off the power at the time of 0.1 secs for protecting
the personal safety and avoiding the gear from the circuit against short circuit and overload.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

ELCB is a security device used in electrical system with high Earth impedance to avoid shock. It
notices small stray voltages on the metal fields of electrical gear, and interrupt the circuit if an
unsafe voltage is detected. The main principle of Earth leakage protectors is to stop injury to
humans and nature due to electric shock.
This circuit breaker is a specialized kind of latching relay that has structures incoming mains
power connected through its switching contacts so that this circuit breaker disconnects the power
supply in an unsafe condition. The ELCB notices fault currents from live to the ground wire
inside the installation it guards. If enough voltage emerges across the sense coil in the circuit
breaker, it will turn off the supply, and stay off until reset by hand. A voltage-sensing earth
leakage circuit breaker doesn’t detect fault currents from exist to any other ground body

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RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker):

A RCCB is essential current sensing equipment used to guard a low voltage circuit from the
fault. It comprises of a switch device used to turn off the circuit when a fault occurs in the
circuit. RCCB is aimed at guarding a person from the electrical shocks. Fires and electrocution
are caused due to the wrong wiring or any earth faults. This type of circuit breaker is used in
situations where there is a sudden shock or fault happening in the circuit.
Residual Current Circuit Breaker

For instance, a person suddenly enters in contact with an open live wire in an electrical circuit. In
that situation, in the absence of this circuit breaker, a ground fault may occur and an individual is
at the hazardous situation of receiving a shock. But, if the similar circuit is defended with the
circuit breaker, it will tour the circuit in a second therefore, avoiding a person from the electric
shock. Therefore, this circuit breaker is good to install in an electrical circuit.
Thus, this is all about what is circuit breaker, the difference between MCB, MCCB, ELCB,
RCCB & Its characteristics.

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Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram.

2. Initially Main 3-Phase Supply connects to MCCB Input(R, Y, B).
3. MCCB output connects to BUS BARS (R, Y, B, N).
4. Bus bars to MCB,RCCB and ELCB OF Inputs
Results:

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WIRING OF 40 WATT TUBE, T-5,LED AND METAL HALIDE LAMP

Aim: To Wiring of 40 Watt Tube,T-5,LED and Metal Halide Lamp.
Apparatus:
S No. Items Qty

 MCB 1
 M S Box 2*2.5 ft 1
 40 Watt Tube Light 4
 T-5 Lamp 1
 Metal Halide Lamp set 1
 LED lamp 1
 Electrical switch Box 1
 Connecting Wires -
Theory:
40 Watt Tube light:
1. Filament coils as electrodes

2. Phosphor coated glass bulb
3. Mercury drop
4. Inert gases (argon)
5. Electrode shield
6. End cap
7. Glass stem

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Auxiliary Electrical Components along with Tube Light
The tube light does not work directly on power supply. It needs some auxiliary
components to work. They are-
 Ballast: It may be electromagnetic ballast or electronic ballast.

 Starter: The starter is a small neon glow up lamp that contains a fixed contact, a
bimetallic strip and a small capacitor.
Working Principle of Tube Light
 When the switch is ON, full voltage will come across the tube light through
ballast and fluorescent lamp starter. No discharge happens initially i.e. any
lumen output from the lamp.
 At that full voltage first the glow discharge is established in the starter. This is
because the electrodes gap in the neon bulb of starter is much lesser than that of
inside the fluorescent lamp.
 Then gas inside the starter gets ionized due to this full voltage and heats the
bimetallic strip that is caused to be bent to connect to the fixed contact. Current
starts flowing through the starter. Although the ionization potential of the neon
is little bit more than that of the argon still due to small electrode gap high
voltage gradient appears in the neon bulb and hence glow discharge is started
first in starter.

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 As voltage gets reduced due to the current causing a voltage drop across the
inductor, the strip cools and breaks away from the fixed contact. At that moment
a large L di/dt voltage surge comes across the inductor at the time of breaking.
 This high valued surge comes across the tube light electrodes and strike penning
mixture (mixture argon gas and mercury vapor).
 Gas discharge process continues and current gets path to flow through the tube
light gas only due to low resistance as compared to resistance of starter.
 The discharge of mercury atoms produces ultra violet radiation which in turn
excites the phosphor powder coating to radiate visible light.
 Starter gets inactive during operation of tube light.
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
 Connect the Circuit as per the circuit Diagram.

 Switch on the MCB’s ON Position and electrical switch also ON position.
 We observe light luminous.

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Wiring Diagram of T-5 LED Tube:

Theory:
The working principle of LED Tube Light:
1.LED Tube Light is using the principle of gas discharge operation, it and the name of the
operation of the ballast fluorescent lamp, in addition to white (light), there are yellow (warm
light). In general, under the same wattage, a light LED Tube Light than incandescent Light
energy saving 80%, life expectancy extension of 8 times, thermal radiation is only 20%. Not
strict case, a single 5 watts of the LED fluorescent tube light can be considered as equal to 25
watt incandescent Light, 7 watts of the LED fluorescent tube light is approximately equal to 40
watts, 9 watt is equal to about 60 watts.
LED Tube Light is mainly through the ballast to heating Light filament, around 1160 k
temperature, filament began to launch electronic (because on the filament with some electronic
powder), electron collision inelastic collision argon atoms, argon atomic energy obtained after
impact and the impact of mercury atoms, mercury atomic ionization produced after absorbing
energy transition, 253.7 nm ultraviolet radiation, ultraviolet stimulate phosphor luminescence,
due to the fluorescent lamp filament temperature around 1160 k at work, than incandescent bulbs
working temperature of 2200 k to 2700 k is much lower, so it is also the life of a big increase, up
to 5000 hours, because it is not the current incandescent Light as the heating effect, and high
energy conversion efficiency of phosphors, amounting to more than 50 lumens per watt.
Today we speak of energy-saving products are mainly for incandescent bulbs. Ordinary
incandescent lights around 10 lumens per watt, about 1000 hours service life, its working
principle is: when the light access circuit, the current through the filament, the heating effect of
the current, make the incandescent Light for visible and infrared light, this phenomenon in the
filament temperature up to 700 k can perceive, due to the work of the filament temperature is
very high, most of the energy wasted in the form of infrared radiation, the filament temperature
is very high, also quickly evaporate, so life is shortened, about 1000 hours.
2, LED Tube Light, also called compact fluorescent lamps (CFL Light) abroad it was invented in
1978 by foreign manufacturers first, because it has high photosynthetic efficiency (ordinary light
bulb is five times), obvious effect of energy conservation, long service life (8 times that of
ordinary light bulb), small volume, convenient use, welcomed by the people from different
countries and national recognition and, China in 1982, the first developed successfully in fudan
university institute of electric light source SL type compact fluorescent lamps, 20 years, rapid
growth of production, quality improved steadily, Chinese manufacturers have already put it as a

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national focus on the development of energy-saving products (green lighting products) as a

promotion and use.
3, Ordinary incandescent Light is to use the wick hot glowing again, most electrical energy into
heat energy lost, but LED daylight Light belongs to cold light lamp, use some material glows
under electric excitation characteristics to shine. So energy conversion rate is high, produce less
heat, at the same brightness as the power consumption of small, of course.
4, LED Tube Light structure: glass tube (with a filament, mercury vapor, inner wall coating
phosphor), Light holder + shell plastic parts, electronic ballast.
Circuit Diagram.
Procedure:


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Wiring of Metal Halide Lamp
Wiring of Metal Halide Lamp:
Metal halide lamps working Principle:
Metal halide (MH) lamps consist of an arc tube (also called a discharge tube or "burner") within
an outer envelope, or bulb. The arc tube may be made of either quartz or ceramic and contains a
starting gas (usually argon), mercury, and MH salts. Traditional quartz MH arc tubes are similar
in shape to mercury vapor (MV) arc tubes, but they operate at higher temperatures and
pressures.
MH lamps start when their ballast supplies a high starting voltage higher than those normally
supplied to the lamp electrodes through a gas mixture in the arc tube. The gas in the MH arc
tube must be ionized before current can flow and start the lamp. In addition to supplying the
correct starting voltage, the ballast also regulates the lamp starting current and lamp operating
current. (See "What types of ballasts are available to use with metal halide lamps?")
As pressure and temperature increase, the materials within the arc tube vaporize and emit light
and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A bulb (also called "outer jacket" or "outer envelope"), usually
made of borosilicate glass, provides a stable thermal environment for the arc tube, contains an
inert atmosphere that keeps the components of the arc tube from oxidizing at high temperatures,
and reduces the amount of UV radiation that the lamp emits. Some MH lamps have a coated
finish on the inside of the bulb that diffuses the light. Often a phosphor coat is used to both
diffuse the light and change the lamp's color properties.

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Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:

Results:

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Design and Fabrication of Electromagnet for different Inductance

Values
Aim: To Design and Fabrication of Electromagnet for different Inductance Values.
Theory:
Inductance is the name given to the property of a component that opposes the change of current
flowing through it and even a straight piece of wire will have some inductance
Inductors do this by generating a self-induced emf within itself as a result of their

changing magnetic field. In an electrical circuit, when the emf is induced in the same
circuit in which the current is changing this effect is called Self-induction, ( L ) but it
is sometimes commonly called back-emf as its polarity is in the opposite direction to
the applied voltage.
When the emf is induced into an adjacent component situated within the same
magnetic field, the emf is said to be induced by Mutual-induction, ( M ) and mutual
induction is the basic operating principal of transformers, motors, relays etc. Self
inductance is a special case of mutual inductance, and because it is produced within a
single isolated circuit we generally call self-inductance simply, Inductance.
The basic unit of measurement for inductance is called the Henry, ( H ) after Joseph
Henry, but it also has the units of Webers per Ampere ( 1 H = 1 Wb/A ).
Lenz’s Law tells us that an induced emf generates a current in a direction which
opposes the change in flux which caused the emf in the first place, the principal of
action and reaction. Then we can accurately define Inductance as being: “a coil will
have an inductance value of one Henry when an emf of one volt is induced in the coil
were the current flowing through the said coil changes at a rate of one
ampere/second”.
In other words, a coil has an inductance, ( L ) of one Henry, ( 1H ) when the current
flowing through the coil changes at a rate of one ampere/second, ( A/s ). This change

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induces a voltage of one volt, ( VL ) in it. Thus the mathematical representation of the
rate of change of current through a wound coil per unit time is given as:
Where: di is the change in the current in Amperes and dt is the time taken for this
current to change in seconds. Then the voltage induced in a coil, ( VL ) with an
inductance of L Henries as a result of this change in current is expressed as:
Note that the negative sign indicates that voltage induced opposes the change in
current through the coil per unit time ( di/dt ).
From the above equation, the inductance of a coil can therefore be presented as:
Inductance of a Coil
Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the voltage across the coil and di/dt is the
rate of change of current in Amperes per second, A/s.
Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors “resistance” to the change of the
current flowing through the circuit and the larger is its value in Henries, the lower will
be the rate of current change.
We know from the previous tutorial about the Inductor, that inductors are devices that
can store their energy in the form of a magnetic field. Inductors are made from
individual loops of wire combined to produce a coil and if the number of loops within

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the coil is increased, then for the same amount of current flowing through the coil, the
magnetic flux will also increase.
So by increasing the number of loops or turns within a coil, increases the coils
inductance. Then the relationship between self-inductance, ( L ) and the number of
turns, ( N ) and for a simple single layered coil can be given as:
Self Inductance of a Coil
 Where:
 L is in Henries
 N is the Number of Turns
 Φ is the Magnetic Flux
 Ι is in Amperes
This expression can also be defined as the magnetic flux linkage, ( NΦ ) divided by
the current, as effectively the same value of current flows through each turn of the
coil. Note that this equation only applies to linear magnetic materials.
Inductance Example No1

A hollow air cored inductor coil consists of 500 turns of copper wire which produces
a magnetic flux of 10mWb when passing a DC current of 10 amps. Calculate the self-
inductance of the coil in milli-Henries.

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Inductance Example No2

Calculate the value of the self-induced emf produced in the same coil after a time of
10mS.
The self-inductance of a coil or to be more precise, the coefficient of self-inductance

also depends upon the characteristics of its construction. For example, size, length,
number of turns etc. It is therefore possible to have inductors with very high
coefficients of self induction by using cores of a high permeability and a large number
of coil turns. Then for a coil, the magnetic flux that is produced in its inner core is
equal to:
Where: Φ is the magnetic flux, B is the flux density, and A is the area.

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If the inner core of a long solenoid coil with N number of turns per metre length is
hollow, “air cored”, then the magnetic induction within its core will be given as:
Then by substituting these expressions in the first equation above for Inductance will
give us:
By cancelling out and grouping together like terms, then the final equation for the
coefficient of self-inductance for an air cored coil (solenoid) is given as:
 Where:
 L is in Henries
 μο is the Permeability of Free Space (4.π.10-7)
 N is the Number of turns
 A is the Inner Core Area (πr 2) in m2
 l is the length of the Coil in meters
As the inductance of a coil is due to the magnetic flux around it, the stronger the
magnetic flux for a given value of current the greater will be the inductance. So a coil
of many turns will have a higher inductance value than one of only a few turns and
therefore, the equation above will give inductance L as being proportional to the
number of turns squared N2.
EEWeb have a free online Coil Inductance Calculator for calculating the inductance of
a coil for different configurations of wire size and positioning.
As well as increasing the number of coil turns, we can also increase inductance by
increasing the coils diameter or making the core longer. In both cases more wire is
required to construct the coil and therefore, more lines of force exists to produce the
required back emf.
The inductance of a coil can be increased further still if the coil is wound onto a
ferromagnetic core that is one made of a soft iron material, than one wound onto a
non-ferromagnetic or hollow air core.

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Ferrite Core
If the inner core is made of some ferromagnetic material such as soft iron, cobalt or
nickel, the inductance of the coil would greatly increase because for the same amount
of current flow the magnetic flux generated would be much stronger. This is because
the material concentrates the lines of force more strongly through the the softer
ferromagnetic core material as we saw in the Electromagnets tutorial.
So for example, if the core material has a relative permeability 1000 times greater
than free space, 1000μο such as soft iron or steel, then the inductance of the coil would
be 1000 times greater so we can say that the inductance of a coil increases
proportionally as the permeability of the core increases.
Then for a coil wound around a former or core the inductance equation above would
need to be modified to include the relative permeability μr of the new former material.
If the coil is wound onto a ferromagnetic core a greater inductance will result as the
cores permeability will change with the flux density. However, depending upon the
type of ferromagnetic material, the inner cores magnetic flux may quickly reach
saturation producing a non-linear inductance value. Since the flux density around a
coil of wire depends upon the current flowing through it, inductance, L also becomes
a function of this current flow, i.
In the next tutorial about inductors, we will see that the magnetic field generated by a
coil can cause a current to flow in a second coil that is placed next to it. This effect is
called Mutual Inductance, and is the basic operating principle of transformers, motors
and generators.

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Star / Delta Starter Wiring for Manual & Automatic Operation

Operation & Working of Automatic Star Delta Starter
From L1 The phase current flows to thermal overload contact through fuse, then OFF push
button, On push button Interlocking contact 2, and then C3. This way, the circuit is completed, as
a result;
1. Contactor coil C3 and timer coil (I1) is energized at once and the motor winding then
connected in Star. When C3 is energized, its auxiliary open links will be closed and vice versa
(i.e. close links would be open). Thus C1 Contactor is also energized and Three Phase Supply
will reach to the motor. Since winding is connected in Star, hence each phase will get √3
times less than the line voltage i.e. 230V. Hence Motor starts safely.
2. The close contact of C3 in the Delta line opens because of which there would be no chance
of activation of contactor 2 (C2) .
3. After leaving the push button, Timer coil and coil 3 will receive a supply through Timer
contact (Ia) , Holding contact 3 and the close contact 2 of C2.
4. When Contactor 1 (C1) is energized, then the two open contact in the line of C1 and C2 will
be closed.
5. For the specific time (generally 5-10 seconds) in which the motor will be connected in star,
after that the Timer contact (Ia) will be open (We may change by rotating the timer knob to
adjust the time again) and as a result;

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 Contactor 3 (C3) will be off, because of which the open link of C3 will be close (which is in the
line of C2) thus C2 will also energize. Similarly, When C3 off, then star connection of winding
will also open. And C2 will be closed. Therefore, the motor winding will be connected in
Delta. In addition, Contact 2 (which is in the line C3) will open, by which, there would not be
any chance of activation of coil 3 (C3)
 Since the motor is connected in Delta now, therefore, each phase of the motor will receive
full line voltage (400V) and the motor will start to run in full motion.
Related Post:
Star Delta Starter Power Diagram
Star Delta starter Power

Circuit Diagram

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Control Diagram of Star Delta Starter with Timer
Star Delta starter with

Control Diagram
Wiring Diagram of Star Delta Starter with Timer

Click image to enlarge

Ph No. +91 9703707842, Land line no: 040-29887842,
Automatic Star
Delta (Y-Δ) Starter with Timer for 3-Phase Induction Motor
Abbreviations: ( FOR Control Wiring of Three Phase Star Delta Starter with Timer)
 R , Y, B = Red, Yellow, Blue ( 3 Phase Lines)
 C.B = General Circuit Breaker
 Main = Main Supply
 Y = Star
 Δ = Delta
 1a = Timer
 C1, C2, C3 = Contatcors (For Power & Control Diagram)
 O/L = Over Load Relay
 NO = Normally Open
 NC = Normally Closed
 K1 = Contactor (Contactor coil)
 K1/NO = Contactor Holding Coil (Normally Open)
Related Posts:
 Starting & Stopping of 3-Phase Motor from more than One Place Power & Control diagrams
 (ON / OFF Three-Phase Motor Connection Power & Control Schematic and Wiring Diagrams)

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Star Delta Starter with Timer

Advantages:
 Simple Design and Operation
 Comparatively cheaper than other voltage controlling methods

 Torque and Current performance of the Star delta starter is well.
 It draws two times starting current of the FLA (Full Load Ampere) of the connected motor.
 It reduced the starting current to one-third (approximately) as compared to DOL (Direct ON
Line Starter)
Also read:
 Three Phase Motor Connection Reverse and Forward Power and Control wiring diagrams
 Two Speeds One Direction Three Phase Motor Connection Power and Control Diagrams
Disadvantages
 Starting Torque is also reduce to one-third because starter reduce the starting current to
one-third of the rated current [as Line voltage also reduced to 57% (1/√3)]
 It required Six leads or terminals Motor (Delta Connected)
 For Delta connection, the supply voltage must be same as the rated motor voltage.
 At switching time (From Star to Delta), if the motor does not reach at least 90% of its rated
speed, then the current peak may be equally high as in Direct ON Line starter( D.O.L), thus it
may cause harmful effects on the contactors contacts, so it would not be reliable.
 We may not use star delta starter if the required (application or load) torque is more than
50% of the three phase induction motors rated torque
Related Post:
2 Speeds, 2 Directions Multispeed 3-phase Motor Power & Control Diagrams

Characteristics & Features of Star-Delta Starter
 The starting current is 33% of full load current for star delta starter.
 The peak starting torque is 33% of full load torque.
 The peak starting current is 1.3 to 2.6 of full load current.
 Star-Delta Starter can be used only for low to high power three phase induction motors.
 It has reduced starting current and torque.
 The 6 connection cables are needed for motor terminal box.
 In Star Delta starter, Current peak and mechanical load on changeover from star delta

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Applications of Star Delta Starter

As we know the main purpose of star delta starter is to start the three phase induction motor
in Star Connection while run in Delta Connection.
While keep in mind that Star Delta starter can only be used for low to medium voltage and light
starting torque induction motors. In case of direct on line (D.O.L) start, the receiving current at
motor is about 33% while the starting torque reduced about 25-30%. This way, Star Delta Starter
can be only used for light load during starting the motor. Otherwise, the heavy load motor wont
start due to low torque which need to accelerate the motor to rated speed while converting to the
Delta connection.

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Ph No. +91 9703707842, Land line no: 040-29887842,

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J B LAB INSTRUMENTS(Electrical Work shop Lab- Manual)

PEAK DETECTOR USING OP-AMP 741

AIM: 1.To study the operation of AC voltage follower (AF = 1).

2. To study the operation of DC voltage follower.

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

3. Apply the input signal of 1 KHz through the function generator.

5. Calculate the gain of the voltage follower.

6. Repeat the above steps for different input voltages.

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

1. List the important characteristics of a voltage follower.

2. Mention the applications of a voltage follower.

3. Why R-C components are used for AC voltage follower.

4. List the applications of OP-AMP 741 operating in non- inverting mode.

5. Draw the DC voltage follower and explain.

6. Can we use the Inverting mode of Op-Amp as voltage follower?

7. What are the other voltage follower IC’s.

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS USING OP-AMP 741

APPARATUS: 1.zero crossing detector kit

2. 1MHz Function Generator – 1no.

1. Connect the comparator circuit as shown in fig (1).

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

1. Why are the diodes D1 & D2 used in the circuit?

3. List the important characteristics of the comparator.

4. List out different applications of comparator.

5. What is the difference between Inverting and Non – Inverting

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

Inverting comparator with positive bias.

And supply voltage 12V.

8. Briefly explain the features of comparator IC LM311.

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

DESIGN +5V VOLTAGE REGULATOR

2) To find line regulation and load regulation of the IC regulator.

APPARATUS: 1. Multi meter

0.1f Capacitors – 2no.

IC’s 7805, 7809 & 7912.

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

1. Make connections of fig (1.a) on breadboard.

Vin Vout Vin Vout

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

1. Define line and load regulation.

2. Mention the application of voltage regulator.

3. List the types of voltage regulator.

4. List the different types of 3- terminal voltage regulator IC”s?

6. Why do we use capacitors at input and output terminal of a regulator?

7. Define “dropout” voltage of a regulator.

8. What is the difference between a +ve and a –ve voltage regulator.

9. Compare three terminal voltage regulator with 723 voltage regulator.

10. List the features of IC voltage regulators.

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

ACTIVE FILTERS (FIRST AND SECOND ORDER) USING

P-AMP 741 ACTIVE FILTER

An active filter offers the following advantages over a passive filter:

1. Low pass filter

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure1

In general, choose 10K for Rf and R1 then pass band gain=2

3. Choose a value for high cut off frequency fH

2. When input frequency equals to cut off frequency i.e. f= fH

3. For high frequencies i.e. f > fH

Plot No.695 NP, Nandi Hills, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyd-500 097

High pass filter

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure2